Download Book

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download Book PREMA-SAGARA OR OCEAN OF LOVE THE PREMA-SAGARA OR OCEAN OF LOVE BEING A LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE HINDI TEXT OF LALLU LAL KAVI AS EDITED BY THE LATE PROCESSOR EASTWICK, FULLY ANNOTATED AND EXPLAINED GRAMMATICALLY, IDIOMATICALLY AND EXEGETICALLY BY FREDERIC PINCOTT (MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY), AUTHOR OF THE HINDI ^NUAL, TH^AKUNTALA IN HINDI, TRANSLATOR OF THE (SANSKRIT HITOPADES'A, ETC., ETC. WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. S.W. 2, WHITEHALL GARDENS, 1897 LONDON : PRINTED BY GILBERT AND KIVJNGTON, LD-, ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLEKKENWELL ROAD, E.G. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE IT is well known to aU who have given thought to the languages of India that the or Bhasha as Hindi, the people themselves call is the most diffused and most it, widely important language of India. There of the are, course, great provincial languages the Bengali, Marathi, Panjabi, Gujarat!, Telugu, and Tamil which are immense numbers of spoken by people, and a knowledge of which is essential to those whose lot is cast in the districts where are but the Bhasha of northern India towers they spoken ; high above them both on account of the all, number of its speakers and the important administrative and commercial interests which of attach to the vast stretch territory in which it is the current form of speech. The various forms of this great Bhasha con- of about stitute the mother-tongue eighty-six millions of people, a almost as as those of the that is, population great French and German combined and cover the empires ; they important region hills on the east to stretching from the Rajmahal Sindh on the west and from Kashmir on the north to the borders of the ; the south. there are Nizam's territory on Necessarily differences, verbal and over a district of this vast extent both grammatical, ; but these differences arrange themselves under two great divi- have been called the Eastern and the sions, which respectively Western Hindi. Of these the Western Hindi is now the more the on account of the extensive literature important of two, it and is and because of which has produced, yearly expanding ; and social Considerations. One of the political, commercial, modern literature of this Western Hindi was S'ri pioneers in the' in the of Fort William Lallu Lai Kavi, Bhasha Munshi College He was the author of several at the beginning of &is century. famed of which are the written in volumes, the most Mja-niti, in what is the dialect of Braj, and the Prema-Sagara, composed This latter book has now termed the classical form of Hindi. vi PREFACE in the hands always been treated as the first reading-book placed of of Hindi students, and it will long remain a book primary It is a value to every European resident in northern India. book perfect familiarity with the contents of which is absolutely essential to the for it contains the life-work of that missionary ; revelation of Deity which commands the most absorbing interest in among the people of India. The two great objects of worship act of are modern India, whose influence extends to every life, Rama and Krishna the former the of heroism ; being exemplar love. The in- and fidelity, and the latter the type of supreme cidents in the lives of these adored beings are familiar to every no Hindu throughout the length and breadth of India, and Western person can understand the people, and no missionary can address himself advantageously to the work of his calling, until he has made himself master of the facts, the philosophy, and the spiritual import of the records enshrined in the Rama- yana of Tuhi Dds, and the story of Krishna's life as related in the Bhagavad-Gita. It is the latter work which was presented to his countrymen in their great vernacular by Lallu Lai in the a translation of which into is in the Prema-Sagara } English given present volume. The passionate adoration which Hindus feel for S'ri Krishna is conveyed in the following words, quoted from an Indian newspaper of December 27th, 1892 : " We cannot but place him in the front rank of those who are regarded by the unanimous voice of all mankind as the spiritual lights which lead men to salvation. All his actions were Nish- kama [without desire], and he left his body while in Samadhi [holy meditation]. He is regarded by the greatest Rishis of this land as the Purna Brahma [perfect God], the incarnation of the Absolute. If one desires to see the very embodiment of the Vedanta philosophy, he will not be satisfied with Buddha or with R.ma or with Muhammad or S'ankara, Christ, Chaitanya ; the spiritual grandeur of S'ri Krishna alone will shine before him like the absolute space from whose standpoint the million-fold 37 curtain of