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Mr. Booth World History 10 Introduction
World War II Mr. Booth World History 10 Introduction: • Most devastating war in human history • 55 million dead • 1 trillion dollars • Began in 1939 as strictly a European Conflict, ended in 1945. • Widened to include most of the world Great Depression Leads Towards Fascism • In 1929, the U.S. Stock Market crashed and sent shockwaves throughout the world. • Many democracies, including the U.S., Britain, and France, remained strong despite the economic crisis caused by the G.D. • Millions lost faith in government • As a result, a few countries turned towards an extreme government called fascism. 1.Germany Adolf Hitler, 2.Spain Francisco Franco 3. Soviet Union Joseph Stalin 4. Italy Benito Mussolini Fascism • Fascism: A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. • Emphasizes 1) loyalty to the state, and 2) obedience to its leader. • Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore national pride. The Rise of Benito Mussolini • Fascism’s rise in Italy due to: • Disappointment over failure to win land at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. • Italy wanted a leader who could take action Mussolini Background • Was a newspaper editor and politician • Said he would rebuild the economy, the armed forces, and give Italy a strong leadership. • Mussolini was able to come to power by – publicly criticizing Italy’s government – Followers (black shirts) attacked communists and socialists on the streets. • In October 1922 • 30,000 followers marched to Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge Il Duce Fist Pump 3 Decisions he made for complete control • Mussolini was Il Duce, or the leader. -
What Do Students Know and Understand About the Holocaust? Evidence from English Secondary Schools
CENTRE FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Stuart Foster, Alice Pettigrew, Andy Pearce, Rebecca Hale Centre for Holocaust Education Centre Adrian Burgess, Paul Salmons, Ruth-Anne Lenga Centre for Holocaust Education What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Cover image: Photo by Olivia Hemingway, 2014 What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Stuart Foster Alice Pettigrew Andy Pearce Rebecca Hale Adrian Burgess Paul Salmons Ruth-Anne Lenga ISBN: 978-0-9933711-0-3 [email protected] British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permissions of the publisher. iii Contents About the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education iv Acknowledgements and authorship iv Glossary v Foreword by Sir Peter Bazalgette vi Foreword by Professor Yehuda Bauer viii Executive summary 1 Part I Introductions 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Methodology 23 Part II Conceptions and encounters 35 3. Collective conceptions of the Holocaust 37 4. Encountering representations of the Holocaust in classrooms and beyond 71 Part III Historical knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust 99 Preface 101 5. Who were the victims? 105 6. -
Spring Edition 2020-2021 5 New Ways to Stay Healthy in the Spring By: Ava G
O'Rourke Observer Spring Edition 2020-2021 5 New Ways to Stay Healthy in the Spring By: Ava G. Spring is a new season full of opportunities! As the snow slowly disappears, green grass appears! A new chance arises to get outside and get moving! Here are a few ways to stay healthy this spring. 1. As the weather gets warmer you can take a bike ride around your neighborhood or your house. Regular cycling has many benefits like increased cardiovascular fitness, increased flexibility and muscle strength, joint mobility improvement, stress level decline, posture and coordination improvement, strengthened bones, body fat level decline, disease management or prevention, and finally anxiety and depression reduction. 2. Go for a run. You can run around your house or your neighborhood. There are many health benefits to regular running (or jogging!) Some are improved muscle and bone strength, increased cardiovascular fitness, and it helps to preserve a healthy weight. 3. Go for a hike. Hiking is a great way to enjoy the outdoors and have a great workout at the same time! Hiking can reduce your risk of heart disease, enhance your blood sugar levels and your blood pressure, and it can boost your mood. Here are some great day hikes near Saratoga! You can hike Hadley Mountain, Spruce Mountain, the John Boyd Thacher State Park, Prospect Mountain, Buck Mountain, Shelving Rock Falls & Summit, Cat Mountain, Sleeping Beauty, Thomas Mountain, and Crane Mountain. I have hiked Cat Mountain before, and I loved it! When you reach the summit it has a great view of the ENTIRE Lake George. -
Misconceptions
