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Genetische Verarmung Und Tendenzen Zur Inzucht Vitalitätsverluste Erst Bei Verzicht Auf Fungizideinsatz Sichtbar

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Genetische Verarmung Und Tendenzen Zur Inzucht Vitalitätsverluste Erst Bei Verzicht Auf Fungizideinsatz Sichtbar Erwerbs-Obstbau DOi 10.1007/s10341-010-0113-4 ORIGINALBEITRAG Moderne Apfelzüchtung: Genetische Verarmung und Tendenzen zur Inzucht Vitalitätsverluste erst bei Verzicht auf Fungizideinsatz sichtbar Hans-Joachim Bannier Eingegangen: 19. Oktober 2010 / Angenommen: 25. Oktober 2010 © Springer-Verlag 2010 Zusammenfassung Die Apfelsorten des modernen Er- relatively disease susceptible “ancestorvarieties”: Golden werbsobstbaus gehen fast durchgängig zurück auf die Delicious, Cox Orange, Jonathan, McIntosh, Red Deli- sechs relativ krankheitsanfälligen „Stammsorten“ Golden De- cious and James Grieve. This applies to varieties bred after licious, Cox Orange, Jonathan, McIntosh, Red Delicious und 1920 until today, including the new scab resistant varieties. James Grieve. Dies gilt für die Züchtungssorten von 1920 bis The following article shows the dimension of the genetical heute – inklusive der jüngsten Züchtungen schorfresistenter narrowing and problems concerning the vitality of modern Sorten. Der folgende Artikel beleuchtet das Ausmaß dieser apple varieties. The author has compared the healthiness genetischen Verengung sowie daraus resultierende Probleme of old and new apple varieties in his trialorchard under no hinsichtlich der Vitalität moderner Apfelsorten. Der Autor fungicide-spray conditions. As a conclusion out of his ob- hat in seiner Versuchsanlage alte und moderne Apfelsorten servations he calls to bethink an overall—not just reduced unter den Bedingungen eines Null-Fungizideinsatzes bezüg- on scab resistance—term of vitality, as well as to use also lich ihrer Baumgesundheit verglichen. Als Schlussfolgerung the genetical potential of old apple varieties. aus seinen Beobachtungen fordert er dazu auf, sich auf einen umfassenden – nicht nur auf Schorfresistenz reduzierten – Vi- Keywords Old Fruit Varieties · Apple Allergy · Apple talitätsbegriff zu besinnen, sowie dafür auch das genetische Varieties · Apple Breeding · Cox Orange · Golden Potential alter Sorten zu nutzen. Delicious · Genetical Diversity in Apple Cultivation · James Grieve · Jonathan · McIntosh · Fruit Breeding · Red Schlüsselwörter Alte Obstsorten · Apfelallergie · Delicious · Scab Resistance · Vitality of Apple Varieties Apfelsorten · Apfelzüchtung · Cox Orange · Golden Delicious · Genetische Vielfalt im Apfelanbau · James Grieve · Jonathan · McIntosh · Obstzüchtung · Red Einleitung Delicious · Schorfresistenz · Vitalität der Apfelsorten Vor gut einhundert Jahren hat es allein in Deutschland über eintausend in der Literatur dokumentierte Apfelsor- Modern Apple Breeding: Genetic Narrowing ten gegeben (vgl. Diel 1799–1832; Dittrich 1839; Langet- and Inbreeding Tendencies hal 1853; Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde 1859–1875; Lauche 1883; Engelbrecht 1889; Müller et al. 1905–1934). Loss of Vitality is More Visible in Fruit growing Die reale, in dieser Zeit im Anbau befindliche Sortenzahl Without Fungicide Application dürfte noch weit größer gewesen sein, da viele „Landsor- ten“ seinerzeit nicht dokumentiert worden sind. Viele dieser Abstract The apple varieties used in the modern commer- Sorten waren überregional verbreitet, andere nur regional cial apple cultivation are nearly all genetically based on six oder lokal. Manche der in Deutschland entstandenen Sorten haben später internationale Verbreitung erlangt, umgekehrt H.