Antibiotic Substances from New Zealand Plants Abstract Key Word

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Antibiotic Substances from New Zealand Plants Abstract Key Word

Anzeige (https://adfarm1.adition.com/redi?lid=7002017661491807437&gdp 8N2f_X_L8X42M7vF36pq4KuR4Eu3LBIQdlHOHcTUmw6okVrzPsbk2Mr7NKJ7PEmnMbO2dYGH9_n93TuZKY7__8___z__-v_v____f_r-3_3__5_X--- _e_V399zLv9____39nN___9uCCYBJhqXkAXYljgybRpVCiBGFYSHQCgAooBhaJrCBlcFOyuAj1BCwAQmoCMCIEGIKMGAQACAQBIREBIAeCARAEQCAAEAKkBCAAjYBBYAWBgEAAoBoWIEUA Planta Med 1982; 44(3): 134-138 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-971422 Research Articles © Hippokrates Verlag Stuttgart Antibiotic Substances from New Zealand Plants II. Polygodial, an Anti-Candida Agent from Pseudowintera colorata Rosemary F. McCallion1 , A. L. J. Cole1 , J. R. L. Walker1 , J. W. Blunt2 , M. H. G. Munro2 1Botany Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 2Chemistry Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Further Information Abstract PDF (98 kb) (/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-2007-971422.pdf) (https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/plantamedica/198203/lookinside/10.1055-s-2007-971422- 1.jpg) Abstract A bicyclic sesquiterpene dialdehyde “Polygodial” has been isolated from leaves of the New Zealand tree Pseudowintera colorata and shown to possess strong antibiotic activity against the yeast Candida albicans. Polygodial was also found in Drimys winteri but was absent from P. axillaris and P. traversii. Key Word Index Pseudowintera colorata - Winteraceae - Polygodial - Sesquiterpenes - Anti-Candida agent (https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=www.thieme-connect.com&citation_id=49793310) See more details (https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=www.thieme-connect.com&citation_id=49793310) Referenced in 1 patents (https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=www.thieme-connect.com&citation_id=49793310&tab=patents) Referenced in 1 Wikipedia pages (https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=www.thieme- connect.com&citation_id=49793310&tab=wikipedia) 11 readers on Mendeley © 2021 Georg Thieme Verlag KG | Imprint (https://www.thieme.de/de/thieme-gruppe/Imprint- Thieme-EN.htm) | Privacy policy statement (https://www.thieme.de/de/thieme-gruppe/privacy- policy-statement-Thieme-EN.htm) | Smartphone Version (/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s- 2007-971422?device=mobile) Manage Preferences.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Supporting Information
Supporting Information Bachelier and Friedman 10.1073/pnas.1104697108 Table S1. Initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule in basal angiosperms Taxon Multiple female gametophytes References Amborellaceae No 1–4 Hydatellaceae Variable 5 and 6 Nymphaeaceae Variable 7–9 Cabombaceae Variable 8 and 10 Austrobaileyaceae No 11 Illiciaceae (incl. Schisandraceae) Variable 12–15 Trimeniaceae Variable 16–18 and this study Chloranthaceae Rare 4 and 18–22 Laurales Variable 18 and 23–27 Magnoliales No 27–31 Canellales Rare 30 and 32–37 Piperales Rare 38–44 Ceratophyllaceae Variable 45 Character states: No means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has not been reported as yet, rare means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has only been reported one time, and variable means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has been reported to occur more than one time in some but not all studies. 1. Friedman WE, Ryerson KC (2009) Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of ﬂowering plants. Am J Bot 96:129–143. 2. Friedman WE (2006) Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441:337–340. 3. Tobe H, Jaffré T, Raven PH (2000) Embryology of Amborella (Amborellaceae): Descriptions and polarity of character states. J Plant Res 113:271–280. 4. Yamada T, Tobe H, Imaichi R, Kato M (2001) Developmental morphology of the ovules of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) and Chloranthus serratus (Chloranthaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 137:277–290. 5. Rudall PJ, et al.
