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Pseudowintera Colorata) Leaves Korean J. Chem. Eng., 36(2), 272-280 (2019) pISSN: 0256-1115 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0191-9 eISSN: 1975-7220 INVITED REVIEW PAPER INVITED REVIEW PAPER The potential use of pulsed electric field to assist in polygodial extraction from Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata) leaves Joanna Nadia, Marliya Ismail, Kaveh Shahbaz, and Mohammed Farid† Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (Received 30 July 2018 • accepted 14 November 2018) AbstractHoropito (Pseudowintera colorata) contains polygodial as an active compound that has many health benefi- cial properties. The potential of applying a continuous pulsed electric field (PEF) as a pretreatment step prior to sol- vent extraction of polygodial from Horopito leaves was studied. Horopito leaves suspended in water were subjected to PEF at electric field intensity ranging from 5 to 25 kV/cm and pulse frequencies from 200 to 800 Hz. The interaction between electric field intensity and pulse frequency was found to have a significant role in extraction. Both electro-per- meabilization and temperature increase from treatment caused some polygodial leaching from the leaves prior to sol- vent extraction. The study revealed that PEF at low electric field intensity and high frequency is the most effective way to achieve higher solvent extraction yield while minimizing the effect of leaching. The maximum improvement was obtained when PEF at 5 kV/cm and 800 Hz for 348 s were applied, giving a polygodial extraction yield of about 16.6% higher than that of non-PEF treated leaves. Keywords: Extraction, Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata), Polygodial, Pulsed Electric Field INTRODUCTION organic solvent [5,17], hydrodistillation [18], and steam distillation [19]. However, the heat sensitive nature of polygodial makes con- Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata), a native plant of New Zea- ventional extraction processes that apply heat, such as in steam land, is traditionally used by the indigenous inhabitants of New distillation, unfavorable. On the other hand, the use of organic sol- Zealand, the Māori, and European settlers for a range of medicinal vents at lower temperature also has many drawbacks, including long purposes, such as analgesic, antiseptic, digestive tonic, and treat- processing time, low extraction yields and selectivity, and the re- ment for skin infections [1]. The plant belongs to Winteraceae fam- quirement of a large amount of high purity solvent [20,21]. These ily and is recognized as a New Zealand pepper tree due to its aromatic limitations led to the investigation of new techniques to improve and pungent taste [2]. Sscientific studies on Horopito revealed that the extraction process of this low-polarity and heat-sensitive com- the healing property of the plant was due to the presence of poly- pound. godial, which is mainly located in the essential oil of the plant leaves. In this sense, authors have previously shown that newly synthe- Polygodial is also present in certain other plant species, such as Polyg- sized deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are selective to extracting poly- onum hydropiper or Persicaria hydropiper, Drimys winteri, Tasmania godial from Horopito. Although the yield from DES is comparable lanceolata and T. stipitata, Warbugia stuhimannii and W. uganden- to ethanol, it was revealed that the extracted polygodial using DES sis, and Spilanthes acmella [3-6]. Polygodial plays important role in displayed superior stability and the solvents were reusable for a antifungal, antibacterial, antifeedant, insecticidal, and anthelmintic larger number of cycles compared to ethanol [22]. Elsewhere, super- activities [5,7-12]. Among these reported characteristics, polygo- critical carbon dioxide and pressurized hot water extraction meth- dial is best known as a potent antifungal agent, which have made ods have been introduced to improve the extraction yield of poly- it a valuable bioactive compound globally. With the prevalence of godial from Horopito and Tasmanian native pepper (Tasmannia Horopito in New Zealand, several local companies have developed lanceolata), respectively [23-25]. Both technologies were found to products containing polygodial extracted from this plant matter. be successful in improving the extraction yield of polygodial from As the application areas of polygodial are widening and thereby its biomass, which opens a window of opportunity to explore the poten- demand, it becomes crucial to investigate and develop an efficient tial of other emerging technologies in this field, such as pulsed elec- process to extract polygodial from Horopito. tric field (PEF) technology. Essential oil containing polygodial can be conventionally extracted PEF technology has emerged as one of the alternative methods from the plant materials by maceration or stirring in organic sol- to potentially improve conventional extraction of bioactives and vents [8,13-16], infusion using olive oil, Soxhlet extraction using natural colorants, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals products [26]. During PEF treatment, electric