-J. bannier () haben Sorten aus aller Welt den Weg zu uns gefunden. Auf Pomologen-Verein, 33615 bielefeld, Deutschland diese Weise entstand ein „Sortenpool“ von sehr vielfältiger E-Mail: [email protected] 1 3 2 H.-J. Bannier Herkunft und großer genetischer Vielfalt, was Frucht- und wendet, so dass die (direkte oder indirekte) Beteiligung der Baumeigenschaften sowie Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen sechs „Stammeltern“ von Jahrzehnt zu Jahrzehnt zunimmt, Krankheiten und Schädlinge betrifft. wie z. b. bei Gala (Neuseeland 1934, Kidds Orange (Red Auch die heutige Obstzüchtung produziert weltweit Delicious × Cox Orange) × Golden Delicious), die bereits eine Vielzahl von Sorten, mit einem großen Unterschied: drei, und bei Sansa (Neuseeland 1969, Gala × Akane (Jona- Eine Analyse der genetischen Abstammung von fünfhun- than × Worcester Parmäne)), die bereits vier der „Stamm- dert nach 1920 entstandenen Markt- und Züchtungssorten eltern“ in ihrem Stammbaum aufweist. – schwerpunktmäßig der mitteleuropäischen und amerika- nischen Züchtung – durch den Verfasser ergab, dass diese Sorten in ihrer überwältigenden Mehrheit Nachfahren der Zunehmend Inzucht-ähnliche Verhältnisse sechs Apfelsorten Golden Delicious, Cox Orange, Jona- than, McIntosh, Red Delicious oder James Grieve sind, d. h. In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten (bzw. in der US-amerikani- mindestens eine dieser Sorten im Stammbaum haben, sei es schen Züchtung bereits den letzten vier Jahrzehnten) kommt als eltern-, großeltern- oder Urgroßelternteil (s. Anhang). es immer häufiger zu vielfachen Einkreuzungen der sechs „Stammeltern“ und/oder ihrer Nachkommen und – im Falle der mehrfachen Einkreuzung ein und derselben Sorte bzw. Sechs Apfelsorten als „Stammeltern“ der weltweiten ihrer Nachkommen – immer häufiger auch zu Inzucht-ähn- Züchtung lichen Verhältnissen. Die Sorte Prima (USA 1958) weist als Ahnen in ihrem Stammbaum zweimal McIntosh und einmal Bei 274 Sorten (= rund 55 % der untersuchten Apfelsorten) Golden Delicious auf, die Sorte Topaz (Tschechien 1984, sind die genannten sechs „Stammelternsorten“ mindestens Rubin × Vanda) bereits zweimal Golden Delicious, zwei- zweimal (oder öfter) im Stammbaum vertreten, bei 140 Sor- mal James Grieve sowie je einmal Jonathan und McIntosh, ten (= 28 %) mindestens dreimal, bei 87 Sorten (rd. 17 %) die Sorte Santana (Niederlande 1998, = Elstar × Priscilla) mindestens 4× und bei 55 Sorten (=1 1%) 5× oder öfter (s. zweimal Golden Delicious sowie je einmal Red Delicious, Kommentar zu Anhang). Cox Orange und McIntosh. Die mit Abstand häufigste in der Züchtung verwendete Da bei der Vorstellung der Neuzüchtungen in der Fach- „Stammsorte“ ist Golden Delicious (347 mal eingekreuzt presse in der Regel nur die Elternsorten einer Sorte angege- in insgesamt 255 der untersuchten 500 Sorten), gefolgt von ben werden, nicht aber die dahinter stehenden Ahnen, ist die McIntosh (252 Einkreuzungen in 174 Sorten), Jonathan (167 Kumulation der Erbanteile