[Show full text]
Title Studies on the Lignins of Podocarpus, Gnetum, Drimys and Pseudowintera Author(S)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Studies on the Lignins of Podocarpus, Gnetum, Drimys and Title Pseudowintera Author(s) SHIO, Toru; HIGUCHI, Takayoshi Wood research : bulletin of the Wood Research Institute Kyoto Citation University (1978), 63: 1-10 Issue Date 1978-01-20 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/53368 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Studies on the Lignins of Podocarpus, Gnetum, Drimys and Pseudowintera* Torn SHIO** and Takayoshi HIGUCHI** Abstract--The lignins of 7 species in Podocarpaceae, 2 Gnetum's, a Drimys and 2 Pseu dowintera's are characterized in respect of methoxyl content, IR spectrum, acidolysis, and permanganate oxidation of the ethylated wood powder. The relative absorptivities (AlA 1505 em-I) of characteristic maxima, and the ratio of syringyl component to guaiacyl component in acidolysis and permanganate oxidation showed that Podocarpus lignin is mostly composed of guaiacyl lignin and that lignins of Gnetum, Pseudowintera and Drimys are composed of guaiacyl-syringyl lignins with increasing amounts of syringyl component in order. Introduction CREIGHTON and HIBBERTD found that lignins of Gnetum and some of Podocarpus give both vanillin and syringaldehyde in nitrobenzene oxidation, and are composed of guaiacyl-syringyl lignin. It is known, however, that the lignins of other species of Podocarpus e. g. P. macrophylla, P. chinensis and P. nagi yield no detectable syring aldehyde in nitrobenzene oxidation and are composed of guaiacyl lignin. The lignin of Gnetales which contains both tracheids and vessels as in angiosperm woods gives both vanillin and syringaldehyde and a characteristic IR spectrum of typical angiosperm wood lignin2).
[Show full text]
Set 3 Plains Plant List AA
Food for native birds: F = Fruit TOTARA – bellbird – matai, S = Bird Seed N = Nectar older plains ecosystem B = Bud/foliage I = Insects For lizards: L = fruit Plant Tolerances ■ = tolerates or needs □ = intolerant ½ = tolerant of some * = to establish, protect from frost t = toxic for toddlers Staging 1 = 1st structural 2 = 2nd year PLANT LISTS Selected from vegetation natural to these moist & deep 3 = only after canopy closure Kaiapoi soils Tolerances TALL (NOBLE) TREES (> 12 m) Food sun shade wet dry wind Stages Alectryon excelsus titoki F,I ½ ■ ½ ½ □ 3* Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree F,N,I ■ ½ ■ ■ ■ 1 Elaeocarpus dentatus hinau F,I ½ ½ ½ ½ □ 3* Pittosporum eugenioides tarata, lemonwood F,I ■ ■ ½ ■ ½ 1 Plagianthus regius manatu, lowland ribbonwood (deciduous) I, B ■ ½ ½ ½ ■ 1 Podocarpus totara totara F ■ ½ ½ ■ ■ 2 Prumnopitys taxifolia matai, black pine F ■ ½ ■ ½ ■ 2 Pseudopanax crassifolius lancewood, horoeka F,N,B,I ■ ½ ½ ■ ■ 2 Sophora microphylla South Island kowhai N,B ■ ½ ½ ■ ■ t 2 SMALL TREES & TALL SHRUBS (> 5 m) Aristotelia serrata makomako, wineberry (semi-decid) F,I,B ½ ½ ½ ½ □ 2 Carpodetus serratus putaputaweta, marbleleaf F,I ½ ■ ½ ½ □ 2 Coprosma areolata net-leaved coprosma F,B ½ ■ ■ ½ □ 2* Coprosma linariifolia linear-leaved coprosma, yellow-wood F ½ ■ ½ ½ ½ 2 Coprosma lucida shining karamu F ½ ■ ½ ½ ■ 2 Coprosma robusta karamu F ■ ■ ■ ½ ½ 1 Coprosma rotundifolia round-leaved coprosma F,B ½ □ ■ □ □ 2* Dodonaea viscosa akeake I □ ½ □ □ □ 2* Fuchsia excorticata kotukutuku, tree fuchsia (decid) F,N,B ½ ■ ½ □ □
[Show full text]
Evolution of Endosperm Developmental Patterns Among Basal Flowering Plants
Int. J. Plant Sci. 161(6 Suppl.):S57–S81. 2000. ᭧ 2000 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2000/16106S-0005$03.00 EVOLUTION OF ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS AMONG BASAL FLOWERING PLANTS Sandra K. Floyd1 and William E. Friedman Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, CB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A. A phylogenetically based comparative investigation of endosperm development was undertaken in a sample of 13 basal angiosperm taxa. The specific goals were to (1) provide a full developmental analysis of all aspects of endosperm in each species, (2) compare patterns among taxa to determine phylogenetic character distri- bution, (3) reconstruct the ancestral developmental pattern for angiosperms, and (4) explore scenarios of ontogenetic evolution that occurred during the early radiation of flowering plants. Five taxa, Acorus calamus, Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Drimys winteri, and Platanus racemosa, are described in detail. Data from an additional eight taxa were analyzed and compared with these five. Endosperm ontogeny can be conceived of as a series of stages (characters) during which differential patterns of development occur among taxa (character states). We discovered that differential developmental fate of chalazal and micropylar domains is a common pattern among the endosperms of all basal angiosperm taxa and suggest that this may be a feature of endosperm development in all angiosperms. Differential development of chalazal and micropylar domains in endosperm in basal angiosperms also bears a marked similarity to what occurs in angiosperm embryos. This may have implications for understanding the evolutionary origin of endosperm. Basal angio- sperms also exhibit variable endosperm developmental characters, indicating that significant ontogenetic trans- formation occurred during the early radiation of the clade, although magnoliid taxa exhibit a high degree of conservation in endosperm characters.
