DOCSLIB.ORG

HITLER a Chronology of His Life and Time Second Revised Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HITLER a Chronology of His Life and Time Second Revised Edition HITLER A Chronology of his Life and Time Second Revised Edition Milan Hauner 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page i HITLER A Chronology of his Life and Time This wicked man, the repository and embodiment of many forms of soul-destroying hatred, this monstrous product of former wrongs and shame … (Churchill on Hitler) I follow my course with the precision and certainty of a sleepwalker (Hitler to his secretary Traudel Junge) 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page ii Also by Milan Hauner INDIA IN AXIS STRATEGY WHAT IS ASIA TO US? E. BENES: FALL AND RISE OF A NATION (CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1938–41) EDVARD BENES: MEMOIRS 1938–45 (in Czech) 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page iii HITLER A Chronology of his Life and Time Second Revised Edition MILAN HAUNER 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page iv © Milan Hauner 1983, 2005, 2008 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1983 Second edition 2005 First published in paperback 2008 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–9492–9 hardback ISBN-10: 1–4039–9492–7 hardback ISBN-13: 978–0–230–20284–9 paperback ISBN-10: 0–230–20284–5 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufactur- ing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hauner, Milan. Hitler: a chronology of his life and time / Milan Hauner.–2nd rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–9492–7 (cloth) 0–230–20284–5 (pbk) 1. Hitler, Adolf, 1889–1945–Chronology. 2. Heads of state–Germany– Biography. I. Title. DD247.H5H3237 2005 943.086′092–dc22 [B] 2005050043 10987654321 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page v Contents Preface and Acknowledgements vi Glossary of German Terms and Abbreviations Used in the Text xii Bibliographical Abbreviations xiv Chronology 1 Bibliographical Note 211 Bibliography 214 Index 221 v 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page vi Preface and Acknowledgements ‘We are not finished with Hitler yet’1 Thousands of books have been written about Adolf Hitler, and yet more will be written. But despite the steady output of books, films and videos, a brief guide to Hitler’s life, based on solid printed sources and first-hand accounts of reliable witnesses, has not been available for a long while. This volume is a revised second edition of Hitler – A Chronology of his Life and Time, which should provide a comprehensive guide to Hitler’s life and to serve the needs of both amateur and professional students of history. The first edition (1983) has been out of print for some time; but the dual anniversary in 2005 of both the end of the Second World War and Hitler’s death has prompted me to revise the volume. I am, therefore, indeed thankful to Palgrave Macmillan for their support in producing this second, revised edition. Whatever view we may hold on the role of personality in history, Hitler remains a great challenge. In the opinion of John Lukacs, Hitler was ‘the most extraordinary figure in the history of the 20th century’.2 Why? Because of the unique manifold function he occupied and fulfilled as an ideologue, the Führer, the political and military leader in one person, to the ultimate detriment of his country and people. How can we explain the extraordinary success of this genuine ‘nobody’ (as the famous Viennese writer Karl Kraus once com- mented about Hitler: Mir fällt zu Hitler nichts ein as to Hitler, nothing comes to mind …)? Hitler was no external tyrant imposed on Germany. His political party turned out to be the strongest in the elections, he was legally appointed to the post of the Reich Chancellor, and between 1933 and 1940 became the arguably most popular head of state in the world.3 And as John Lukacs again reminds us, Hitler ‘may have been the most popular revolutionary leader in the history of the modern world … because Hitler belongs to the 1. Schreiber (1984), p. 335. 2. Lukacs (1998), pp. xi, 262–8. 