DOCSLIB.ORG

NASA, the First 25 Years: 1958-83. a Resource for the Book

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NASA, the First 25 Years: 1958-83. a Resource for the Book DOCUMENT RESUME ED 252 377 SE 045 294 AUTHOR Thorne, Muriel M., Ed. TITLE NASA, The First 25 Years: 1958-83. A Resource for Teachers. A Curriculum Project. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO EP-182 PUB DATE 83 NOTE 132p.; Some colored photographs may not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Reference Materials - General (130) Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Energy; *Federal Programs; International Programs; Satellites (Aerospace); Science History; Secondary Education; *Secondary School Science; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS *National Aeronautics and Space Administration ABSTRACT This book is designed to serve as a reference base from which teachers can develop classroom concepts and activities related to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The book consists of a prologue, ten chapters, an epilogue, and two appendices. The prologue contains a brief survey of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NASA's predecessor. The first chapter introduces NASA--the agency, its physical plant, and its mission. Succeeding chapters are devoted to these NASA program areas: aeronautics; applications satellites; energy research; international programs; launch vehicles; space flight; technology utilization; and data systems. Major NASA projects are listed chronologically within each of these program areas. Each chapter concludes with ideas for the classroom. The epilogue offers some perspectives on NASA's first 25 years and a glimpse of the future. Appendices include a record of NASA launches and a list of the NASA educational service offices. (JN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *************************************************%********************* NASA, The First 25 Years U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI 1958 -1983 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organoiation originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions slated in this docu mpnt do not necessarily represent official NIE position or policy if .LSE iA A Resource for Teachers NASA, The First 25 Years 1958-1983 A Resource for Teachers A curriculum project NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 1983 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Table of Contents 4 Introduction 7 Preface 9 Foreword 10 Prologue National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 18 Chapter I National Aeronautics and Space Administration 26 Chapter II Aeronautics 36 Chapter III Applications Satellites 48 Chapter IV Energy Research 56 Chapter V International Programs 64 Chapter VI Launch Vehicles 72 Chapter VII Space Flight 88 Chapter VIII Space Science 104 Chapter IX Technology Utilization 110 Chapter X Tracking and Data Systems 118 Epilogue Perspectives, Plarg, Prospects 126 Appendix I NASA Major Launch Record, 1958-1983 132 Appendix II NASA Educational Services Introduction In 1958 a unique Federal agency Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF), activities to college and university was established with a mandatefrom and the first materials for the class- engineering and science students. the Congress to "plan. direct, and room teacher, K-12, were produced. Our ISEF program soon added conduct aeronautical and space ac- As NASA's projects were devel- NASA awards for affiliated state and tivities." That simply stated charge to oped, conducted, and completed. our regional science fairs. Next, there the National Aeronautics and Space educational office and programs grew were Youth Science Congresses fol- Administration began 25 years of apace. The staff now encompasses a lowed by the Skylab Student Project aeronautical and space programs branch in the Public Affairs Division which enabled 19 high school stu- and projects that brought dreams to at NASA Headquarters in Washing- dents to fly experiments on the reality, made engineering ideas into ton, D.C. and educational programs spacecraft, and a Viking Student technological accomplishments, de- officers in seven NASA Centers that Project to select an emblem for the veloped practical applications of nerve specific geographic regions. In Viking Lander spacecraft. Since 1980 space research, presented ever-new 1983, the Spacemobile is but one the Shuttle Student Involvement Proj- frontiers of science, and at last part of the Aerospace Education ect has given high school students effected regular operational service Services Project (AESP) and now an opportunity to develop experi- of the Shuttle. These 25 years of provides lecturers who work in class- ments for Shuttle flights. At several space ventures and discoveries and rooms as well as assembly halls: the NASA Centers there are academic the excitement they engendered were simple experiments and scale mod- year and summer programs for se- shared by millions. For the new els of space hardware used in their lected local students, and career agency had another mandate: to lectures have changed through the information related to NASA and "provide for the widest practicable years with each new NASA activity. aerospace industry has been made and appropriate dissemination of in- There is also an Aeronauticsmobile available. formation concerning its activities that visits schools to discuss NASA Through the years we have also and the results thereof." research and development in that responded to the community, making Thus, in 1960. NASA established