[Show full text]
Pseudowintera Colorata) Leaves
Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 272-280 (2019) pISSN: 0256-1115 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0191-9 eISSN: 1975-7220 INVITED REVIEW PAPER INVITED REVIEW PAPER The potential use of pulsed electric field to assist in polygodial extraction from Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata) leaves Joanna Nadia, Marliya Ismail, Kaveh Shahbaz, and Mohammed Farid† Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (Received 30 July 2018 • accepted 14 November 2018) AbstractHoropito (Pseudowintera colorata) contains polygodial as an active compound that has many health benefi- cial properties. The potential of applying a continuous pulsed electric field (PEF) as a pretreatment step prior to sol- vent extraction of polygodial from Horopito leaves was studied. Horopito leaves suspended in water were subjected to PEF at electric field intensity ranging from 5 to 25 kV/cm and pulse frequencies from 200 to 800 Hz. The interaction between electric field intensity and pulse frequency was found to have a significant role in extraction. Both electro-per- meabilization and temperature increase from treatment caused some polygodial leaching from the leaves prior to sol- vent extraction. The study revealed that PEF at low electric field intensity and high frequency is the most effective way to achieve higher solvent extraction yield while minimizing the effect of leaching. The maximum improvement was obtained when PEF at 5 kV/cm and 800 Hz for 348 s were applied, giving a polygodial extraction yield of about 16.6% higher than that of non-PEF treated leaves. Keywords: Extraction, Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata), Polygodial, Pulsed Electric Field INTRODUCTION organic solvent [5,17], hydrodistillation [18], and steam distillation [19].
[Show full text]
Active Active Horopito Horopito
Active Active Horopito Horopito Dr Lepisto is a graduate of Bastyr University and a practicing Naturopathic Physician in Grand Junction, Colorado. He specializes in environmental medicine, cleansing and detoxification. Dr. Lepisto believes in and utilizes the fundamentals of nature cure in his practice – an organic and whole-foods diet, plenty of fresh clean water and sunlight, restful sleep, regular exercise, spiritual health, and deep healing through plant medicines. Having practiced naturopathic medicine in Nelson, New Zealand, he is passionate about active Horopito, and the amazing restorative potential that indigenous herbs offer this planet. New Zealand’s answer to Candida Christopher Lepisto N.D. i Active Horopito New Zealand’s Answer to Candida Christopher Lepisto N.D. Table of contents . Introduction . 2 A Prehistoric Herb . 4 Settler Medicine . 6 The Forest Herbs Story . 8 Hard Science on Horopito . 12 Candida—A Persistent Pathogen . 20 Treatment of Candida . 25 April’s Story . 29 References . 30 1 Introduction If Candida albicans is a yeast found in every healthy human, then what’s the hubbub about? Isn’t Candida a normal part of our digestive tract? And how do I know if Candida is even a problem for me? Chances are that you’ve heard of Candida before and you or someone you know are wondering if your health challenges are related to an overgrowth of this common organism. You may even realize that a history of antibiotic use, recurrent yeast infections, terrible skin rashes, vaginal itching, or a whitish coating in your mouth may all be related to excessive Candida. I’m Dr Lepisto and I created this booklet to give hope to people suffering from Candida.