May!, is non-existent. Such being the esteem in which S'ri Krishna is held, it is clear that no book could be better suited to the missionary, the and others are teacher, who called upon to mix among the people, in order to learn the great vernacular of India, than the Prema- Sagara of Lallu LS.1. This, in fact, has been the chief use to PREFACE vii which the book has been put by Europeans, and it must long continue to fulfil that office. The first edition of the half of text, containing only the story, was in and it published 1805 ; was not until 1810 that Lallu Lai the and completed text, reprinted the whole in a single volume. In the 1825 third edition appeared, with the addition of a and in another vocabulary ; 1831 edition followed. Eleven years after this in last, 1842, a carefully revised edition by Pandit Misra was Yoga Dhyan published under the patronage of the Government in India. Then in 1851 followed the standard text of Professor Eastwick, which was printed at Hertford under the liberal of the Honourable Court of Directors and this patronage ; has remained the text-book to the present day. There have been two translations into of this and useful work English popular ; one by Captain W. Rollings, of the 47th Regiment Bengal Native Infantry, and the other by Professor Eastwick himself. Captain Hollings's translation from one of the early editions is original and valuable, and the translator's intimate relations with Indians, and familiarity with colloquial Hindi and the ideas current among the people, enabled him to catch the meaning of phrases that would have proved obscure, or even unintelligible, to others less specially qualified. Unfortunately the Captain was a busy man rather than a scholar, and cannot have given sus- tained attention to the whole of his task. The result is a work of uneven merit, which cannot meet the requirements of a student of Hindi. Professor Eastwick made his translation expressly for the use that " has of learners, and states in his Preface every endeavour been used to make it as literal as possible, without rendering it between translation altogether unintelligible." A comparison fails to this claim for the Professor and text, however, support ; the form of his text for the of constantly departs from purpose his and sometimes imparting a quaintness to English rendering, other than that of the ideas apparently for no object presenting of Here and in a manner differing from that Captain Hollings. he with the there, however, perhaps accidentally, agrees Captain which are nevertheless found in his in omitting entire sentences, own Hindi text. Professor Eastwick also occasionally alters such as ideas which may have been deemed inelegant, changing " " " " " " an umbrella into a canopy," and a cuckoo into a bird," viii PREFACE a cuckoo to be a because in England people do not consider "with like an sweet songster. He omits the phrase gait " and to a for similar ; elephant when applied lady ^reasons changes "a young man" into "a man of extremely youthful in at appearance." His translation is furthermore, many places, to variance with his own text, which is the one he is supposed into affirma- be rendering, and he even changes interrogations is far from tions. In fact, the Professor's translation very literal, even to the extent of furnishing equivalents for all the sentences been as 'they occur. Poetic effect seems also to have studied, and words are introduced for which no equivalents are to be are found in the original, while points of idiom elsewhere passed over untranslated. The defects here indicated must have greatly detracted from the utility of the Professor's work. The translation of Professor Eastwick has, however, long been such as out of print, and the high price obtained for copies occasionally change hands is a sufficient indication that a transla- tion of the Prema-S&gara is still in demand. Unfortunately for India, Hindi lias not received the encouragement which its im- it the portance deserves, and is, therefore, only trader, teacher, and missionary, who, impelled by necessity, give attention to its study. The consequence is that those desirous of learning this rich, expressive, and useful language are left very much to their own resources. It is to meet this state of things that the present translation of Professor Eastwick's text has been prepared. It has been brought to the level of a beginner who, having acquired the elements of the language from a Grammar, takes up the Prema-Sagara as a text-book without any instructor to guide his first attempts at reading, translating, and acquiring Hindi style. No attempt has, therefore, been made to offer anything else than a faithful translation, sentence by sentence, for the practically useful purpose of teaching the learner the exact mean- ing of each phrase, and the explanation of every idiomatic turn as it occurs.
