Hitler Avant Hitler. Essai D'interprétation Psychanalytique

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Hitler Avant Hitler. Essai D'interprétation Psychanalytique LE LIEU DE LA PERSONNE Collection dirigée par Michel-Claude Jalard Des grands personnages qui ont marqué leur époque, il ne nous reste plus que des traces : quelques dates, quelques faits, quelques souvenirs rapportés, quelques confidences écrites, une œuvre accomplie. Mais où est leur personne, quel est le lieu où elle se définit, le lieu où elle a lieu ? La présente collection se pro- pose d'éclairer cette « mise en scène », à l'intersection des conflits imaginaires, historiques et politiques. La théorie psychanalytique y est mise au service d'une re- cherche où s'inscrit la ren- contre d'un écrivain avec telle figure significative de l'histoire, des lettres ou des arts. HITLER AVANT HITLER Du MÊME AUTEUR : L'Ordre des choses, essai (Plon) ; La Chemise rouge, récit (Plon) ; L'Ephémère, essai (Plon) ; Exhumations, récit (Plon) ; L'Arbre (Encyclopédie essentielle, Delpire) ; L'Insecte (Encyclopédie essentielle, Delpire) ; Le Génie adolescent, essai, en collaboration avec Yves Fauvel (stock) ; Cinq Méditations sur le corps, essai (Stock) ; Inventaire des sens, essai (Grasset) ; L'Expérience du rêve, essai (Grasset) ; Cocteau (collection « Pour une bibliothèque idéale ». Gallimard). Jacques Brosse HITLER AVANT HITLER Essai d'interprétation psychanalytique Postface d'Albert Speer LE LIEU DE LA PERSONNE COLLECTION DIRIGÉE PAR MICHEL-CLAUDE JALARD Fayard © Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1972. Avant-propos Hitler aurait cette année quatre-vingt-trois ans. Il pourrait donc vivre encore, et le monde serait tout autre. Mais qui peut réellement prétendre qu'il ne survit pas ? Le monde actuel est ce qu'il est parce qu'Hitler a existé. Les méthodes politiques qui lui ont permis de tenir en main tout un pays, d'en faire réagir tous les citoyens comme s'ils n'étaient qu'un seul homme, demeurent aujourd'hui encore d'une nou- veauté, d'une efficacité telles que les gouvernements, même les plus éloignés en esprit de l'hitlérisme, ne peuvent s'empêcher de les utiliser. Bien mieux, d'une certaine manière, c'est en chacun de nous, et à notre insu, qu'Hitler peut à lui-même se survivre. Et particu- lièrement en ceux qui, n'ayant pas connu le nazisme, n'en ayant pas été contemporains, s'imaginent avoir ainsi échappé à cette contamination contre laquelle ils n'ont même pas été vaccinés. Pour éviter ce danger toujours menaçant, il faudrait savoir enfin qui fut Hitler, pénétrer son intimité, le montrer nu, tel que pour lui-même et en lui-même il fut. Or, c'est précisément ce que ne font pas, ce que ne peuvent faire les historiens. Ceux-ci, ses contemporains, craignant d'être suspectés de complicité ou de complai- sance, le tiennent à distance et le présentent comme absolument autre, absolument étranger. Ils n'ont prise sur lui qu'à partir du moment où il apparaît sous les projecteurs. Son existence préalable, sa vie privée ne les concernent pas. Ils ont hâte d'en venir à sa carrière politique, car là peuvent s'appliquer leurs méthodes d'analyse. Pour eux, Hitler est le produit de la défaite et de la désintégration de l'Allemagne, l'antidote que celle-ci a sécrété. Vue assurément juste, mais incomplète, car pourquoi Hitler précisément et pour- quoi pas un autre ? Le déterminisme historique ici ne peut tout expliquer. Et les historiens le soupçonnent bien, d'où leur gêne. Ils devinent confusément que la convergence entre Hitler et le destin de l'Allemagne ne naît pas seulement de l'histoire de cette dernière, mais aussi de l'évolution d'une certaine personnalité. Et si, à les lire, on a le sentiment que les trente premières années de la vie de Hitler ne comptent pour ainsi dire pas, c'est tout simplement parce qu'ils ne disposent pas des moyens d'approche adéquats pour les examiner, pour y découvrir les germes qui se manifesteront, qui se réaliseront plus tard. Ainsi, non seulement ils négligent des faits, plus nombreux et plus significatifs — on le verra en lisant ce qui suit — qu'on ne le croit d'ordinaire, mais ils ne se soucient le plus souvent ni de les vérifier, ni de les soumettre à une critique sérieuse, ni, presque toujours, de leur restituer la cohé- rence que de toute nécessité ils ont eue. En particulier, ils paraissent, assez bizarrement, considérer que le doute qui plane sur les origines du Führer — origines dont lui-même prit soin de faire disparaître, croyait-il, toutes les traces — est d'une importance secondaire. Alors qu'il est tout à fait évident que ce doute même est, au moins en partie, à l'origine de son comporte- ment et, dans une certaine mesure, l'explique. De