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Old Apple Cultivars in the Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation of the Polish Academy of Sciences

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Old Apple Cultivars in the Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation of the Polish Academy of Sciences Bulletin of Botanical Gardens, 13: 85–90, 2004 OLD APPLE CULTIVARS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN-CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Marta DZIUBIAK Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY In recent decades of the XX century a range of apple cultivars commercially available has In the Botanical Garden-Center for Biological changed and evidently decreased from over 150 Diversity Conservation in Warsaw a collection to 40. Many of good apple cultivars which were of old historical apple cultivars was established. common in Poland before the 2nd World War The main goal is to gather and evaluate in ex have disappeared. In modern orchards new cul- situ conditions a possibly large number of apple tivars are planted and cultivated by new modern cultivars which were known in Poland in the techniques. They have good economic quali- past. ties, bear fruits every year but are similar in Since 1987 over 500 accessions have been respect of some features. Trees are small, short gathered (195 come from scientific institutions living and demand intensive raising. in Poland and abroad, the rest from private According to resolutions of Biological orchards in Poland). Trees of 248 accessions Biodiversity Convention (1992) in the whole grow in the collection as a typical orchard and world numerous programs of plant protection young material remains in nursery. Every year are managed, fruit trees varieties including. local expeditions are organized and new acces- In Botanical Garden-Center for Biological sions are brought to the Botanical Garden as Diversity Conservation of the Polish Academy grafts. All accessions are accompanied by pass- of Sciences a collection of old apple cultivars port data. Phenological observations such as was established. Our goal is to gather and eval- start of vegetation period, time of blooming and uate in ex situ conditions a possibly large num- ripening, degree of damage by scab and mildew ber of apple cultivars which were known in are made every year. Fruits are described Poland in the past. according to UPOV guidelines. Fruits of 178 cultivars in collection and 40 in nursery have MATERIALS AND METHODS been described. Gathering of old apple cultivars and their Material there are 385 apple trees of 248 old maintenance in ex situ collection and evalua- cultivars gathered in collection and 377 (mostly tion are very important for our national heritage younger) trees of additional 300 accessions in conservation. There is a necessity to protect old nursery. Trees in collection are planted as a tradi- apple cultivars on farm conditions as well. tional orchard in six rows in spacing 4,5 x 3,5 m. Collecting started in 1987. Every year local INTRODUCTION expeditions or visits to scientific institutions are organized and new accessions are brought to In Poland at the turn of the nineteenth centu- the Botanical Garden as grafts. Grafts are graft- ry apple trees grew almost near every cottage. ed onto rootstocks in nursery. At first tradition- A range of cultivars was large from ripening in al vigorous rootstocks were used (‘Antonovka’ early summer to late winter and from dessert to seedling) but now because of shortage of culinary. Trees grew big and strong, gave shad- ground semi-dwarf rootstocks such as M26 and ow and provided a shield against winds and M7 are used. natural site for numerous organisms. They were All accessions are accompanied by passport inseparable part of country landscape. data which include: origin (if known), source 85 Marta Dziubiak and date of bringing, sort of rootstock, date of A large number of accessions brought from grafting, date of planting to collection and date local expeditions demand identification. of first fruiting. Orchard’s owners often do not know cultivars’ Since 1994 phenological observations such names because the trees were planted by their as start of vegetation period, time of blooming ancestors or previous inhabitants like in the and ripening have been made every year and case of territory of west Poland. Some cultivars fruits are described according to UPOV guide- bear local names: ‘Buraczki’, ‘Pisaki’, lines (24 characteristics were chosen). Since ‘Dziadki’, ‘Kogutki’, ‘Kusaki’, ‘Gruchoty’, 2002 degree of damage by two diseases: scab ‘KapuÊniaki’ and ‘Talerzyki’. Some of them are (Venturia inaeqalis (Cke.) Aderh.) and mildew already identified. (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis et Everh.) In collection apple trees start vegetation Salm) has been estimated. Documentation in period at the end of March on average. The ear- electronic