Recommended publications
  • The Epic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School May 2017 Modern Mythologies: The picE Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature Sucheta Kanjilal University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kanjilal, Sucheta, "Modern Mythologies: The pE ic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6875 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Mythologies: The Epic Imagination in Contemporary Indian Literature by Sucheta Kanjilal A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a concentration in Literature Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Gurleen Grewal, Ph.D. Gil Ben-Herut, Ph.D. Hunt Hawkins, Ph.D. Quynh Nhu Le, Ph.D. Date of Approval: May 4, 2017 Keywords: South Asian Literature, Epic, Gender, Hinduism Copyright © 2017, Sucheta Kanjilal DEDICATION To my mother: for pencils, erasers, and courage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I was growing up in New Delhi, India in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, my father was writing an English language rock-opera based on the Mahabharata called Jaya, which would be staged in 1997. An upper-middle-class Bengali Brahmin with an English-language based education, my father was as influenced by the mythological tales narrated to him by his grandmother as he was by the musicals of Broadway impressario Andrew Lloyd Webber.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mahabharata
    ^«/4 •m ^1 m^m^ The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071123131 ) THE MAHABHARATA OF KlUSHNA-DWAIPAYANA VTASA TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH PROSE. Published and distributed, chiefly gratis, BY PROTSP CHANDRA EOY. BHISHMA PARVA. CALCUTTA i BHiRATA PRESS. No, 1, Raja Gooroo Dass' Stbeet, Beadon Square, 1887. ( The righi of trmsMm is resem^. NOTICE. Having completed the Udyoga Parva I enter the Bhishma. The preparations being completed, the battle must begin. But how dan- gerous is the prospect ahead ? How many of those that were counted on the eve of the terrible conflict lived to see the overthrow of the great Knru captain ? To a KsJtatriya warrior, however, the fiercest in- cidents of battle, instead of being appalling, served only as tests of bravery that opened Heaven's gates to him. It was this belief that supported the most insignificant of combatants fighting on foot when they rushed against Bhishma, presenting their breasts to the celestial weapons shot by him, like insects rushing on a blazing fire. I am not a Kshatriya. The prespect of battle, therefore, cannot be unappalling or welcome to me. On the other hand, I frankly own that it is appall- ing. If I receive support, that support may encourage me. I am no Garuda that I would spurn the strength of number* when battling against difficulties. I am no Arjuna conscious of superhuman energy and aided by Kecava himself so that I may eHcounter any odds.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
    In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being.
    [Show full text]
  • Essay About India in Urdu
    1 Essay About India In Urdu The literary council of the official Kannada language of the state and more than other 50 language organizations promoting Kannada language threatened state-wide protests against the Urdu bulletin. One missive written by a team of Hindu nationalists from Bhartendu Harishchandra and sent to Madan Mohan Malviya was a scathing attack on the supposed uselessness and alienness of Urdu in British India. A man in his 30s approached and sat beside me, initiating a conver- sation and introducing himself as an off-duty member of the Home Guard. I was unsure how to react to his remark, but he did not seem to be complaining or hostile on the contrary, he was in awe of discovering another set of sounds seemingly alien to him. What had gone wrong. Once again, I got the feeling that Urdu was being treated as alien to Delhi, just as in Patna, although in both places, it has the status of the second official language. The name of the famous emblematic railway station, Mughal Sarai, was metamorphosed into Deen Dyal Upadhya following a chilling fervor by nationalist extremists, just to name one major example. Known as Father of Modern Hindi, Lallu Lal set the tone for Sanskritized Hindi. The recruitment of Urdu teachers was subsequently postponed and exam papers were no longer available in Urdu for public primary schools in Rajasthan. In 2016, the same Rajasthan government removed Urdu author Ismat Chughtai from the Class VIII Hindi textbook. One example Rahman cited was Prem Sagar 1803 by Lallu Lal, in which Arabic and Persian words were purged.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to BI-Tagavad-Gita