Misconceptions (from Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center) Norwegian non-Jews wore paper clips to express solidarity with Norwegian Jewry When the Germans occupied Norway in June 1940, between 1700 and 1800 Jews lived there – most of them in Oslo and all but 200 of them Norwegian citizens. Acceding to German demands, the collaborationist government immediately implemented anti-Jewish legislation. In November 1942, in response to further demands, the government rounded up more than 700 Jews, who were subsequently deported to Auschwitz where most were killed. Although the Norwegian resistance managed to smuggle the remaining Jews to neutral Sweden, the wearing of paper clips had nothing to do with demonstrating support for these efforts or solidarity with Norwegian Jewry. Rather, it represented one of many non-violent expressions of Norwegian nationalism and loyalty to King Haakon VII. These included listening secretly to foreign news broadcasts, printing and distributing underground newspapers and wearing pins fashioned from coins with the king’s head brightly polished, from various “flowers of loyalty,” from the symbol “H7” (for Haakon VII), and – for a time, after the latter were outlawed – from paper clips (also occasionally worn as bracelets). Why paper clips? Presumably – although some dispute this – because they were invented by a Norwegian named Johan Vaaler in 1899. Although, ironically, he had to patent the device in Germany because Norway had no patent law at the time. Vaaler did nothing more with his invention and, in subsequent years, paper clips would be manufactured and mass-marketed by firms in the United States and Great Britain (most notably, the Gem Company of Great Britain – originators of the familiar “double- U” slide-on clips, which the Norwegians may very well have worn.) The Germans used crushed Jewish bones to pave the Autobahn The Germans crushed Jewish bones in two specific contexts only. -
“The Bethlehem of the German Reich”
“THE BETHLEHEM OF THE GERMAN REICH” REMEMBERING, INVENTING, SELLING AND FORGETTING ADOLF HITLER’S BIRTH PLACE IN UPPER AUSTRIA, 1933-1955 By Constanze Jeitler Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Andrea Pető Second Reader: Professor Constanin Iordachi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 CEU eTD Collection STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author.” CEU eTD Collection i CEU eTD Collection ii ABSTRACT This thesis is an investigation into the history of the house where Adolf Hitler was born in the Upper Austrian village Braunau am Inn. It examines the developments in the period between 1933 and 1955. During this time high-ranking Nazis, local residents, tourists and pilgrims appropriated the house for their purposes by creating various narratives about this space. As unimportant as the house might have been to Hitler himself from the point of view of sentimentality and childhood nostalgia, it had great propaganda value for promoting the image of the private Führer. Braunau itself was turned into a tourist destination and pilgrimage site during the Nazi period—and beyond. -
67 Why Her? Adolf Hitler's Attraction to Eva Braun Natalie Williamson
Why Her? Adolf Hitler’s Attraction to Eva Braun Natalie Williamson Adolf Hitler has been studied by a multitude of historians in hopes of understanding this charismatic figure who somehow seduced millions.1 The German populace, of course, saw Hitler as restoring their nation to its former glory. German women, in particular, saw in Hitler a softer side, even though Hitler ensured his private life remained concealed from the public. Indeed, only his closest associates actually knew the Führer. As a result, a series of important questions come to the fore when trying to understand Adolf Hitler, especially as they touch upon his relationship with his mistress and later wife, Eva Braun. Their relationship has largely been a mystery because he kept her locked away from the public for his own personal benefit. Braun herself, left a very small historical footprint, with almost no primary source information. Adolf Hitler’s childhood experiences shaped his personality. Understanding his likely psychopathology, along with his beliefs about the character, appropriate roles, and innate identities of women, allows one to make informed inferences about the dynamic of his relationship with Braun. Hitler was drawn to Braun and continued their relationship because she assuaged his insecurities, serving as a surrogate mother figure, filling the void left after the death of Hitler’s mother, Klara, and exhibiting unquestioning loyalty to him. Braun tolerated his unceasingly manipulative, conniving, and brutish behaviors, whether or not she actually recognized them as such. Her behavior and attitudes conformed almost entirely to his notions of what the ideal woman might be, and in return he gave her attention, but only when it suited him. -
Hitler Avant Hitler. Essai D'interprétation Psychanalytique