3. Kershaw (1998), p. xxix. vi 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page vii Preface and Acknowledgements vii democratic, not the aristocratic age of history. He is not properly comparable to a Caesar, a Cromwell, and a Napoleon. Utterly dif- ferent from them, he was, more than any of them, able to ener- gize the majority of a great people, in his lifetime the most educated people of the world, convincing them to follow his lead- ership to astonishing achievements and extraordinary efforts and making them to believe that what they (and he) stood for was an antithesis of evil. He led them to prosperity and pride, inspiring in them a confidence with which they conquered almost all of Europe, achieving a German hegemony soon lost because he over- reached himself. His Reich, which was to have lasted a thousand years, ended after twelve; yet he had an enormous impact and left a more indelible mark upon this century than any other dictator, a Lenin or a Stalin or a Mao.’4 That is why his place in the history of the world will be pondered by people for a long time to come. And that is also why this chrono- logical guide might confirm its usefulness. This chronology and reference guide traces the career of an obscure Viennese bohemian, who had a talent for drawing and dreamt of becoming an architect. He loved music but never learnt to play an instrument; and he experienced enormous difficulties in striking up and maintaining intimate friendships. In spite of his notorious evasion of military service before the outbreak of the Great War (1914–18), he nevertheless was to enlist as a German vol- unteer, become a brave soldier and fight to the bitter end. The end of the war found him lying in a hospital, temporarily blinded. This personal traumatic episode merged with Germany’s surrender and the outbreak of revolution, and compounded to create probably the most important turning point in Hitler’s life. Hitler himself wrote in Mein Kampf that his miraculous recovery from blindness was a sign of Providence and turned him into a politician. This must be read as an exaggerated self-stylization. In fact, he still had a long way to go. But even in retrospect this must have been the watershed. Diagnosed as a ‘hysterical psychopath’, Hitler was allegedly cured and his personality changed by a combination of shock therapy and hypnosis by Dr Edmund Forster, the chief psychiatrist at the mili- tary hospital in Pasewalk. This moment has been seized repeatedly by psycho-historians such as Rudolph Binion, who also emphasized the shattering impact that the death of Hitler’s mother Klara had 4. Lukacs (1998), p. 50. 1403994927_01_prexiv.qxd 4/29/08 9:21 AM Page viii viii Preface and Acknowledgements had on the eighteen-year-old Adolf. A convincing explanation of Hitler’s personality has yet to be written. My task, however, has been not to interpret, but simply to provide guidance from the cradle to the deathbed, and to underline perhaps some of the important benchmarks. Even the most restrained among Hitler’s biographers are com- pelled to admit that, in November 1918, a turning point occurred in Hitler’s life and that thereafter a different Hitler was to enter history. Thus, at the age of thirty, a previously shy Hitler, having been refused military promotion because of a complete lack of authority and incapacity to command, discovers gradually that he had an unknown gift of vulgar rhetoric that could keep large audi- ences in thrall to his hypnotizing words and gestures on a variety of emotional topics ranging from the lost war to anti-Semitism. In 1923 he felt confident enough to lead the renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party in an abortive coup that ended in trial and imprisonment. Released from prison within a year, Hitler’s political ambitions appeared to be tempered, but step by step, he was able to build up his repertoire of speech topics, which gradually encompassed both the real and imaginary anxieties of his co- citizens: from systematic attacks against the Versailles Treaty, foreign occupation, economic inflation, to Germany’s national revival.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
    Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade.
    [Show full text]
  • Eva Braun Hitler's Odontological Identification-A Forensic Enigma?
