Artiste Incompris

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Artiste Incompris HITLER p001-007_HITLER_DEBUT.indd 3 22/04/11 08:25 DU MÊME AUTEUR Les Jeux de la Guerre et du Hasard, Hachette, Paris, 1977. Churchill and De Gaulle, Collins, Londres, 1981. De Gaulle et Churchill, Perrin, Paris, 2002 (traduction française par l’auteur). La Guerre du Fer, Tallandier, Paris, 1987 (réédition 2002 : Churchill contre Hitler). Norway 1940, Collins, Londres, 1990 (traduction anglaise par l’auteur). Vi Stoler på England 1939-1949, Cappelen, Oslo, 1991 (en norvégien seulement). Winston Churchill, le pouvoir de l’imagination, Tallandier, Paris, 2000. Churchill et Monaco, Editions du Rocher, Paris, 2002. Staline ; Roosevelt ; Churchill, collection « 2 Euros », Mémorial de Caen. MacArthur, collection « 2 Euros », Mémorial de Caen (en anglais seulement). De Gaulle et Roosevelt, le duel au sommet, Perrin, Paris, 2004. L’Affaire Cicéron, Perrin, Paris, 2005. Lord Mountbatten, l’étoffe des héros, Payot, Paris, 2006. Le Monde selon Churchill, Alvik, Paris, 2007. Winston Churchill, Tallandier, Paris, 2009 (édition revue et augmentée). p001-007_HITLER_DEBUT.indd 4 22/04/11 08:25 FRANÇOIS KERSAUDY HITLER PERRIN p001-007_HITLER_DEBUT.indd 4 22/04/11 08:25 p001-007_HITLER_DEBUT.indd 5 22/04/11 08:25 MAÎTRES DE GUERRE une collection dirigée par FRANÇOIS KERSAUDY et YANNIS KADARI dans la même collection : PATTON, Yannis Kadari © Éditions Perrin, 2011 ISBN : 978-2-262-03693 - 5 www.editions-perrin.fr p001-007_HITLER_DEBUT.indd 6 22/04/11 08:25 ARTISTE 1 INCOMPRIS P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 8 19/04/11 09:42 1. ARTISTE INCOMPRIS L’ enfance d’ un chef Comment comprendre celui qui se disait « le plus grand chef militaire de tous les temps » sans évoquer ses années de jeunesse ? Mais pour cela, il faut écarter l’épais nuage de mensonges que l’ intéressé n’ a cessé d’ accumuler sa vie durant – à tel point même que lorsqu’ il s’ autorisait à dire la vérité, c’ était purement par inadvertance… Adolf Hitler Certains faits sont pourtant avérés : Adolf Hitler à dix-huit mois. est né le 20 avril 1889 à Braunau-am-Inn, un petit village de haute Autriche proche de la frontière bava- roise ; ses parents se nommaient Klara et Aloïs Hitler, ce dernier étant le fi ls de Johann Georg Hiedler et de Maria Anna Schicklgruber, originaire de Döllersheim1. Le fonctionnaire des douanes Aloïs Hitler ayant été aff ecté en 1892 à Passau, en Bavière, ses enfants y résident jusqu’ en avril 18952, après quoi leur père est nommé douanier principal à Linz ; c’ est donc dans la petite Volksschule autrichienne de Fischlam, au sud-ouest de Linz, qu’ Adolf est scola- Aloïs Hitler, son père. risé à l’ âge de six ans. Après sa retraite, Aloïs Hitler déménage plusieurs fois, de sorte que son fi ls fréquentera successivement l’ école primaire de Lam- bach, puis celle de Leonding, avant d’ entrer en sep- tembre 1900 à la Realschule – l’ école secondaire – de Linz ; 1. Qui est également le lieu de il va y passer quatre années, naissance d’ Aloïs Hitler. En 1938, après l’ Anschluss, son fi ls Adolf puis intégrer l’ école de Steyr, fera transformer Döllersheim en qu’ il quittera un an plus tard, un champ de tir pour l’ artillerie abandonnant ainsi sa scolarité lourde… prématurément dès 1905. 2. Adolf, sa demi-sœur Angela et son petit frère Edmund, né en 1894 Sa mère, Klara Hitler, et décédé six ans plus tard. Paula née Poeltzl. naîtra en 1896. 9 P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 8 19/04/11 09:42 P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 9 19/04/11 09:42 HITLER Le futur Führer a bien voulu apporter quelques précisions sur cette période de son existence : brillant élève à l’ école primaire, il avait dé- testé l’ école secondaire, où il était très mal noté – sauf en histoire, en allemand et surtout en dessin. Son père, un homme brutal et alcoolique, voulait l’ obliger à devenir fonctionnaire, mais Adolf s’ y refusait, car il avait décidé de devenir artiste peintre – d’ où ses piètres résultats scolaires. Il allait fréquemment s’ ébattre dans la nature, où il se livrait avec ses compa- gnons à des jeux guerriers dans lesquels il tenait toujours le premier rôle. Il lisait beaucoup et savait d’ instinct tirer l’ essentiel de ses lectures, sous l’ infl uence desquelles il avait compris dès l’ âge de quinze ans « le sens de l’ histoire » et était devenu « un nationaliste allemand fanatique ». Enfi n, une maladie l’ ayant opportunément dispensé de poursuivre ses études, il était parti pour Vienne à l’ automne de 1907. La réalité est sensiblement diff érente : Aloïs Hitler n’ était pas le fi ls de Johann Georg Hiedler1, il n’ avait rien d’ un ivrogne, et s’ il pouvait avoir la main lourde2, rien n’ indique qu’ il ait tenté d’ obli- 1. Johann Georg Hiedler, un ger son fi ls à devenir fonctionnaire, sans