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Supporting Information Supporting Information Bachelier and Friedman 10.1073/pnas.1104697108 Table S1. Initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule in basal angiosperms Taxon Multiple female gametophytes References Amborellaceae No 1–4 Hydatellaceae Variable 5 and 6 Nymphaeaceae Variable 7–9 Cabombaceae Variable 8 and 10 Austrobaileyaceae No 11 Illiciaceae (incl. Schisandraceae) Variable 12–15 Trimeniaceae Variable 16–18 and this study Chloranthaceae Rare 4 and 18–22 Laurales Variable 18 and 23–27 Magnoliales No 27–31 Canellales Rare 30 and 32–37 Piperales Rare 38–44 Ceratophyllaceae Variable 45 Character states: No means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has not been reported as yet, rare means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has only been reported one time, and variable means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has been reported to occur more than one time in some but not all studies. 1. Friedman WE, Ryerson KC (2009) Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants. Am J Bot 96:129–143. 2. Friedman WE (2006) Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441:337–340. 3. Tobe H, Jaffré T, Raven PH (2000) Embryology of Amborella (Amborellaceae): Descriptions and polarity of character states. J Plant Res 113:271–280. 4. Yamada T, Tobe H, Imaichi R, Kato M (2001) Developmental morphology of the ovules of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) and Chloranthus serratus (Chloranthaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 137:277–290. 5. Rudall PJ, et al. (2008) Comparative ovule and megagametophyte development in Hydatellaceae and water lilies reveal a mosaic of features among the earliest angiosperms. Ann Bot 101:941–956. 6. Friedman WE (2008) Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies. Nature 453:94–97. 7. Cook MT (1902) Development of the embryo-sac of Castalia odorata and Nymphaea advena. Bull Torrey Bot Club 29:211–220. 8. Cook MT (1909) Notes on the embryology of the Nymphaeaceae. Bot Gaz 48:56–60. 9. Yamada T, Imaichi R, Kato M (2001) Developmental morphology of ovules and seeds of Nymphaeales. Am J Bot 88:963–974. 10. Cook MT (1906) The embryogeny of some Cuban Nymphaeaceae. Bot Gaz 42:376–392. 11. Tobe H, Kimoto Y, Prakash N (2007) Development and structure of the female gametophyte in Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae). J Plant Res 120:431–436. 12. Friedman WE, Gallup WN, Williams JH (2003) Gametophyte development in Kadsura: Implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. Int J Plant Sci 164:S293–S305. 13. Williams JH, Friedman WE (2004) The four-celled female gametophyte of Illicium (Illiciaceae; Austrobaileyales): Implications for understanding the origin and early evolution of monocots, eumagnoliids, and eudicots. Am J Bot 91:332–351. 14. Williams JH, Friedman WE (2002) Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage. Nature 415:522–526. 15. Yoshida O (1962) Embryologische Studien über Schisandra chinensis. J Coll Arts Sci Chiba Univ 3:459–462. 16. Endress PK, Sampson FB (1983) Floral structure and relationships of the Trimeniaceae (Laurales). J Arnold Arbor 64:447–473. 17. Prakash N (1998) In Plant Form and Function, eds Bhatia B, Shukla AK, Sharma HL (Angkor, New Delhi), pp 207–216. 18. Endress PK, Igersheim A (1997) Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Laurales. Bot J Linn Soc 125:93–168. 19. Armour HE (1906) On the morphology of Chloranthus. New Phytol 5:49–55. 20. Yoshida O (1957) Embryologische Studien über die Ordnung Piperales. 1. Embryologie von Chloranthus japonicus. J Coll Arts Sci Chiba Univ 2:172–178. 21. Yoshida O (1959) Embryologische Studien über die Ordnung Piperales. 2. Embryologie von Chloranthus serratus. J Coll Arts Sci Chiba Univ 2:295–303. 22. Yoshida O (1960) Embryologische Studien über die Ordnung Piperales. 3. Embryologie von Sarcandra glabra. J Coll Arts Sci Chiba Univ 3:55–60. 23. Sastri RLN (1956) Embryo sac haustoria in Cassytha filiformis Linn. Curr Sci 25:401–402. 24. Heilborn O (1931) Studies on the taxonomy, geographical distribution, and embryology of the genus Siparuna. Sven Bot Tidskr 25:202–228. 25. Sastri RLN (1963) Studies in the Lauraceae: IV. Comparative embryology and phylogeny. Ann Bot 27:425–433. 