    J Forensic Sci, Apr. 1974, Vol. 19, No. 2 R. F. Sognnaes, ~ M.A., M.S., D.M.D., Ph.D. Eva Braun Hitler's Odontological Identification-A Forensic Enigma? Through generous cooperation by custodians of several museums, libraries, and govern- ment archive centers, the author has had occasion to explore various historical dental relics and reports covering the evolution of dental art and science over a period ranging from the time of George Washington to that of Adolf Hitler [1,2]. When the Berlin dentist, Dr. Hugo Johannes Blaschke, who cared for Germany's wartime leaders, was captured and interrogated by American army officers in 1945, he prepared descriptions and diagrams of the dental condition of Adolf Hitler, as well as of Martin Bormann and of Eva Braun, Hitler's longtime female companion whom he married just before the end of the war. By comparing American and Soviet reports it has been shown elsewhere that data attributed to a 1945 Russian autopsy report cited in 1968 by Bezymenski [3-5] are in harmony with Hitler's 1944 head and jaw X-rays which, after much search and research, were located through the cooperation of the Captured Record Branch of the U.S. Na- tional Archives and Records Service [2]. This discovery was followed by a detailed comparison with other dental data, as reported at the 6th International Conference on Forensic Sciences in Edinburgh in 1972 and subsequently published in early 1973 by Sognnaes and Str6m [6]. Similarly, the dental data elicited regarding Martin Bormann's dental condition, based on dental diagrams prepared by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Wohnberechtigungsschein 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 2
    Landratsamt Miesbach – Fachbereich Gesundheit, Betreuung und Senioren – Altenhilfeplanung Stand 31.12.2016 Gemeinde Bad Bayrischzell Fischbachau Gmund Hausham Holzkirchen Irschenberg Kreuth Miesbach Otterfing Rottach- Schliersee Tegernsee Valley Waakirchen Warngau Weyarn Wiessee Egern Wohnberechtigungsschein 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 2 Wohngeldantrag 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 Rentenantrag 3 1 2 3 - 1 2 - 1 3 1 1 2 2 3 - 2 1 1 2 1 2 Sozialversicherungsangelegenheiten 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 - 1 3 1 1 2 2 3 - - 1 1 - 1 2 Vertriebenenangelegenheiten - - - - 2 - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - Pflegegeld - 1 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Sozialhilfe-/Grundsicherungsantrag 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 Antrag auf Übernahme ungedeckter 3 - 1 - 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - - Heimkosten Heizungsbeihilfe - 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 3 - Rundfunkgebührenbefreiung 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 Antrag auf Feststellung des Grades 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 der Behinderung Schwerbehindertenparkausweis 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 Holzkirchenkarte 1 Ansprechpartner der Gemeinde-/Stadt-/Marktverwaltung im Bereich Soziales im Alter S e i t e | 1 Landratsamt Miesbach – Fachbereich Gesundheit, Betreuung und Senioren – Altenhilfeplanung Stand 31.12.2016 Bad Wiessee 1 Karen Lange 08022/8602-23 [email protected] Otterfing 1 Wachinger Kornelia 08024/2063-113 [email protected] 2 Edo Memic 08022/8602-46 [email protected] 2 Eder
    [Show full text]
  • Directions By
    HOW TO GET TO LTN SERVOTECHNIK GMBH © cevahir87 / fotolia © andylimberger / fotolia HOW TO GET TO LTN HOW TO GET TO LTN BY CAR FROM THE NORTH/WEST BY CAR FROM THE EAST/SOUTH From Munich or the motorway ring road A99 or A995 take the A8 From Rosenheim take the A8 and drive in the direction of Nurem- driving in the direction of Salzburg / Austria / Italy / Innsbruck. berg / Stuttgart / Munich. Take exit 96 Hofolding / Aying / Dietramszell / Sauerlach. Take exit 97 Holzkirchen / Tegernsee / Bad Wiessee. After you have taken the exit, turn right at the set of first traffic After you have taken the exit turn right and then left onto the lights and drive towards Sauerlach until you reach Tegernseer main road. Then on the roundabout take the first exit and at the Landstraße B 13. Turn left onto Tegernseer Landstraße B 13 and second roundabout take the first exit again and continue until you drive towards Otterfing. Take the third exit at the roundabout reach Otterfing. Take the first exit at the roundabout (Hienlohe- (Hienlohestraße), then turn right onto Lehrer-Holl-Straße. straße), then turn right onto Lehrer-Holl-Straße. The LTN building will be on your left. The LTN building will be on your left. You will find the visitor’s entrance on Ludwig-Ganghofer-Straße. You will find the visitor’s entrance on Ludwig-Ganghofer-Straße. The delivery entrance is located on Georg-Hardt-Straße. The delivery entrance is located on Georg-Hardt-Straße. LTN SERVOTECHNIK GMBH Georg-Hardt-Strasse 4 83624 Otterfing, Germany T +49 8024 6080-0 [email protected] www.ltn-servotechnik.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Valkyrie