quoi homme sans profession défi nie, il l’ aurait fait inscrire au lycée – Gymnasium – avait rencontré et épousé Maria plutôt que dans une Realschule à dominance Anna Schicklgruber en 1842. Aloïs, né cinq ans plus tôt de père technique. Comme en attestent ses bulletins inconnu, ne devait être légitimé scolaires, le jeune Adolf Hitler était eff ecti- qu’ en 1876 – vingt ans après la mort de son beau-père Johann Georg vement un mauvais élève à l’ école secondaire, Hiedler – au prix de retouches non par manque d’ intelligence, mais par ex- parfaitement illégales sur son acte cès de paresse – ses maîtres l’ ayant en outre de naissance, en présence de trois témoins illettrés… (L’ orthographe décrit comme un enfant indiscipliné, querel- n’ étant pas fi xée à l’ époque sur leur, entêté, arrogant, irascible et immature, les documents offi ciels, Hiedler et qui « accueillait les conseils et les reproches Hitler étaient en fait le même nom.) Tout cela prendra plus tard une avec une hostilité à peine déguisée », tout en importance démesurée, car certains « exigeant de ses camarades de classe une allégueront sans preuves que le soumission absolue » ; s’ il se montrait doué grand-père inconnu d’ Adolf Hitler devait être juif. pour le dessin, ses notes en histoire étaient fort médiocres et ses résultats en allemand 2. En compensation, Adolf était surprotégé par sa mère – sans plus mauvais encore – ce qui s’ explique au vu doute la seule personne qu’ il aimera jamais. 10 P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 10 19/04/11 09:42 1. ARTISTE INCOMPRIS À l’ école secondaire de Linz, 1901 (Hitler, tout à droite, au dernier rang). de l’ orthographe de ses lettres, huit longues années après la fi n de sa scolarité. Sa boulimie de lecture, qui a échappé à ses maîtres1, se limitait apparemment aux romans de Karl May sur un far west améri- cain imaginaire, à des recueils de feuilletons illustrés sur la campagne de 1870 contre les Français, ainsi qu’ à des articles de presse sur la guerre des Boers, qui passionnait toute la jeunesse allemande de l’ époque. Tels étaient les thèmes des interminables joutes enfantines auxquelles se li- vrait le jeune Adolf avec ses camarades, qu’ il dominait moins par la force physique que par une propension marquée à prononcer d’ interminables discours. Avec beaucoup de bonne volonté, on trouvera peut-être dans ces jeux guerriers les premiers indices de son génie stratégique… En revanche, on comprend moins bien les occupations aux- quelles s’ est livré ce maigre et pâle adolescent entre juin 1905, lorsqu’ il a quitté l’ école de 1. Ceux-ci ne semblent pas davantage avoir remarqué qu’ il avait Steyr, et septembre 1907, le mois de son dé- une mémoire phénoménale – sans doute parce qu’ il négligeait de s’ en servir à l’ époque. 11 P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 10 19/04/11 09:42 P008-017_HITLER_CHAPITRE_1.indd 11 19/04/11 09:42 HITLER TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIETCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE D RatisbonneRatisbonne anube PassauPassau r IsarIsa LinzLinz be VienneVienne B a n nu v i è r e InnIn Da LeondingLeonding Braunau-Braunau- LacLac ddee MunichMunich am-Innam-Inn LambachLambach NeusiedlNeusiedl SalzbourgSalzbourg SalzachS a l z a c h AUTRICHEA U T R I C H E a n ab InnIn RabaR GrazGraz InnsbruckInnsbruck MurMur MurM u r 0 505 0 1001 00 kkmm L’ univers du jeune Adolf Hitler. part pour Vienne ; son unique ami de l’ époque, August Kubizek, dit « Gustl », s’ est seulement souvenu de l’ avoir vu dessiner et peindre, écrire des poèmes, contempler les monuments de Linz en planifi ant leur reconstruction, passer brusquement de la dépression à l’ exal- tation, fréquenter assidûment l’ Opéra, fl âner dans la ville des heures durant et se perdre en féroces diatribes contre les artistes décadents, les offi ciers frivoles et les fonctionnaires incapables. Aucune trace d’ une quelconque maladie, mais les témoignages de l’ époque per- mettent d’ établir qu’ il était allergique à tout travail suivi, se levait rarement avant midi, ne buvait pas, ne fumait 1. À l’ exception d’ une certaine pas, lisait peu, ne s’ intéressait guère aux jeunes Stephanie, qui sera plutôt un objet fi lles1… et vivait aux crochets de sa mère Klara, de fantasmes et qu’ il n’ osera jamais devenue veuve trois ans plus tôt. approcher. 2. Sœur de Klara Hitler, Johanna Errances Pölzl habite chez elle et l’ assiste dans ses tâches domestiques ; Klara est atteinte d’ un cancer du La mère d’ Adolf, sa demi-sœur Angela, son sein incurable, diagnostiqué au beau-frère Leo Raubal et sa tante Johanna2 printemps de 1907 et soigné avec dévouement par le docteur Bloch l’ avaient souvent exhorté à rechercher un em- avec les moyens primitifs ploi, mais toujours en vain : au début de sep- de l’ époque.
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