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California Culture Provinces Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/californiaculturOOkroerich CALIFORNIA CULTURE PROVINCES BY A. L. KROEBER University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 151-169 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY . UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOENIA PUBLICATIONS DEPAETMENT OP ANTHBOPOLOGT publications dealing with archaeological and ethnological subjects Issued under««^?^t/°!J?'^fthe direction of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the pubU- catlons of anthropological departments and museums, and for journals devoted to general Mithropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, OaUfomia, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University of Cailiomla Press. AMEEIOAN AECHAEOLOGT AND ETHNOLOGT.—A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Volume Prices. 1, $4.25; Volumes 2 to 11, inclusive, $3.50 each; Volume 12 and following $5.00 each. ' Cited as Univ. CaUf. PubL Am. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol.1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates*^ 1-30. September, 1903 -i 2B 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny ~ Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-S68."''Marc£'r904 "" s"oo Index, pp. 369-378. Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclairi»^. Pdr». 1-27-l ^, plates 1-14. April, 1904 ...„ .„_ , ^ 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Fr^clwo by aT I." Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, -with a map. ' June, 1904 „ .60 3. Types of Indian Culture In California, by A. L. &oeber."''ij^'.silibs. ' June"' 1904 _ _ .25 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestem Oai^^^^^ Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates ' 15-21. January, 1905 . 75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central California, by A. li. Kroeber' Po 165-377. January, 1907 2 ' 25 Index, pp. 379-392. Vol, 8. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344 nn June, 1905 _ _. _ _ y g gQ Vol ^ 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Eelations between Mexico and Japan, from documents oririnail preserved In Spain and Japan, by Zella NuttaU Pu 1-47 April, 1906 f. ^«. „ _ _ .50 2. Contribution to the Physical i^«iropoiogy'"of Caiifoiida^'"b^ tlons in the Department of Anthropology of the University of CaUfornla and In the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdllcka. Pp. 49-64. with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906 75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of CaUfornla, by A. L. &oeberr'"PD""65-i66" * * February, 1907 „ j^q 4. Indian Myths from '£. South Central Oaii^rnla,'by X isi^^ 250. May, 1907 _ _ .j^ 6. The Washo Language of East Central Caiiforiila and ' Nev^^^ * Kroeber. Pp. 251-318. September, 1907 _ 75 6. The Eeliglon of the Indians of California, by A. ii. Kroeber.' iS September, 1907 ~ " _ 50 Index, pp. 357-374. " Vol.5. The 1. Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, ^by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, 1-8. plates March, 1907 . 35 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, by Wa^" ington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63. Septem- ber, 1907 _ rj^ 3. •KaXo Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. I^. 6^5^238,'piate 9!""'"d^^^^^ 2*50 4. The Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of North- eastern California and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 239-292 plates 10-25. June, 1910 ,75 5. The Chlmariko Indians and Language, by Eoiand i&.i)tiion"¥D7295-zio. August, 1910 „ 100 Index, pp. 381-384. Vol. 6. 1. The Ethno-Geography of the Porno and Neighboring Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908 _.. 3 25 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Mlwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3. 8. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Eegions by the Mlwok Indians, by A. L, Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nob. 2 and 3 in one cover. February, 1908 _ " _ .50 Index, pp. 381-400. Vol. 7. 1. The Emeryville SheUmound, by Max Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with 38 text figures. June, 1907 1.25 2. Eecent Investigations bearing upon itiie Question of tiie Occurrence of Neocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 .35 CALIFORNIA CULTURE PROVINCES BY A. L. KROEBER University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 151-169, 2 maps Issued September 28, 1920 jsicroft Library .^-j** CALIFORNIA CULTURE PROVINCES^ BY A. L. KEOEBER More or less outright and implied reference has become customary, in ethnological works dealing with California, to three or four areas of culture, or ethnic provinces, distinguishable in the state.'^ Roughly, the Tehachapi range and the vicinity of Point Concepcion mark off the southern from the central type of civilization, while the northwestern type extends south to a line running from Mt. Shasta to Cape Mendocino or a little to the south thereof. East of the crest of the Sierra Nevada the culture of centxal California changes into that of Nevada, or more properly of the Great Basin. In the south, the Colorado river, with some of the adjoining desert, must be set apart from the mountain and coast tracts. In summary fashion, these areas may be delineated as in map 1. Yet any map of this nature creates an erroneous impression of internal uniformity and coherence. Thus, all in all, it is true that the "central" Yokuts are probably more similar to the "central" Wintun in the totality of their life than to the "southern" Gabrielino. But innumerable cultural elements have reached the Yokuts from the south, and they themselves have very likely developed local peculiari- ties of which some have filtered across the mountains to the Gabrielino. Consequently any statement which tended to create the impression that the Yokuts and Wintun belonged to a block of nations in which certain traits were standard and exclusive, would mislead. Just so in the northwest. The moment the Yurok and Hupa are left behind, central Californian traits begin to appear even among their most immediate neighbors. These traits increase in number and intensity among the peoples to the south and east. After a time we find ourselves among tribes such as the Coast Yuki, who undoubtedly appertain to the central province, yet who still make string or bury the dead or do various other separate things in the most distinctive northwestern manner. ' 1 Based on chapter 57 of " The Indians of California, ' a prospective Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology: by permission. 2 For instance, "Types of Indian Culture in California," present series, il, 81-103, 1904, 152 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 CULTURE FOCI Certain centers or hearths of the several types of culture, on the other hand, become apparent rather readily, and, moreover, fuller information, instead of distracting and confusing the impressions first formed, strengthens them : the focus of each culture becomes narrower and more distinct. Thus there seems no possible ground to doubt that the center of gravity and principal point of influence of the northwestern culture the was limited area occupied by the Yurok, Karok, and Hupa ; with primacy among these to be attributed probably to the Yurok. The heart of the central province is not quite so definite, but un- questionably lay between the Pomo, the more southerly Wintun, and the Valley Maidu ; with the southern Wintun, as the middle one of the three, by far the most likely leaders. In the south, one center is recognizable on or near the coast. The most developed peoples about this center were the Chumash, Gabrielino, and Luisefio. As regards religion and institutions, we happen to know much the most about the Luiseiio; but there is direct evidence that a considerable part of Luiseiio religion was imported from the Gabrielino, and precedence must therefore be given to this people. As to the choice between them and the Chumash, the Gabrielino must again be favored. Our knowledge of Chumash practices is scant, but there is so complete an absence of any indication that they seriously influenced the institutions of their neighbors, that their civilization, at least on this side, can hardly have had the potency of that of the Gabrielino. A complication is indeed caused by material culture, which, so far as it can be reconstructed from early descriptions and par- ticularly through the evidence of archaeology, was most developed among the Chumash or among that special branch of the Gabrielino who through their island habitat were in closest communication with the Chumash. Again, however, Chumash example did not reach far, and it is therefore likely that it is a localized development of tech- nology which confronts us among the Chumash as against a much more penetrating and influential growth of social and religious insti- tutions among the Gabrielino. The hearth of the type of culture which radiated from the Colorado river must beyond doubt be sought either among the IMohave or the Yuma. As between the two, the Mohave are probably entitled to precedence, both because they were the more populous tribe, and 1920] Kroeber: California Culture Provinces 153 Map 1.—Provinces and sub-provinces of native civilization on the Pacific Coast of the United States. Arrows indicate cultural irradiations. 154 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 17 because it appears to be solely their influence which has reached to northern groups like the Chemehuevi, whereas southern tribes like the Diegueiio give unmistakable evidence of having been affected by the Mohave as well as by the nearer Yuma.
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