    Operation Valkyrie Rastenburg, 20th July 1944 Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (Jettingen- Scheppach, 15th November 1907 – Berlin, 21st July 1944) was a German army officer known as one of the leading officers who planned the 20th July 1944 bombing of Hitler’s military headquarters and the resultant attempted coup. As Bryan Singer’s film “Valkyrie”, starring Tom Cruise as the German officer von Stauffenberg, will be released by the end of December, SCALA is glad to present you the story of the 20 July plot through the historical photographs of its German collections. IClaus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg 1934. Cod. B007668 2 Left: Carl and Nina Stauffenbergs’s wedding, 26th September 1933. Cod.B007660. Right: Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg. 1934. Cod. B007663 3 Although he never joined the Nazi party, Claus von Stauffenberg fought in Africa during the Second World War as First Officer. After the explosion of a mine on 7th March 1943, von Stauffenberg lost his right hand, the left eye and two fingers of the left hand. Notwithstanding his disablement, he kept working for the army even if his anti-Nazi believes were getting firmer day by day. In fact he had realized that the 3rd Reich was leading Germany into an abyss from which it would have hardly risen. There was no time to lose, they needed to do something immediately or their country would have been devastated. Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (left) with Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim in the courtyard of the OKH-Gebäudes in 4 Bendlerstrasse. Cod. B007664 The conspiracy of the German officers against the Führer led to the 20th July attack to the core of Hitler’s military headquarters in Rastenburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler's Germania: Propaganda Writ in Stone
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2017 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2017 Hitler's Germania: Propaganda Writ in Stone Aaron Mumford Boehlert Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017 Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Boehlert, Aaron Mumford, "Hitler's Germania: Propaganda Writ in Stone" (2017). Senior Projects Spring 2017. 136. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017/136 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hitler’s Germania: Propaganda Writ in Stone Senior Project submitted to the Division of Arts of Bard College By Aaron Boehlert Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 2017 A. Boehlert 2 Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the infinite patience, support, and guidance of my advisor, Olga Touloumi, truly a force to be reckoned with in the best possible way. We’ve had laughs, fights, and some of the most incredible moments of collaboration, and I can’t imagine having spent this year working with anyone else.
    [Show full text]
  • American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler's Death
    American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Kelsey Mullen The Ohio State University November 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Alice Conklin, Department of History Project Mentor: Doctoral Candidate Sarah K. Douglas, Department of History American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death 2 Introduction The fall of Berlin marked the end of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Red Army ravaged the city and laid much of it to waste in the early days of May 1945. A large portion of Hitler’s inner circle, including the Führer himself, had been holed up in the Führerbunker underneath the old Reich Chancellery garden since January of 1945. Many top Nazi Party officials fled or attempted to flee the city ruins in the final moments before their destruction at the Russians’ hands. When the dust settled, the German army’s capitulation was complete. There were many unanswered questions for the Allies of World War II following the Nazi surrender. Invading Russian troops, despite recovering Hitler’s body, failed to disclose this fact to their Allies when the battle ended. In September of 1945, Dick White, the head of counter intelligence in the British zone of occupation, assigned a young scholar named Hugh Trevor- Roper to conduct an investigation into Hitler’s last days in order to refute the idea the Russians promoted and perpetuated that the Führer had escaped.1 Major Trevor-Roper began his investigation on September 18, 1945 and presented his conclusions to the international press on November 1, 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Kammler, Hitler's Last Hope, in American Hands
    WORKING PAPER 91 Hans Kammler, Hitler’s Last Hope, in American Hands By Frank Döbert and Rainer Karlsch, August 2019 THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Charles Kraus, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources from all sides of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. Among the activities undertaken by the Project to promote this aim are the Wilson Center's Digital Archive; a periodic Bulletin and other publications to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for historians to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; and international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars. The CWIHP Working Paper series provides a speedy publication outlet for researchers who have gained access to newly-available archives and sources related to Cold War history and would like to share their results and analysis with a broad audience of academics, journalists, policymakers, and students. CWIHP especially welcomes submissions which use archival sources from outside of the United States; offer novel interpretations of well-known episodes in Cold War history; explore understudied events, issues, and personalities important to the Cold War; or improve understanding of the Cold War’s legacies and political relevance in the present day.