field. Two years ago the AESP both educational staff and AESP an office to serve the educational introduced two new programs: the specialists available for civic clubs community. Our staff was small, the Urban Community Enrichment Pro- and professional organizations. Au- programs few. Aerospace specialists gram (UCEP) to stimulate learning at diovisual consultants assist in the travelled to schools with the Space the middle school level in large Tities, programming of materials for radio mobiles assembly program and as- and CLASS (College Lecturers on and television. and we provide sup- sisted aerospace education summer Aeronautics and Space Sciences), to port to programs operated by plane- workshops for teachers. there were bring a better understanding of the tariums, m iseums. and science NASA awards at the International agency's research and development centers. On invitation from individual 4 communities, our "Community In- and folders has come a wide range historical overview of NASA's first 25 volvement Programs" involve the en- of materials. There are curriculum years, the growth and scope. tire spectrum of the local populace in supplements, bibliographies, single The Shuttle has fostered a new an aerospace event. resource units, reprints from profes enthusiasm and interest among We have developed a strong audio- sional journals, and explanatory school students who have grown up visual program over the years, which briefs. There are teacher's guides for with daily satellite weather maps and now includes the production of films, specific publications as well as class- with the Moon and planets as places with teaching guides, for specific room films, and the NASA Report to to visit. We hope this compilation of classroom use; full-length planetari- Educators, a quarterly newsletter. outstanding events since 1958 not um programs; and curriculum mate- Often, publications have been sug- only celebrates NASA's 25th anniver- rials on videotape. We attempt to gested by teachers searching for sary, but also contributes to today's stay in the forefront in the use of pertinent up-to-date information with classrooms a sense of the un- educational technologylast year, which to enrich their programs. paralleled wonder and excitement the laser disc was added to the NASA, The First 25 Years is a that accompanied each succeeding lecture programs and aerospace a:- response to such requests. A record event. It may even serve as a tivities for microcomputers have been book of aerospace facts, it differs springboard for the imaginations of developed for teacher workshops. from earlier publications in both sub- youngsters whose ideas will become Another special program devel- ject and form. Today's high school reality in their future, the next 25 oped for teachers is the Lunar students were born after the first years. Sample Educational Packet, a lunar satellites discovered the Van Allen NASA's Technical Monitor and and planetary sciences teaching aid radiation belts and revolutionized editor for this project was Muriel M. using samples of lunar material en- communications and meteorology, Thorne, Educational Programs capsulated in a clear plastic disc. and after men had orbited Earth; Officer, under the general direction of And several Vis :tor Information Cen- today's elementary students did not William D. Nixon, Chief of Education ters at NASA installations have 9s- watch the lunar landings. For their Services, NASA. tablished resource rooms for teachers, this is a summary of the educators. important dates, projects, goals, and National Aeronautics and From the outset, our educational achievements that are history for Space Administration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Science Results from SOFIA, the World's Largest Airborne
    Early Science Results from SOFIA, the World’s Largest Airborne Observatory James M. De Buizer Universities Space Research Association – Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy ABSTRACT The Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIA, is the largest flying observatory ever built, consisting of a 2.7-meter diameter telescope embedded in a modified Boeing 747-SP aircraft. SOFIA is a joint project between NASA and the German Aerospace Center Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und-Raumfahrt (DLR). By flying at altitudes up to 45000 feet, the observatory gets above 99.9% of the infrared-absorbing water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. This opens up an almost uninterrupted wavelength range from 0.3-1600 microns that is in large part obscured from ground based observatories. Since its 'Initial Science Flight' in December 2010, SOFIA has flown several dozen science flights, and has observed a wide array of objects from Solar System bodies, to stellar nurseries, to distant galaxies. This paper reviews a few of the exciting new science results from these first flights which were made by three instruments: the mid-infrared camera FORCAST, the far-infrared heterodyne spectrometer GREAT, and the optical occultation photometer HIPO. 1. THE STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY SOFIA [1] is the world’s largest flying observatory, consisting of a 2.7 m (diameter) reflective telescope that was developed by Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und-Raumfart (DLR) that resides in a heavily modified Boeing 747-SP aircraft provided by NASA. The operation and development costs of SOFIA, as well as science and observing time, are divided up in 80:20 proportions split between NASA and DLR, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress Report on Apollo Program