der sechs „Stammelternsorten“ Einkreuzungen in 154 Sorten) und Cox Orange (157 Einkreu- meist selbst für Fachleute nicht ohne weiteres erkennbar. In zungen in 150 Sorten). Mit etwas Abstand folgen Red Delicious der deutschsprachigen Literatur ist das Ausmaß genetischer (95 Einkreuzungen in 90 Sorten und James Grieve (101 Ein- Verengung in der Apfelzüchtung bisher nicht umfänglich dar- kreuzungen in 75 Sorten). Während McIntosh und Red Deli- gestellt worden. Einzig bei Silbereisen et al. (1996) finden sich cious vor allem in der amerikanischen Züchtung dominieren ausführlichere Hinweise auf die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse (und McIntosh auch bei den sog. Columnarsorten eine zentrale und die starke Präsenz bestimmter Sorten in der Züchtung. In Rolle spielt), sind Cox Orange und James Grieve dagegen in der englischsprachigen Literatur weisen Noiton und Alspach der europäischen Züchtung von größerer Bedeutung. (Neuseeland) (1996) auf die starke Dominanz der genannten Mit Golden Delicious ist eine einzige Apfelsorte an über Stammsorten hin und warnen vor Tendenzen zur Inzucht. der Hälfte der untersuchten weltweiten Apfel-Neuzüchtun- Spitzenreiter in der Kumulation der Erbanteile der sechs gen seit 1920 – direkt oder indirekt – züchterisch beteiligt. „Stammeltern“ sind heute die tschechischen Neuzüchtun- Zusätzlich sind die Sorten McIntosh, Jonathan und Cox gen Merkur (Topaz × Rajka) und Solaris (Topaz × Ueb Orange weltweit in jeweils rd. 30 % aller Neuzüchtungen 2345/1): Merkur enthält fünf mal Golden Delicious, drei- eingekreuzt, sei es als Eltern, Großeltern- oder Urgroßel- mal James Grieve, je zweimal Jonathan und McIntosh ternteil, sowie die Sorten Red Delicious und James Grieve sowie einmal Cox Orange in ihrer Ahnenreihe – also ins- in 18 % bzw. 15 % der untersuchten Züchtungssorten. gesamt 13 Einkreuzungen der „Stammeltern“ (s. Abb. 1). Während bei den Züchtungsarbeiten in der ersten Hälfte Bei Solaris wurden je viermal Golden Delicious und James des 20. Jahrhunderts diese sechs „Stammelternsorten“ meist Grieve sowie dreimal McIntosh und einmal Jonathan einge- direkt eingekreuzt wurden und somit meist nur eine (oder kreuzt (s. Anhang). Die französische Züchtung Initial ver- max. zwei) der 6 „Stammeltern“ im Stammbaum dieser Neu- einigt genetisches Erbe von fünf der sechs „Stammeltern“ züchtungen auftauchen, wie z. b. bei Alkmene (Deutschland (2× McIntosh sowie je 1× Golden Delicious, Jonathan, Cox 1930, Oldenburg × Cox Orange) oder bei Kidds Orange Orange und Red Delicious), ähnlich sieht es bei einigen (Neuseeland 1924, Red Delicious × Cox Orange), werden Columnar-Sorten (Säulenäpfeln) der neueren Generation bei späteren Züchtungsarbeiten immer häufiger auch die aus: Die Sorte Pomredrobust z. b. (Deutschland 2003) hat Nachkommen dieser Züchtungen für neue Kreuzungen ver- 3× Golden Delicious, 2× McIntosh, 2× James Grieve sowie 1 3 Moderne Apfelzüchtung: Genetische Verarmung und Tendenzen zur Inzucht 3 Malus Golden Malus Golden floribunda vf Delicious floribunda vf Delicious Zuchtklon Newtown Worcester James Zuchtklon Newtown Jonathan 14-126 Pepping Mclntosh Parmäne Grieve Jonathan 14-126 Pepping Mclntosh Worcester James Zuchtklon Worcester James Golden Lord Zuchtklon Parmäne Grieve OR38T16 Spartan Parmäne Grieve Delicious
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