    [Show full text]
  • Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion
    Ler História | 72 | 2018 | pp. 151-173 SHIRT MOVEMENTS IN INTERWAR EUROPE: A TOTALITARIAN FASHION Juan Francisco Fuentes 151 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain [email protected] The article deals with a typical phenomenon of the interwar period: the proliferation of socio-political movements expressing their “mood” and identity via a paramilitary uniform mainly composed of a coloured shirt. The analysis of 34 European shirt movements reveals some common features in terms of colour, ideology and chronology. Most of them were consistent with the logic and imagery of interwar totalitarianisms, which emerged as an alleged alternative to the decaying bourgeois society and its main political creation: the Parliamentary system. Unlike liBeral pluralism and its institutional expression, shirt move- ments embody the idea of a homogeneous community, based on a racial, social or cultural identity, and defend the streets, not the Ballot Boxes, as a new source of legitimacy. They perfectly mirror the overwhelming presence of the “brutalization of politics” (Mosse) and “senso-propaganda” (Chakhotin) in interwar Europe. Keywords: fascism, Nazism, totalitarianism, shirt movements, interwar period. Resumo (PT) no final do artigo. Résumé (FR) en fin d’article. “Of all items of clothing, shirts are the most important from a politi- cal point of view”, Eugenio Xammar, Berlin correspondent of the Spanish newspaper Ahora, wrote in 1932 (2005b, 74). The ability of the body and clothing to sublimate, to conceal or to express the intentions of a political actor was by no means a discovery of interwar totalitarianisms. Antoine de Baecque studied the political dimension of the body as metaphor in eighteenth-century France, paying special attention to the three specific func- tions that it played in the transition from the Ancien Régime to revolutionary France: embodying the state, narrating history and peopling ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cta Œ Cumenica
    2020 N. 2 ACTA 2020 ŒCUMENICA INFORMATION SERVICE OF THE PONTIFICAL COUNCIL FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN UNITY e origin of the Pontical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is closely linked with the Second Vatican Council. On 5 June 1960, Saint Pope John XXIII established a ‘Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity’ as one of the preparatory commissions for the Council. In 1966, Saint Pope Paul VI conrmed the Secretariat as a permanent dicastery CUMENICA of the Holy See. In 1974, a Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews was established within the Secretariat. In 1988, Saint Pope John Paul II changed the Secretariats status to Pontical Council. Œ e Pontical Council is entrusted with promoting an authentic ecumenical spirit in the Catholic Church based on the principles of Unitatis redintegratio and the guidelines of its Ecumenical Directory rst published in 1967, and later reissued in 1993. e Pontical Council also promotes Christian unity by strengthening relationships CTA with other Churches and Ecclesial Communities, particularly through A theological dialogue. e Pontical Council appoints Catholic observers to various ecumenical gatherings and in turn invites observers or ‘fraternal delegates’ of other Churches or Ecclesial Communities to major events of the Catholic Church. Front cover Detail of the icon of the two holy Apostles and brothers Peter and Andrew, symbolizing the Churches of the East and of the West and the “brotherhood rediscovered” (UUS 51) N. 2 among Christians on their way towards unity. (Original at the Pontical
    [Show full text]