LE LIEU DE LA PERSONNE Collection dirigée par Michel-Claude Jalard Des grands personnages qui ont marqué leur époque, il ne nous reste plus que des traces : quelques dates, quelques faits, quelques souvenirs rapportés, quelques confidences écrites, une œuvre accomplie. Mais où est leur personne, quel est le lieu où elle se définit, le lieu où elle a lieu ? La présente collection se pro- pose d'éclairer cette « mise en scène », à l'intersection des conflits imaginaires, historiques et politiques. La théorie psychanalytique y est mise au service d'une re- cherche où s'inscrit la ren- contre d'un écrivain avec telle figure significative de l'histoire, des lettres ou des arts. HITLER AVANT HITLER Du MÊME AUTEUR : L'Ordre des choses, essai (Plon) ; La Chemise rouge, récit (Plon) ; L'Ephémère, essai (Plon) ; Exhumations, récit (Plon) ; L'Arbre (Encyclopédie essentielle, Delpire) ; L'Insecte (Encyclopédie essentielle, Delpire) ; Le Génie adolescent, essai, en collaboration avec Yves Fauvel (stock) ; Cinq Méditations sur le corps, essai (Stock) ; Inventaire des sens, essai (Grasset) ; L'Expérience du rêve, essai (Grasset) ; Cocteau (collection « Pour une bibliothèque idéale ». Gallimard). Jacques Brosse HITLER AVANT HITLER Essai d'interprétation psychanalytique Postface d'Albert Speer LE LIEU DE LA PERSONNE COLLECTION DIRIGÉE PAR MICHEL-CLAUDE JALARD Fayard © Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1972. Avant-propos Hitler aurait cette année quatre-vingt-trois ans. Il pourrait donc vivre encore, et le monde serait tout autre. Mais qui peut réellement prétendre qu'il ne survit pas ? Le monde actuel est ce qu'il est parce qu'Hitler a existé. Les méthodes politiques qui lui ont permis de tenir en main tout un pays, d'en faire réagir tous les citoyens comme s'ils n'étaient qu'un seul homme, demeurent aujourd'hui encore d'une nou- veauté, d'une efficacité telles que les gouvernements, même les plus éloignés en esprit de l'hitlérisme, ne peuvent s'empêcher de les utiliser. -
Book Two the ARTIST
Chapter V – A Well Respected Man 159 Book Two THE ARTIST 160 Chapter V – A Well Respected Man Chapter V - A Well Respected Man 161 A WELL RESPECTED MAN The business of the Civil Service is the orderly management of decline. William Armstrong In the Year of the Lord 1889, the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph celebrated his fifty-ninth birthday and forty-first anniversary of his reign over the vast Empire of Austria and Hungary; when he died, in 1916, he had ruled the state for sixty-eight years. The realm was huge - covering over 180,000 square miles or about 450,000 square kilometres. The emperor's domains stretched, in the east-west axis, from Czernowitz on the Dniester River in today's Ukraine to Vorarlberg on the Swiss border, and, in the north-south axis, from the lower Elbe River near Aussig to Ragusa in the Bosnian Hercegovina, two thirds down the eastern Adriatic coast. Ethnically and thus politically, however, these territories were hopelessly divided. The racial diversity of the Imperial population included Germans in Austria, Hungary and the Sudetenland; Czechs in Bohemia and Moravia; Slovaks to their east; Poles in western Galicia and Ruthenians, Catholic Ukrainians, in the eastern part of it; Magyars in Hungary and Transylvania interspersed with some more Germans and Romanians; Slovenes, Friaulians and Italians south of the Julian Alps; and finally Croats, Bosnians, Albanians, Montenegrinos and Serbs in and around the Balkan mountains. All these groups fought incessant but mostly inconclusive battles over appointments, representation and influence in the empire and its court, while a laborious civil administration struggled with the actual governance of the multitudes. -
Notes and References
Notes and References 2 1933: THE LEGALITY OF HITLER'S ASSUMPTION OF POWER I. Purely Marxist interpretations apart see K. D. Bracher, Die AujfOsung der Weimarer Republik (Villingen, 1960), Chapter XI; K. D. Bracher, W. Sauer and G. Schulz, Die nationalso::;ialistische Machtergreifung (Cologne, 1960), Chapter I; A. Bullock, Hitler: a study in ryramry (London, 1962), p. 253 and, though devoid of scholarly value but still widely read, W. L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (London, 1960), pp. 181ff. 2. See for example the 1928 SPD election film Was wiihlst Dul or Der Deutschen Volke held by Bundesarchiv Koblenz. 3. Protokoll. So::;ialdemokratischer Parteitag Magdeburg 1929 (Berlin, 1929), p. 67. 4. Ibid., p. 170. 5. See the call by Schulrat Runkel (DVP) and his call to put the nation before party political interests in Kolnische Zeitung, II March 1930. 6. See Heinrich Briining, Memoiren (Munich, 1972), p. 170; E. Forsthoff, Deutsche Veifassungsgeschichte der Neu::;eit (Stuttgart, 1961), p. 189; Reichtagsprotokolle, 16 July 1930, p.6407; H. Heiber, Die Republik von Weimar (Munich, 1966), p.225; W. Hubatsch, Hindenburg und der Staat (Gottingen, 1966), passim., see also Times Literary Supplement review of this work, 12 May 1966. 7. H. W. Koch, A Constitutional History of Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London, 1984), p. 269. 8. Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BAKO) R4$/I No. 1870 Veifassungsrechtliches Gutachten von Prof Dr. Carl Schmitt uber die Frage, ob der Reichspriisident befugt ist, auf Grund von Art. 48, Abs. 2, RV finanzgeset::;vertretende Verordnungen ::;u erlassen, July 1930; Carl Schmitt, Die Diktatur des Reichspriisidenten nach Art. -