format is kept. If gathered accessions liest are ‘Kandil Sinap’ and ‘Reneta Kurska’, are unknown or bear local names they undergo the latest ‘Krótkonó˝ka Królewska’(‘Royal identification. Courtpendu’) and ‘Mank’s Küchenapfel’. Trees blossom in the first half of May, first are RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ‘Spasowka’ and ‘Red Astrachan’, last ‘Spätblühender Taffetapfel’ and ‘Minister von Since 1987 over 500 accessions of old apple Hammerstein’. cultivars have been gathered, among them So far fruits of 178 cultivars in collection ‘Kosztela’, ‘Z∏ota Reneta’, ‘Ananas Ber˝enic- and 40 in nursery have been described. Trees ki’ and ‘Malinówka’ which were very popular reach fructifying period according to sort of in the past. Part of collected material (195 rootstock after 2–8 years from grafting. The accessions) comes from scientific institutions: trees of majority of old cultivars fructify alter- 85 from Institute for Fruit Growing and nately (biennial bearing). Because of limited Floriculture Skierniewice, 21 from Research level of chemical protection against pests and Institute for Fruit Growing and Ornamentals diseases crop of fruits in collection oscillates Újfehértó (Hungary), 16 from Byelorussian from small to mean. Research Institute for Fruit Growing, 15 from There are seasons when some pests and dis- University of Agriculture in Lublin, 14 from eases cause damage unabling apples’ descrip- University of Agriculture in Warsaw, 10 from tion, e.g. brown rot (Monilinia fructigena Fruit Genebank Dresden-Pillnitz (Germany), (Aderh. et Ruhl.) Honey), apple blossom wee- 10 from Central Botanical Garden of the vil (Anthonomus pomorum L.) and aphid Byelarussian Academy of Sciences, 9 from (Dysaphis plantaginea Pass.). Ethnographical Museum RoÏnov (Czech In collection apples ripen from the end of Republic), 8 from National Botanical Garden July – ‘Virgin Aranka’, ‘Oliwka Inflancka’ in Kiev (Ukraine), 7 from Station for (‘Yellow Transparent’) till January – ‘Calville Protection of Animals Barto‰ovice (Czech de Saint Sauver’, ‘Boiken’, ‘Grochówka’ Republic). (‘Grosse Bohnapfel’). Fruits of ‘Champagne A great number of old apple cultivars (over Reinette’ can be stored till August next year in 300) comes from old private orchards from the a common cellar. territory of Poland. A schematic map shows Damage by scab and mildew in 2002 and years and places of local expeditions which 2003 seasons was small because of warm and have been undertaken since 1990 (Fig. 1). dry weather. Spring 2004 was chilly and rainy Provinces of Mazowieckie, Kujawsko- so many trees had serious scab symptoms. 10 Pomorskie, Podlaskie, Ma∏opolskie and cultivars were chosen which were supposed to Podkarpackie were visited 6 times, provinces of be the most tolerant of scab and mildew: Warmiƒsko-Mazurskie and Lubelskie 3 times. ‘Antonovka Obyknoviennaja’, ‘Bramley’s Provinces of Zachodniopomorskie and Seedling’, ‘Early Victoria’, ‘Doneszta’, ‘Lane’s Pomorskie were visited in 1997 and 1998, Prince Albert’, ‘Rozmaryn Russkij’, ‘Soländer Lubuskie in 2000 and Lower Silesia was visit- Streifling’, ‘Spätblühender Tafetapfel’, form ed 2 times in 2002 and 2003. 13/96 from village Optyƒ (Podkarpackie 86 Old apple cultivars in the Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation Fig. 1. Years and places of local expeditions which were undertaken from 1990 in Poland. province) and form 11/97 from village List of old apple cultivars gathered in the Kamionek Wielki (Pomorskie province). The Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of last two forms are not identified. Sciences in Warsaw (accessions numbered Gathering of old apple cultivars, their main- (without names) are not included). tenance ex situ and evaluation is very important for our national heritage conservation. There is 1. Abondanza a necessity to protect them on farm conditions 2. Adam Mickiewicz as well. 3. Adam’s Pearmain 4. Adersleber Kalvill REFERENCES 5. Ajzerowska (local name) 6. Akata Brzeziƒski K. 1929. Polska Pomologia. Opis cel- 7. Akerö niejszych odmian drzew owocowych pole- 8. Alpiniszt canych do hodowli w Polsce. Ksi´garnia 9. Amália Wydawnicza H. Altenberga, Lwów. 10. Ananas Ber˝enicki Jankowski E. 1922. Najlepsze owoce dla naszych 11. Anis sadów. Lwów – Warszawa. 12. Anis Po∏osatyj Rejman A. 1994. Pomologia. Odmianoznawstwo 13. Anoka roÊlin sadowniczych. PWRiL, Warszawa. 14. Antonówka Diesertnaja Smardzewski W. 1913–1917. Atlas owoców. T II 15. Antonówka Kamienna i III. R´kopis. 16. Antonówka Ko∏owa UPOV. 1985. Draft guidelines for the conduct of 17. Antonówka Mohylewska tests for distinctness, homogenity and stability. 18. Antonówka Pó∏torafuntowa (Âmietankowa) 87 Marta Dziubiak 19. Antonówka Stakanczataja 69. Dobry Kmiotek (Dobryj Krestianin) 20. Antonówka Obyknaviennaja 70. Doneszta 21. Aporta 71. Duke of Klarens 22. Arkad Zimowy 72. Dvorãinka 23. Arkad ˚ó∏ty
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