  • In English As Early As 1938, Having Been Introduced by the French Diplomat André François Poncet
    For your convenience – English factoids in a PDF • The 52 United States of America • "640 kb ought to be enough for anyone" • Autobahn • The Cross of Satan • The Eagle's Nest • "Everything that can be invented ..." • Famous dyslectics • The First Step on the Moon • Goldfish Memory • Hell • "I am become death" • The Iron Cross • The Iron Curtain • Kangaroo • "Keep an open mind ..." • Mata Hari • Nazi • Olympic The olympic truce Olympos / Olympia Olympic unity The olympic rings The olympic fire Sandwich Santa's reindeers • The Teddy Bear May 15, 2009 Hexmaster's Factoids: The 50 - not 52 - United States http://www.faktoider.nu/50states_eng.html The United States of America 52 USA has had 50 states since 1959. 1. Alabama 11. Idaho 21. Massachusetts 31. New Mexico 41. South Dakota 2. Alaska 12. Hawaii 22. Michigan 32. New York 42. Tennessee 3. Arizona 13. Illinois 23. Minnesota 33. North Carolina 43. Texas 4. Arkansas 14. Indiana 24. Mississippi 34. North Dakota 44. Utah 5. California 15. Iowa 25. Missouri 35. Ohio 45. Vermont 6. Colorado 16. Kansas 26. Montana 36. Oklahoma 46. Virginia 7. Connecticut 17. Kentucky 27. Nebraska 37. Oregon 47. Washington 8. Delaware 18. Louisiana 28. Nevada 38. Pennsylvania 48. West Virginia 9. Florida 19. Maine 29. New Hampshire 39. Rhode Island 49. Wisconsin 10. Georgia 20. Maryland 30. New Jersey 40. South Carolina 50. Wyoming The District of Columbia is a federal district, not a state. Many lists include DC and Puerto Rico, which makes for 52 "states and other jurisdictions". Maybe that's the root of the myth? Or do people think of a deck of cards, the weeks in a year, or the country code of Mexico? Does the number 50 appear to be too rounded to be accurate? The flag has 50 stars, one for each state.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitlers Hofstaat Der Innere Kreis Im Dritten Reich Und Danach
    Unverkäufliche Leseprobe Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach 2019 528 S., mit 62 Abbildungen ISBN 978-3-406-73527-1 Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier: https://www.chbeck.de/26572343 © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach C.H.Beck Mit 62 Abbildungen © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München 2019 Umschlaggestaltung: Kunst oder Reklame, München Umschlagabbildung: Berghof 1935, Hitler und seine Entourage beobachten Kunstfl ieger © Paul Popper / Getty Images Satz: Janß GmbH, Pfungstadt Druck und Bindung: CPI – Ebner & Spiegel, Ulm Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff ) Printed in Germany ISBN 978 3 406 73527 1 www.chbeck.de Inhalt Inhalt Einleitung 9 Erster Teil Hitlers Kreis 1. Untergang und Flucht 18 Im Bunker der Reichskanzlei 18 – Absetzbewegungen und Verrat 22 – Zufl uchtsort Berghof 26 – Ende in Berlin 32 2. Die Formierung des Kreises 36 Die Münchner Clique 37 – Ernst Röhm 42 – Hermann Esser und Dietrich Eckart 44 – Alfred Rosenberg 49 – Leibwächter 50 – «Kampfzeit» 53 – Hermann Göring und Wilhelm Brückner 56 – Vorbild Mussolini 59 – Ernst Hanfstaengl 63 – Heinrich Hoff mann 64 – «Stoßtrupp Hitler» 67 – Bayreuth 71 – Putsch 75 – Landsberg 79 – Neuorientierung 83 – Wiedergründung der NSDAP 88 – Joseph Goebbels 93 3. Machtübernahme 97 Aufstieg 98 – Unsicherheit und Beklemmungen 100 – Geli Raubal: Romanze mit dem Onkel 102 – Rekrutierung bewährter Kräfte 108 – Otto Dietrich 112 – Magda Goeb- bels 115 – Das Superwahljahr 1932 122 – Ernüchterung nach der «Machtergreifung» 128 – Blutsommer 1934 133 – Lüdecke auf der Flucht 137 – Hinrichtungen 142 – Recht- fertigungsversuche 148 Zweiter Teil Die Berghof-Gesellschaft 1.
    [Show full text]