    TEAcI-tER'S GuidE TO INTROduCTioN TO BI-tAGAVAd-GiTA (DAModAR CLASS) INTROduCTioN TO BHAqAVAd-qiTA Compiled by: Tapasvini devi dasi Hare Krishna Sunday School Program is sponsored by: ISKCON Foundation Contents Chapter Page Introduction 1 1. History ofthe Kuru Dynasty 3 2. Birth ofthe Pandavas 10 3. The Pandavas Move to Hastinapura 16 4. Indraprastha 22 5. Life in Exile 29 6. Preparing for Battle 34 7. Quiz 41 Crossword Puzzle Answer Key 45 Worksheets 46 9ntroduction "Introduction to Bhagavad Gita" is a session that deals with the history ofthe Pandavas. It is not meant to be a study ofthe Mahabharat. That could be studied for an entire year or more. This booklet is limited to the important events which led up to the battle ofKurlLkshetra. We speak often in our classes ofKrishna and the Bhagavad Gita and the Battle ofKurukshetra. But for the new student, or student llnfamiliar with the history ofthe Pandavas, these topics don't have much significance ifthey fail to understand the reasons behind the Bhagavad Gita being spoken (on a battlefield, yet!). This session will provide the background needed for children to go on to explore the teachulgs ofBhagavad Gita. You may have a classroonl filled with childrel1 who know these events well. Or you may have a class who has never heard ofthe Pandavas. You will likely have some ofeach. The way you teach your class should be determined from what the children already know. Students familiar with Mahabharat can absorb many more details and adventures. Young children and children new to the subject should learn the basics well.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA
    The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA PARVA translated by Kesari Mohan Ganguli In parentheses Publications Sanskrit Series Cambridge, Ontario 2002 Salya Parva Section I Om! Having bowed down unto Narayana and Nara, the most exalted of male beings, and the goddess Saraswati, must the word Jaya be uttered. Janamejaya said, “After Karna had thus been slain in battle by Savyasachin, what did the small (unslaughtered) remnant of the Kauravas do, O regenerate one? Beholding the army of the Pandavas swelling with might and energy, what behaviour did the Kuru prince Suyodhana adopt towards the Pandavas, thinking it suitable to the hour? I desire to hear all this. Tell me, O foremost of regenerate ones, I am never satiated with listening to the grand feats of my ancestors.” Vaisampayana said, “After the fall of Karna, O king, Dhritarashtra’s son Suyodhana was plunged deep into an ocean of grief and saw despair on every side. Indulging in incessant lamentations, saying, ‘Alas, oh Karna! Alas, oh Karna!’ he proceeded with great difficulty to his camp, accompanied by the unslaughtered remnant of the kings on his side. Thinking of the slaughter of the Suta’s son, he could not obtain peace of mind, though comforted by those kings with excellent reasons inculcated by the scriptures. Regarding destiny and necessity to be all- powerful, the Kuru king firmly resolved on battle. Having duly made Salya the generalissimo of his forces, that bull among kings, O monarch, proceeded for battle, accompanied by that unslaughtered remnant of his forces. Then, O chief of Bharata’s race, a terrible battle took place between the troops of the Kurus and those of the Pandavas, resembling that between the gods and the Asuras.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Book from RBSI Archive
    AUTHOR'S COPYRIGHT ALLAHABAD LAW JOURNAL PRESS, ALLAHABAD PRINTER M. N. PANDEY DEDICATED WITH PROFOUND RESPECT AND ADMIRATION TO THE MEMORY OF GENERAL SIR ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.T. 1814 1893 FATHER OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY Colonel A. Cunningham, whale he was the Chief Engi- neer of the North-Western Provinces, laid betore Lord Canning in November 1861, a memorandum praying for a complete and systematic archaeological investigation of the ancient historic ruins of Upper India. This led to his appointment as the first Archaeological Surveyor to the Government of India. As director of the Archaeological Survey (1870 1885) he brought to light the immense importance of the archaeological ruins of more than fifty ancient cities including KauSambi in the United Provin- ces. (A.S.R. Vol. I). PREFACE