[Show full text]
Emma Earl Thesis
Antibacterial effects of New Zealand plant extracts against mycobacteria A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Microbiology At Victoria University of Wellington By Emma Anne Earl School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand 2010 ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) has infected approximately 1/3 of the world population, with 9.4 million new TB cases in 2008. In addition to increased cases of drug-resistant strains it is vital that novel antitubercular compounds are discovered in order to treat infections and reduce the time of current TB therapy courses. Natural resources such as plants are now being considered as the focus for discovering new compounds. Plants have long been investigated as a source of antibiotics for the treatment of human disease. New Zealand (NZ) contains a unique and diverse flora; however, to current knowledge no native plants have been examined for antimycobacterial activity. Using ethnobotany as a basis for selection, a total of 58 native plant samples were collected and tested for direct antimycobacterial activity. Samples were extracted with sterile distilled water (SDW), ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) and screened for inhibition against the surrogate species, Mycobacterium smegmatis . Active plant samples were then validated for bacteriostatic activity towards M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra as well as other clinically-important species. Nine extracts from the species Laurelia novae-zelandiae , Lophomyrtus bullata , Metrosideros excelsa , Myoporum laetum , Pittosporum tenuifolium , Pseudopanax crassifolius and Pseudowintera colorata were found to be active against M. smegmatis . Two active extracts were the bark and cambium extracts of Laurelia novae-zelandiae (Pukatea), which were reportedly used by indigenous M āori for the treatment of tubercular lesions.
[Show full text]
Progress in Understanding Pollination Systems in New Zealand
New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: 0028-825X (Print) 1175-8643 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 Progress in understanding pollination systems in New Zealand Linda Newstrom & Alastair Robertson To cite this article: Linda Newstrom & Alastair Robertson (2005) Progress in understanding pollination systems in New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 43:1, 1-59, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512943 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512943 Published online: 17 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1454 View related articles Citing articles: 65 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2005, Vol. 43: 1-59 1 0028-825X/05/4301-0001 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2005 Godley Review Progress in understanding pollination systems in New Zealand LINDA NEWSTROM Pollination systems in New Zealand have been Landcare Research characterised as unspecialised, imprecise entomoph- P.O. Box 69 ilous systems that correspond to the predominance Lincoln 8152, New Zealand of small white or pale flowers with dish or bowl ALASTAIR ROBERTSON shapes. We use a two-tiered conceptual framework Ecology Group incorporating a coarse-scale blossom class analysis Institute of Natural Resources and a finer scale syndrome concept analysis to as- Massey University sess the level of specialisation in plant-pollinator Private Bag 11222 relationships of New Zealand. Within each of the Palmerston North, New Zealand syndromes is a continuum of blossom classes: open-, directed-, and closed-access.
[Show full text]
Pseudowintera Colorata
Pharmacogn. Commn. 2017; 7(4):164-171 A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the field of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Original Article www.phcogcommn.org Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy Hydro-Alcohol Leaf Extract Inhibits Bacterial Triggers of Some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases Celia Barillot1,2, Craig Davis3,4, Ian Edwin Cock1,5* 1Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA. 2School of Biology, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle (EBI), Cergy, FRANCE. 3Botanical Medicine Research Institute, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA. 4Bioextracts P/L, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA. 5School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA. ABSTRACT Introduction: Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy is an evergreen shrub tested. The extract was determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia francis- which is endemic to New Zealand. Decoctions, infusions and essential oils cana nauplii bioassay with 24 h LC50 values substantially >1000 µg/mL, produced from the leaves were used traditionally to treat a variety of bacte- indicating its safety for therapeutic use. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of rial diseases. Despite this, P. colorata leaf extracts have not been rigorously the P. colorata leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against a examined for inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of autoimmune panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases indicate inflammatory diseases. Methods: A P. colorata hydro-alcohol leaf extract their potential in the prevention and treatment of these diseases in geneti- was analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging cally susceptible individuals. assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis and Key words: Winteraceae, Horopito, Pepperwood, Autoimmune Inflamma- rheumatic fever were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by tory Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis.