    PROGRESS REPORT ON APOLLO PROGRAM Michael Collins, LCol. USAF (M) Astronaut NASA-MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER It is a great pleasure to be here today and to greet you hardy suMvors of the pool party. I will do my best to avoid loud noises and bright colors during my status report. Since the last SETP Symposium, the Apollo Program has been quite busy in a number of different areas. (Figure 1) My problem is to sift through this information and to talk only about those things of most interest to you. First, to review briefly our hardware, we are talking about two different spacecraft and two different boosters. (Figure 2) The Command Module is that part of the stack COLLINS which makes the complete round trip to the moon. Attached to it is the Service Module, containing expendables and a 20,000 pound thrust engine for maneuverability. The Lunar Module will be carried on later flights and is the landing vehicle and active rendezvous partner. The uprated Saturn I can put the Command and Service Modules into earth orbit; the Saturn V is required when the Lunar Module is added. Since the last symposium, we have flown the Command and Service Modules twice and the Lunar Module once, all unmanned. Apollo 4, the first Saturn V flight, was launched in November 1967. (Figure 3) The Saturn V did a beautiful, i.e. nominal, job of putting the spacecraft into earth parking orbit. After a coast period, the third stage (S-IVB by McDonnell Douglas) was ignited a second time, achieving a highly elliptical orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Situation Report
    NASA Office of Public Affairs Satellite Situation Report VOLUME 17 NUMBER 6 DECEMBER 31, 1977 (NASA-TM-793t5) SATELLITE SITUATION~ BEPORT, N8-17131 VOLUME 17, NO. 6 (NASA) 114 F HC A06/mF A01 CSCL 05B Unclas G3/15 05059 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland NOTICE .THIS DOCUMENT HAS'BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS' ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS GCDDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 17 NO. 6 DECEMBER 31, 1977 SATELLITE SITUATION REPORT THIS REPORT IS PUBLIShED AND DISTRIBUTED BY THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, GSFC. GODPH DRgP2 FE I T ERETAO5MUJS E SMITHSONIAN ASTRCPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK. NOTE: The Satellite Situation Report dated October 31, 1977, contained an entry in the "Objects Decayed Within the Reporting Period" that 1977 042P, object number 10349, decayed on September 21, 1977. That entry was in error. The object is still in orbit. SPACE OBJECTS BOX SCORE OBJECTS IN ORBIT DECAYED OBJECTS AUSTRALIA I I CANACA 8 0 ESA 4 0 ESRO 1 9 FRANCE 54 26 FRANCE/FRG 2 0 FRG 9 3 INCIA 1 0 INDONESIA 2 0 INTERNATIONAL TELECOM- MUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION (ITSO) 22 0 ITALY 1 4 JAPAN 27 0 NATC 4 0 NETHERLANDS 0 4 PRC 6 14 SPAIN 1 0 UK 11 4 US 2928 1523 USSR 1439 4456 TOTAL 4E21 6044 INTER- CBJECTS IN ORIT NATIONAL CATALOG PERIOD INCLI- APOGEE PERIGEE TQANSMITTTNG DESIGNATION NAME NUMBER SOURCE LAUNCH MINUTES NATION KM.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Status of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
    Status of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) R. D. Gehrza, E. E. Becklinb, J. de Buizerb, T. Herterc, L. D. Kellerd, A. Krabbee, P. M. f f b f b b Marcum , T. L. Roellig , G. H. L. Sandell , P. Temi , W. D. Vacca , E. T. Young , and H. Zinneckere,g aDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church Street, S. E., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA bUniversities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA cAstronomy Department, 202 Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853- 6801, USA dDepartment of Physics, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA eDeutsches SOFIA Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany fNASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA gSOFIA Science Center, NASA Ames Research Center, MS N211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA Abstract The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint U.S./German project, is a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope carried by a Boeing 747-SP that flies in the stratosphere at altitudes as high as 45,000 feet (13.72 km). This facility is capable of observing from 0.3 µm to 1.6 mm with an average transmission greater than 80 percent. SOFIA will be staged out of the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center aircraft operations facility at Palmdale, CA. The SOFIA Science Mission Operations (SMO) will be located at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. First science flights began in 2010 and a full operations schedule of up to one hundred 8 to 10 hour flights per year will be reached by 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Summaries
    TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Science and Education Plan for the National Ecological Observatory Network