A few of my articles on the early history of KauSambi were published in papers and journals from time to time, and a paper on a controversial point of its history in the second century B.C. was read at the SIXTH ORIENTAL CONFERENCE, held at Baroda. All these formed the nucleus of the present monograph. In it I have endeavoured to present an account of the ancient greatness of KauSambi, now reduced to a ruined fortress. The facts have been arranged to give the story a con- tinuous form, which, however, has been broken on account of the paucity of materials available on the subject. The materials for these pages have been drawn mainly from primary sources Sanskrit and Pali literature. The references in the ancient texts have been used after careful sifting in the light of epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic evi- dences.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Iconic Tourism Sites in India
    Braj Development Plan for Braj Region of Uttar Pradesh - Inception Report (May 2019) INCEPTION REPORT May 2019 PREPARATION OF BRAJ DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR BRAJ REGION UTTAR PRADESH Prepared for: Uttar Pradesh Braj Tirth Vikas Parishad, Uttar Pradesh Prepared By: Design Associates Inc. EcoUrbs Consultants PVT. LTD Design Associates Inc.| Ecourbs Consultants| Page | 1 Braj Development Plan for Braj Region of Uttar Pradesh - Inception Report (May 2019) DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared by Design Associates Inc. and Ecourbs Consultants for the internal consumption and use of Uttar Pradesh Braj Teerth Vikas Parishad and related government bodies and for discussion with internal and external audiences. This document has been prepared based on public domain sources, secondary & primary research, stakeholder interactions and internal database of the Consultants. It is, however, to be noted that this report has been prepared by Consultants in best faith, with assumptions and estimates considered to be appropriate and reasonable but cannot be guaranteed. There might be inadvertent omissions/errors/aberrations owing to situations and conditions out of the control of the Consultants. Further, the report has been prepared on a best-effort basis, based on inputs considered appropriate as of the mentioned date of the report. Consultants do not take any responsibility for the correctness of the data, analysis & recommendations made in the report. Neither this document nor any of its contents can be used for any purpose other than stated above, without the prior written consent from Uttar Pradesh Braj Teerth Vikas Parishadand the Consultants. Design Associates Inc.| Ecourbs Consultants| Page | 2 Braj Development Plan for Braj Region of Uttar Pradesh - Inception Report (May 2019) TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Land of Lord Krishna
    Tour Code : AKSR0381 Tour Type : Spiritual Tours (domestic) 1800 233 9008 THE LAND OF LORD www.akshartours.com KRISHNA 5 Nights / 6 Days PACKAGE OVERVIEW 1Country 1Cities 6Days Accomodation Meal 3 Nights Hotel Accommodation at mathura 05 Breakfast 2 Nights Hotel Accommodation at Delhi Visa & Taxes Highlights 5 % Gst Extra Accommodation on double sharing Breakfast and dinner at hotel Transfer and sightseeing by pvt vehicle as per program Applicable hotel taxes SIGHTSEEINGS OVERVIEW Delhi :- Laxmi Narayan Temple, Hanuman Mandir, Mathura :- birth place of Lord Krishna Gokul :- Gokul Nath Ji Temple, Agra :- Taj Mahal SIGHTSEEINGS Laxmi Narayan Temple Delhi The Laxminarayan Temple, also known as the Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple up to large extent dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. ... The temple is spread over 7.5 acres, adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden with Hindu and Nationalistic sculptures, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. Hanuman Mandir Delhi Hanuman Temple in Connaught Place, New Delhi, is an ancient Hindu temple and is claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi. ... The idol in the temple, devotionally worshipped as "Sri Hanuman Ji Maharaj" (Great Lord Hanuman), is that of Bala Hanuman namely, Birth place of Lord Krishna Mathura In Hinduism, Mathura is believed to be the birthplace of Krishna, which is located at the Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex.[5] It is one of the Sapta Puri, the seven cities considered holy by Hindus. The Kesava Deo Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's birthplace (an underground prison).