ces considérations découlent le propos de la pré- sente étude et ses limites. Le Hitler qui nous intéresse est celui dont on ne parle pas, sur lequel du moins on passe très vite et comme avec embarras, celui qui vit dans les coulisses de l'histoire, dont il faut le tirer pour le montrer enfin au grand jour. C'est pourquoi notre récit s'arrête à l'année 1920, au seuil de cette prodigieuse carrière sur laquelle a été publiée une importante documentation. Néanmoins, il fallait aussi montrer comment se réalisèrent plus tard les dispositions que nous avons ici tenté de saisir aussi près que possible de leur origine, d'où de nécessaires allées et venues du passé au futur et du futur au passé, car l'un par l'autre se prouve, et réciproquement. Ainsi derrière le personnage se dessine peu à peu l'homme d'où il procède et qui seul peut l'expliquer. 1. L'ombre des origines Lorsque, le 20 avril 1889, à 18 h 30, dans l'auberge Zum Pommer à Braunau-sur-l'Inn, rivière qui sert de frontière entre l'Autriche et la Bavière, naît un garçon de sept livres, Adolf Hitler, son père Aloïs Hitler a cinquante-deux ans, sa mère, Klara Pölzl, vingt-neuf. Lui est simple douanier — il ne deviendra douanier- chef qu'en 1892, trois ans avant de prendre sa retraite ; elle « vaque aux soins de son intérieur et entoure ses enfants de soin et d'amour ». La famille Hitler compte alors deux enfants : Aloïs, sept ans et Angela, six ans, mais ce ne sont que le demi-frère et la demi-sœur de l'enfant qui vient de naître, issus d'un mariage antérieur du père. De l'union d'Aloïs et de Klara sont nés précédemment trois enfants, mais ils sont tous morts en 1889, aucun d'eux n'ayant dépassé sa deuxième année. La situation originelle est donc la suivante : un père âgé déjà, que tous les témoignages décrivent comme autoritaire, violent, coléreux, peu aimé de ceux avec qui il travaille, une mère accablée 1. Mein Kampf, traduction intégrale, par J. Gaudefroy-De- monbynes et A. Calmettes, Nouvelles Editions latines, s. d. 2. Afin de le distinguer de son père, nous le désignerons désormais comme Aloïs II. par la perte successive de ses trois enfants précédents et qui doit s'occuper des deux aînés qui ne sont pas les siens. Klara Pölzl était la troisième femme d'Aloïs Hitler. Elle l'avait épousé le 7 janvier 1885, étant enceinte de son premier enfant, Gustav, lequel naquit le 17 mai, soit quatre mois et dix jours seulement après le mariage. Désormais, la vie conjugale de la femme du douanier fut une alternance de naissances et de morts extrêmement rapprochées : en 1886, naît le second enfant, une fille, Ida ; l'année suivante, Gustav meurt, et en 1888, Ida ; en 1887 ou 1888, Klara a un troisième enfant, Otto, lequel ne vit que trois jours Comment une mère si éprouvée n'aurait-elle pas eu le sentiment d'une sorte de malédiction pesant sur son union, senti- ment renforcé, comme nous allons le voir, par le poids du passé. En effet, les époux étaient, au moins offi- ciellement, sinon peut-être par le sang, parents relative- ment proches : Klara étant la petite-fille du père adop- tif d'Aloïs, Johann-Nepomuk Hüttler, frère de son père supposé, Johann-Georg Hüttler ou Hiedler2, se trouvait de ce fait cousine issue de germain d'Aloïs. Il leur avait fallu demander une dispense, dont ne put se charger l'évêché de Linz qui dut transmettre la demande à Rome où elle fut enfin accordée. De plus, Aloïs considérait Klara, beaucoup plus jeune que lui et appartenant à la génération suivante, comme sa 1. Il est bien singulier que les historiens ne soient même pas d'accord sur des faits qu'il eût été facile de vérifier. Les uns font vivre Gustave et Ida deux ans, les autres un an seulement. Allan Bullock, dans son Hitler, a study in tyranny (1952), pour- tant généralement bien documenté, ne mentionne même pas l'existence du troisième enfant du couple, Otto, né un ou deux ans avant Adolf, et qui ne survécut que trois jours. 2. L'orthographe de ce nom qui deviendra Hitler varie cons- tamment dans les actes. nièce. Enfin, Aloïs et Klara avaient déjà vécu en- semble dans des circonstances quelque peu irrégulières. Aloïs, alors marié à sa première femme, Anna Glasl- Horer, beaucoup plus âgée que lui et avec qui il semble s'être assez mal entendu, puisqu'elle devait, en 1880, demander la séparation de biens, appela auprès de lui sa jeune cousine Klara, probablement afin d'aider Anna, dont la santé déclinait, à tenir son ménage. Klara avait alors quinze ans, Anna en avait cinquante-deux et était malade ; Aloïs, lui, en avait trente-huit. Que s'est-il passé dans ce ménage à trois, pendant les quatre — ou cinq — ans où ils vécurent ensemble ? Nous n'en savons évidemment rien.
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