pulses with electric field intensity †To whom correspondence should be addressed. (E) between 10 to 80 kV/cm are applied to the material to create E-mail: [email protected] pores on the treated cells, which is known as electroporation. Thereby, Copyright by The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers. this technology has been found to increase mass transfer rate during 272 The potential of PEF to assist polygodial extraction from Horopito leaves 273 extraction by disturbing the membrane structure of the treated cell MATERIALS AND METHODS wall [27]. While the technology is mostly used to enhance the ex- traction of water-soluble compounds, such as polyphenols and plant 1. Materials pigments [28-30], it can also be applied in non-water soluble com- Dried and milled horopito leaves were provided by Forest Herbs pound extraction. Research Ltd., New Zealand. Particles with size ranges of d 0.2 PEF at low electric field intensity (E<10 kV/cm) is commonly mm (referred to as powder) and 0.2 mm<d0.85 mm (referred to used as a pre-treatment step to extraction [31]. Low electric field as coarse sample) were separated for the experiments using RETSCH intensities cause only minor temperature increases, and hence no sieve shaker and test sieves. The samples were stored under refrig- detrimental effect on bioactives in the treated materials [20,31]. The erated conditions until use. findings are attributed to the ability of PEF to damage cell mem- Chemicals used in this research were ethanol (>99.4%, ECP brane of plant tissue at minimum increase in temperature [20]. For LabChem, Auckland, New Zealand), chloroform (>98%, Avantor, this reason, PEF treatment is a promising alternative for the extrac- Center Valley, PA, USA), and polygodial standard for HPLC anal- tion of thermolabile compounds, specifically plant bioactives, which ysis (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). usually degrade during solvent extraction at high temperature. 2. The PEF Unit Numerous studies have been published on the application of The PEF unit at the Department of Chemical and Materials PEF for pre-treatment of plant materials, indicating that this emerg- Engineering, University of Auckland consists of a high-voltage pulse ing technology has been well known for its efficacy in enhancing generator, treatment chamber, data acquisition system, fluid han- extraction process. Most of these PEF treatments were conducted dling and cooling system, and a multimeter, as described in detail in a batch mode and targeted the extraction of water-soluble bio- by Alkhafaji and Farid [40]. The configuration of the PEF system active compounds [28-30,32-35]. The application of PEF pre-treat- is shown in Fig. 1. ment for enhancing the extraction of water-insoluble products, such The PEF treatment chamber has a treatment zone having 12.8 as lipid of microalgae, olive oil, and patchouli oil, were also reported mm in diameter that includes a pair of mesh electrodes made of in the literature [36-39]. While most of the existing PEF-assisted food grade stainless steel (Fig. 2) [41]. This chamber allows the extraction methods have focused on batch mode, a continuous pro- generation of bipolar square waves for product feed of low electri- cess is more favorable to treat product in large quantities. To our cal conductivity in the treatment zone where the electric field is knowledge, continuous PEF treatment to enhance the extraction concentrated. Due to the low electrical conductivity of the slurry of non-polar bioactive compounds contained in the essential oil of used in this work, the treatment zone diameter was increased to plant leaves has not been investigated before. Hence, the aim of 12.8 mm from the original design of 5.0 mm. This innovative cell this work was to investigate the potential of PEF pre-treatment to design kept the high electric field to be far from the electrodes to cause electroporation in Horopito leaves suspended in water, using avoid their corrosion. Additionally, the electrodes aid product mixing a continuous PEF unit. In this study, the effects of process-related inside the chamber [40]. parameters (electric field intensity and number of pulses) were inves- 3. Selection of Sample Particle Size tigated to enhance the extraction yield of polygodial. In this work, it was necessary to select the most suitable parti- Fig. 1. Configuration of the PEF unit for suspension handling. Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 36, No. 2) 274 J. Nadia et al. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the PEF treatment chamber [41]. cle size range for PEF pre-treatment that enables the particles to be the frequency of the pulse (Hz), and the flow rate of the product suspended in water, giving a nearly consistent and a continuous (mL/s), respectively. flow. The experiments were carried out with stirring at 250 rpm The volume of treatment chamber (v, mL) was calculated using and without stirring (maceration) in solvent. 50 mL of solvent (etha- Eq. (4) by ignoring the inlet and outlet regions of low electric field: nol) was added to 5g of Horopito fine (d0.2 mm) and coarse 2 dt ht (0.2 mm<d0.85 mm) samples separately in a glass beaker.
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