    [Show full text]
  • Vidura Speaks: a Study of the Viduranīti and Its Reception History
    Vidura Speaks: A Study of the Viduranīti and its Reception History Sravani Kanamarlapudi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2019 Committee: Richard Salomon Heidi Pauwels Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2019 Sravani Kanamarlapudi University of Washington Abstract Vidura Speaks: A Study of the Viduranīti and its Reception History Sravani Kanamarlapudi Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Richard Salomon Department of Asian Languages and Literature This thesis offers a close reading of an important yet neglected didactic text from the Indian epic Mahābhārata, namely the Viduranīti, which is a nocturnal politico-moral counsel of Vidura to Dhr̥ tarāṣṭra. Adopting the currently prevalent trend in Mahābhārata scholarship, the received epic is approached as a work of literature by treating its didactic segments as constitutive parts of the unfolding narrative, rather than simply viewing the received epic as an outcome of later didactic accretions on a supposed earlier core narrative. As such, the Viduranīti is juxtaposed thematically with the epic’s story, particularly with the epic’s portrayal of Vidura, and structurally with other didactic portions of the epic and the entire epic as a whole. The former analysis reveals that both Vidura and the Viduranīti are centered around the categories of dharma and artha, while the latter exposes similarities in the literary architectonics of the Viduranīti and other didactic tracts. Finally, a case study investigates why the Viduranīti was canonized in a modern Hindu community. Situating this textual reframing in the modern socio-historical context, I argue for the need to focus on reception histories of early South Asian texts.
    [Show full text]
  • RAS227 Proof 98..122
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The Hindi-Speaking Intelligentsia and Agricultural Modernisation in the Colonial Period Sandipan Baksi* Abstract: This paper is a study of the perceptions of the emerging Hindi-speaking intelligentsia about agricultural modernisation in the British colonial period. It discusses the meaning of agrarian change for this emerging class, especially with respect to the interrelationship between the techniques and methods of agricultural production on the one hand, and the socio-economic aspects of agricultural production on the other. It is based on a survey of writings that appeared in some important literary and popular science Hindi periodicals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The study finds that there was a strong perception among Hindi publicists of the colonial period of the utility of science and technology in agriculture. While acknowledging the importance of science, there was an understanding among them that the expansion of production and productivity in agriculture was also dependent on the prevailing socio-economic context. Keywords: history of agriculture, history of science, vernacular periodicals, Hindi periodicals, science in the vernacular, science and colonialism, agriculture and colonialism, popularisation of science, scientific agriculture. In his landmark analysis of the Indian economy of the early 1960s, Daniel Thorner wrote that colonial India suffered from “the world’s most refractory land problem,” because of a “built in depressor” in the structure of its agrarian economy (Thorner 1962). This built-in depressor, a result of the policies implemented by colonial rule, constrained the growth of the productive forces in agriculture. These policies prevented any significant investment in agricultural development, and acted as an inherent disincentive to the adoption of modern methods and techniques by Indian cultivator classes.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Books Available on Calibre Software
    LIST OF BOOKS AVAILABLE ON CALIBRE SOFTWARE (PLEASE CONTACT LIBRARY STAFF TO ACCESS CALIBRE) 1. 1.doc · Kamal Swaroop 2. 50 Volume RGS Journal Table of Contents s · Unknown 3. 1836 Asiatic Researches Vol 19 Part 1 s+m · Unknown 4. 1839 Asiatic Researches Vol 19 Part 2 : THE HISTORY, THE ANTIQUITIES, THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE ASIA . · Asiatic Society, Calcutta 5. 1839 Asiatic Researches Vol 19 Part 2 s+m · Unknown 6. 1840 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 8 Part 1 s+m · Unknown 7. 1840 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 8 Part 2 s+m · Unknown 8. 1840 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 9 Part 1 s+m · Unknown 9. 1856 JASB Index AR 19 to JASB 23 · Unknown 10. 1856 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 24 s+m · Unknown 11. 1862 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 30 s+m · Unknown 12. 1866 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 34 s+m · Unknown 13. 1867 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 35 s+m · Unknown 14. 1875 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 44 Part 1 s+m · Unknown 15. 1875 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 44 Part 2 s+m · Unknown 16. 1951-52.PMD · Unknown 17. 1952-53-(Final).PMD · Unknown 18. 1953-54.pmd · Unknown 19. 1954-55.pmd · Unknown 20. 1955-56.pmd · Unknown 21. 1956-57.pmd · Unknown 22. 1957-58(interim) 1957-58-1958-59 · Unknown 23. 62569973-Text-of-Justice-Soumitra-Sen-s-Defence · Unknown 24. ([Views of the East; Comprising] India, Canton, [And the Shores of the Red Sea · Robert Elliot 25.
    [Show full text]