    Integrated Science and Education Plan for the National Ecological Observatory Network October 23, 2006 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1: NEON Science: Ecosystems in a Changing World 8 Chapter 2: NEON Design: Linking Mechanisms and Processes Across Scales 23 Chapter 3: NEON Deployment: Integrated Instruments, Experiments, Facilities 30 and Cyberinfrastructure Chapter 4: NEON Science: Integrative Research Topics 59 Chapter 5: NEON Education: Translating Science into Meaning 70 Chapter 6: NEON Coordination and Partnerships 82 Appendix 1: NEON Design Consortium Participants 91 NEON Integrated Science and Education Plan Executive Summary NEON and the Grand Environmental Challenges The biosphere is the living part of planet Earth. It is one of the planet’s most complex systems, with countless internal interactions among its components and external interactions with physical processes of the earth, oceanic, and atmospheric environment. This complexity leads to some of the most compelling questions in science, because the scientific challenges are so great and because humanity is an integral component of the biosphere. Humans use a diverse set of services and products of the biosphere, including food, fiber, and fuel—and depend on the air and water quality that the biosphere maintains. NEON is a bold effort to build on recent progress in many fields to open new horizons in the science of large-scale ecology. NEON science is explicitly focused on questions that relate to the Grand Challenges in environmental science, are relevant
    [Show full text]
  • PEANUTS and SPACE FOUNDATION Apollo and Beyond
    Reproducible Master PEANUTS and SPACE FOUNDATION Apollo and Beyond GRADE 4 – 5 OBJECTIVES PAGE 1 Students will: ö Read Snoopy, First Beagle on the Moon! and Shoot for the Moon, Snoopy! ö Learn facts about the Apollo Moon missions. ö Use this information to complete a fill-in-the-blank fact worksheet. ö Create mission objectives for a brand new mission to the moon. SUGGESTED GRADE LEVELS 4 – 5 SUBJECT AREAS Space Science, History TIMELINE 30 – 45 minutes NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS ö 5-ESS1 ESS1.B Earth and the Solar System ö 3-5-ETS1 ETS1.B Developing Possible Solutions 21st CENTURY ESSENTIAL SKILLS Collaboration and Teamwork, Communication, Information Literacy, Flexibility, Leadership, Initiative, Organizing Concepts, Obtaining/Evaluating/Communicating Ideas BACKGROUND ö According to NASA.gov, NASA has proudly shared an association with Charles M. Schulz and his American icon Snoopy since Apollo missions began in the 1960s. Schulz created comic strips depicting Snoopy on the Moon, capturing public excitement about America’s achievements in space. In May 1969, Apollo 10 astronauts traveled to the Moon for a final trial run before the lunar landings took place on later missions. Because that mission required the lunar module to skim within 50,000 feet of the Moon’s surface and “snoop around” to determine the landing site for Apollo 11, the crew named the lunar module Snoopy. The command module was named Charlie Brown, after Snoopy’s loyal owner. These books are a united effort between Peanuts Worldwide, NASA and Simon & Schuster to generate interest in space among today’s younger children.
    [Show full text]
  • L AUNCH SYSTEMS Databk7 Collected.Book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM Databk7 Collected.Book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM
    databk7_collected.book Page 17 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS databk7_collected.book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM databk7_collected.book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS Introduction Launch systems provide access to space, necessary for the majority of NASA’s activities. During the decade from 1989–1998, NASA used two types of launch systems, one consisting of several families of expendable launch vehicles (ELV) and the second consisting of the world’s only partially reusable launch system—the Space Shuttle. A significant challenge NASA faced during the decade was the development of technologies needed to design and implement a new reusable launch system that would prove less expensive than the Shuttle. Although some attempts seemed promising, none succeeded. This chapter addresses most subjects relating to access to space and space transportation. It discusses and describes ELVs, the Space Shuttle in its launch vehicle function, and NASA’s attempts to develop new launch systems. Tables relating to each launch vehicle’s characteristics are included. The other functions of the Space Shuttle—as a scientific laboratory, staging area for repair missions, and a prime element of the Space Station program—are discussed in the next chapter, Human Spaceflight. This chapter also provides a brief review of launch systems in the past decade, an overview of policy relating to launch systems, a summary of the management of NASA’s launch systems programs, and tables of funding data. The Last Decade Reviewed (1979–1988) From 1979 through 1988, NASA used families of ELVs that had seen service during the previous decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820
    128 American Antiquarian Society. [April, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS, 1690-1820 PART III ' MARYLAND TO MASSACHUSETTS (BOSTON) COMPILED BY CLARENCE S. BRIGHAM The following bibliography attempts, first, to present a historical sketch of every newspaper printed in the United States from 1690 to 1820; secondly, to locate all files found in the various libraries of the country; and thirdly, to give a complete check list of the issues in the library of the American Antiquarian Society. The historical sketch of each paper gives the title, the date of establishment, the name of the editor or publisher, the fre- quency of issue and the date of discontinuance. It also attempts to give the exact date of issue when a change in title or name of publisher or frequency of publication occurs. In locating the files to be found in various libraries, no at- tempt is made to list every issue. In the case of common news- papers which are to be found in many libraries, only the longer files are noted, with a description of their completeness. Rare newspapers, which are known by only a few scattered issues, are minutely listed. The check list of the issues in the library of the American Antiquarian Society follows the style of the Library of Con- gress "Check List of Eighteenth Century Newspapers," and records all supplements, missing issues and mutilations. The arrangement is alphabetical by states and towns. Towns are placed according to their present State location. For convenience of alphabetization, the initial "The" in the titles of papers is disregarded. Papers are considered to be of folio size, unless otherwise stated.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883
    Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research Volume 13 Number 1 JAAER Fall 2003 Article 1 Fall 2003 Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883 Thomas Forenz Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer Scholarly Commons Citation Forenz, T. (2003). Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.15394/ jaaer.2003.1559 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Forenz: Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lif Thermal Lift ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIRBORNE GENERATION OF THERMAL LIFT IN AEROSTATS 1783 TO 1883 Thomas Forenz ABSTRACT Lift has been generated thermally in aerostats for 219 years making this the most enduring form of lift generation in lighter-than-air aviation. In the United States over 3000 thermally lifted aerostats, commonly referred to as hot air balloons, were built and flown by an estimated 12,000 licensed balloon pilots in the last decade. The evolution of controlling fire in hot air balloons during the first century of ballooning is the subject of this article. The purpose of this assessment is to separate the development of thermally lifted aerostats from the general history of aerostatics which includes all gas balloons such as hydrogen and helium lifted balloons as well as thermally lifted balloons.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive
    CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY HAER FL-8-B BUILDING AE HAER FL-8-B (John F. Kennedy Space Center, Hanger AE) Cape Canaveral Brevard County Florida PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 100 Alabama St. NW Atlanta, GA 30303 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY BUILDING AE (Hangar AE) HAER NO. FL-8-B Location: Hangar Road, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Industrial Area, Brevard County, Florida. USGS Cape Canaveral, Florida, Quadrangle. Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: E 540610 N 3151547, Zone 17, NAD 1983. Date of Construction: 1959 Present Owner: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Present Use: Home to NASA’s Launch Services Program (LSP) and the Launch Vehicle Data Center (LVDC). The LVDC allows engineers to monitor telemetry data during unmanned rocket launches. Significance: Missile Assembly Building AE, commonly called Hangar AE, is nationally significant as the telemetry station for NASA KSC’s unmanned Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) program. Since 1961, the building has been the principal facility for monitoring telemetry communications data during ELV launches and until 1995 it processed scientifically significant ELV satellite payloads. Still in operation, Hangar AE is essential to the continuing mission and success of NASA’s unmanned rocket launch program at KSC. It is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration as Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) original Mission Control Center for its program of unmanned launch missions and under Criterion C as a contributing resource in the CCAFS Industrial Area Historic District.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rotating Wing Aircraft Meetings of 1938 and 1939 Were the First
    The Rotating Wing Aircraft Meetings of 1938 and 1939 This advertisement showing Pitcairn’s 1932 Tandem landing at an were the first national conferences on rotorcraft. They marked estate was typical of their strategy to market to the wealthy. “If yours a transition from a technological focus on the Autogiro to the is such an estate or if you will select a neighboring field, a Pitcairn representative will gladly demonstrate the complete practicality of helicopter. In addition, these important meetings helped to this modern American scene.” With the Great Depression wearing lay the groundwork for the founding of the American Heli- on, however, the Autogiro business was moribund by the late 1930s. copter Society. – Ed. he Rotating Wing Aircraft Meeting of October 28 This was a significant gathering for the future of – 29, 1938 at the Franklin Institute in Philadel- rotary wing flight in America, coming at a time when T phia, PA, sponsored by the Philadelphia Chapter the Autogiro movement was moribund and helicopter of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences (IAS, the development was just about to receive a boost with forerunner of the American Institute of Aeronautics and commencement of the just-passed Dorsey-Logan Bill. Astronautics, or AIAA), was an historic gathering of And, perhaps of greater importance, those attending – those involved, committed to and researching Autogiro, including many of the leading developers of rotary wing convertiplane and helicopter flight. It was, as described flight – were actively speculating as to the future that in the preface to the conference proceedings, “the first rotary wing flight might take.
    [Show full text]