26. Heo K, van der Werff H, Tobe H (1998) Embryology and relationships of Lauraceae. Bot J Linn Soc 126:295–322. 27. Kimoto Y, Tobe H (2001) Embryology of Laurales: A review and perspectives. J Plant Res 114:247–267. 28. Maneval WE (1914) The development of Magnolia and Liriodendron, including a discussion of the primitiveness of the Magnoliaceae. Bot Gaz 57:1–31. 29. Hayashi Y (1964) Megasporogenesis, female gametophyte and embryogeny of Magnolia liliifolia and Michelia fuscata. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ Ser 7 30:89–98. 30. Svoma E (1998) Studies on the embryology and gynoecium structures in Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) and some Annonaceae. Plant Syst Evol 209:205–229. 31. Xiao D, Yuan Z (2006) Embryogenesis and seed development in Sinomanglietia glauca (Magnoliaceae). J Plant Res 119:163–166. 32. Parameswaran N (1962) Floral morphology and embryology in some taxa of the Canellaceae. Proc Indiana Acad Sci 55:167–182. 33. Bandhari NN (1963) Embryology of Pseudowintera colorata—a vesselless dicotyledon. Phytomorphology 13:303–316. 34. Bandhari NN, Venkataraman R (1968) Embryology of Drimys winteri. J Arnold Arbor 49:509–524. 35. Gootsberger G, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I, Ehrendorfer F (1980) Reproductive biology in the primitive relic angiosperm Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae). Plant Syst Evol 135:11–39. 36. Prakash N, Lim AL, Sampson FB (1992) Anther and ovule development in Tasmania (Winteraceae). Aust J Bot 40:877–885. 37. Tobe H, Sampson FB (2000) Embryology of Takhtajania (Winteraceae) and a summary statement of embryological features for the family. Ann Mo Bot Gard 87:389–397. 38. Tobe H, Stuessy TF, Raven PH, Oginuma K (1993) Embryology and karyomorphology of Lactoridaceae. Am J Bot 80:933–946. 39. Lei L-G, Wu ZI, Liang HX (2002) Embryology of Zippelia begoniifolia (Piperaceae) and its systematic relationships. Bot J Linn Soc 140:49–64. 40. González F, Rudall P (2003) Structure and development of the ovule and seed in Aristolochiaceae, with particular reference to Saruma. Plant Syst Evol 241:236–275. 41. Arias T, Williams JH (2008) Embryology of Manekia naranjoana (Piperaceae) and the origin of tetrasporic, 16-nucleate female gametophytes in Piperales. Am J Bot 97:1–14. 42. Madrid EN, Friedman WE (2008) Female gametophyte development in Aristolochia labiata Willd. (Aristolochiaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 158:19–29. 43. Madrid EN, Friedman WE (2009) The developmental basis of an evolutionary diversification of female gametophyte structure in Piper and Piperaceae. Ann Bot 103:869–884. 44. Madrid EN, Friedman WE (2010) Female gametophyte and early seed development in Peperomia (Piperaceae). Am J Bot 97:1–14. 45. Batygina TB, Shamrov II, Kolesova GE (1982) Embryology of the Nymphaeales and Nelumbonales. II. The development of the female embryonic structures. Bot Z 67:1179–1195. Bachelier and Friedman www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1104697108 1of3 Table S2. Information on collected plant material Collection number Country State Local information Latitude (south) Longitude (east) Elevation (m) Bruhl J. J., 2794 Australia New South Wales Armidale Kempsey Road 30° 38.28.5S 152° 11.52.0S 902 Bruhl J. J., 2800 Australia New South Wales Armidale Kempsey Road 30° 38.27.9S 152° 11.49.6S 887 Bruhl J. J., 2801 Australia New South Wales Armidale Kempsey Road 30° 38.28.6S 152° 11.50.8S 924 Bruhl J. J., 2802 Australia New South Wales Armidale Kempsey Road 30° 39.15.2S 152° 12.10.5S 860 Bruhl J. J., 2804 Australia New South Wales Armidale Kempsey Road 30° 38.05.6S 152° 11.52.7S 977 Bruhl J. J., 2806 Australia New South Wales Cunnawarra National Park 30° 31.40.0S 152° 20.12.0S 1,182 Bruhl J. J., 2807 Australia New South Wales Vinegar Road 29° 33.00.0S 152° 13.53.0S 1,054 Movie S1. This movie corresponds to the model in Fig. 2A. Movie S1 Movie S2. This movie corresponds to the model in Fig. 3A. Movie S2 Bachelier and Friedman www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1104697108 2of3 Movie S3. This movie corresponds to the model in Fig. 4A. Movie S3 Bachelier and Friedman www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1104697108 3of3.
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