Adolf Hitler's Family Tree
Adolf Hitler’s Family Tree The Untold Story of the Hitler Family by Alfred Konder About the Author lfred Konder has worked as a professional genealogist for the past twenty-five A years. His research has taken him to most American States, Canada, the British Isles and throughout Western Europe. Born in Kentucky in 1953, Alfred Konder is descended from Hans Georg Konder, who emigrated from the German Rheinland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 27 September 1737, and a number of well-known historical figures, including King Edward III of England and Friedrich „Barbarossa“ of Hohenstaufen, the twelfth century German Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Alfred Konder is the author of numerous books and articles on Christian church history and currently resides in Washington state. Copyright ©1999, 2000 by Alfred Konder, Salt Lake City, Utah. All rights reserved. - 2 - Preface to the First Edition bout seventeen hundred years ago an ecclesiastical historian by the name of A Eusebius presented a startling discovery to the Christian world - he had found some original letters written by Jesus Christ to a man named Abgar. What should have been one of the greatest discoveries in Christian history was marred by one little problem - the letters turned out to be forgeries. More than this, it turned out that Eusebius was the culprit! One might reasonably expect that such a revelation would cast serious doubt on Eusebius’ entire career. Not so! His works are still widely quoted as authoritative source material in Christian church history. Back in the eleventh century Pope Gregory VII occasionally found himself fettered by the lack of documentation for his papal decrees. -
Peter Keglevic I Was Hitler's Best
Peter Keglevic I was Hitler’s Best Man Literary Fiction Siedler 576 pages September 2017 A grandiose tragicomical novel featuring Harry Freudenthal, Eva Braun, Leni Riefenstahl, HJ Syberberg and many others, including Adolf Hitler Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945. The small town of Berchtesgaden, Adolf Hitler’s favourite place in the Bavarian mountains, prepares for the 13th instalment of the popular people’s run “Running for the Fuehrer”. The route through the Thousand-Year Reich – documented by Leni Riefenstahl – includes the most important cities of the Nazi movement, the goal of the run is to demonstrate the German people’s desire to win the war as well as their eternal loyalty to the Fuehrer. And like every year, the winner has the honour of personally wishing Adolf Hitler a happy birthday on the 20th of April in Berlin. But unlike the years before, there are very few volunteers, and most candidates look like they’ll never be able to survive the ordeal. Leni Riefenstahl is less than pleased with the “people material” on offer – until a tall blonde man escorted by policemen catches her eye just as the runners are lining up. Leni is adamant that this picture-perfect Arian, Paul Renner, should take part in the run. What neither she nor the organizers know: Paul’s real name is Harry Freudenthal, and he is a Jew from Berlin who went into hiding in Vienna in 1943 and is now trying to survive the last weeks of the Nazi regime disguised as a pilgrim on his way to Santiago de Compostela. -
THE RISE of EVIL with Pleasure
HITLER: TheThe RiseRise ofof “THE ONLY THING NECESSARY FOR THE TRIUMPH OF EVIL IS FOR GOOD MEN TO DO NOTHING.” EvilEvil —EDMUND BURKE GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS Premiering Sunday May 18, 2003 9:00–11:00PM E.T. Check Local Listings HITLER: (Liev Schreiber and Julianna Margulies). Hitler also has opponents, such as the crusading journalist Fritz Gerlich (Matthew Modine), who senses early on that the Nazis pose a serious threat to the nation. Although not as well known as the others, Fritz Gerlich, like them, was a real person, and typical of the many courageous German journalists TheThe and writers who spoke out against Hitler in the 1920s. His confidence boosted by the cheering crowds, Hitler decides on a bold move in November 1923. He and his fellow Nazis stage a putsch, or uprising, in an attempt to seize power first in Munich and then in all of Germany. In its early hours, it looks as if the putsch will succeed. But then the Munich police and the army gain the upper hand, and Hitler, Hess, and the other Nazis are routed. Hitler flees to the home of RiseRise ofof the Hanfstaengls, where in pain from a dislocated shoulder and con- vinced that his revolution has failed, he puts a pistol to his head. But Helene Hanfstaengl steps in at the last moment and convinces him to drop the weapon. Soon afterward, the police arrive at the Hanfstaengl home and Hitler is arrested. He is EvilEvil put on trial for treason and receives a five-year SYNOPSIS prison sentence. But when the sympathetic judge adds that the Nazi leader will be eligible for parole in a matter of months, Hitler smirks NIGHT ONE, MAY 18: HITLER: THE RISE OF EVIL with pleasure.