[Show full text]
Pseudowintera Colorata
Pseudowintera colorata COMMON NAME Red horopito, mountain horopito, alpine peppertree SYNONYMS Drimys colorata Raoul, Drimys axillaris var. colorata (Raoul) Kirk, Wintera colorata Tiegh. FAMILY Winteraceae AUTHORITY Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes Foliage - Boulder Hill, Belmont Regional Park. ENDEMIC GENUS Jul 2005. Photographer: Jeremy Rolfe Yes ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE PSECOL CHROMOSOME NUMBER Foliage - Boulder Hill, Belmont Regional Park. 2n = 86 Jul 2005. Photographer: Jeremy Rolfe CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dark shrub with pepper-tasting leaves blotched red above and coloured white underneath DISTRIBUTION Endemic. North, South and Stewart Islands HABITAT Coastal, lowland, or montane forest margins and shrubland FEATURES Shrub to 3.5 m tall; trunks and branches upright; bark dark; branchlets dark. Plants glabrous. Petiole slender, 5-10 mm long, dark reddish brown. Leaves alternate, pungent and pepper-tasting; midvein inconspicuous above, raised below; lamina 2-6(-8) x 1-3 cm, elliptic, margin undulate, tip obtuse to subacute, coriaceous, upper surface matt green to yellowish-green, blotched with red in exposed situations, undersides glaucous to white and often pink-flushed. Inflorescences axillary, flowers bisexual, c. 1 cm diam., in fascicles of 1-3, on slender pedicels 5-10 mm long, bracts ciliate. Calyx cupule margins subentire to shallowly lobed. Corolla comprised of 5-(6) free petals, these 4-5 mm long, linear to narrow-oblong, greenish yellow, apex obtuse. Carpels 1-5, us. 1-2 maturing, stigma apical. Stamens 5-20. Fruit a 2-3-seeded fleshy globose to subglobose berry, 5-6 mm diam., dark red or black, flesh red.
[Show full text]
4| the Plant Lists
Native Vegetation for North Marlborough | A PLANTING & RESTORATION GUIDE 4| THE PLANT LISTS - USING THIS GUIDE North Marlborough is rich in native plant species, especially forest and coastal plants and including many rare, threatened or otherwise notable species. For this guide, a selection has been made of species that are widely known, typically available from local nurseries specialising in natives and – if well planted and cared for – can be grown successfully. Many other species are suitable for native restoration projects. For those taking on large-scale plantings, interested in propagating or ecosourcing their own plant material or particularly enthusiastic about North Marlborough flora, extra information is available from the Department of Conservation, Nelson. Once you have clarified the purpose of your planting and studied conditions at your chosen site, the following lists can be used to select suitable plant species according to ecological district, site conditions and personal preferences (such as growth form, height at maturity, attractiveness to birds and rarity). THE PLANT LISTS There are eight lists of plants altogether. The first three relate to different geographical areas in North Marlborough: Inland North Marlborough, Inner Sounds and Outer Sounds. These are shown on the map and also give a rough guide as to where plants should ideally be sourced from to ensure that ecosourcing principles are maintained. If it is not possible to obtain plants from within their own area, plants from elsewhere in North Marlborough should be used rather than plants from other parts of New Zealand. 36 | Native Vegetation for North Marlborough | A PLANTING & RESTORATION GUIDE The fourth and fifth lists identify plants most suited to coastal and wetland environments.
[Show full text]
Alsip Home and Nursery New Zealand Pepper Bush
New Zealand Pepper Bush* Pseudowintera colorata Height: 5 feet Spread: 5 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 8 Other Names: Horopito New Zealand Pepper Bush foliage Description: Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder An unusual evergreen plant that has leaves which are yellow-green to white and edged in red; A lovely garden shrub that creates a stunning foliage display; should be sheltered from cold winds Ornamental Features New Zealand Pepper Bush has attractive chartreuse foliage edged in red. The oval leaves are highly ornamental and remain chartreuse throughout the winter. It features subtle creamy white star-shaped flowers with yellow eyes along the branches in early spring. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes New Zealand Pepper Bush is a multi-stemmed evergreen shrub with a more or less rounded form. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This is a relatively low maintenance shrub, and should only be pruned after flowering to avoid removing any of the current season's flowers. It has no significant negative characteristics. New Zealand Pepper Bush is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - General Garden Use - Container Planting Planting & Growing New Zealand Pepper Bush will grow to be about 5 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 5 feet. It has a low canopy, and is suitable for planting under power lines. It grows at a slow rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for 40 years or more. This shrub does best in full sun to partial shade.
[Show full text]