Illicium Floridanum1
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Supporting Information
Supporting Information Bachelier and Friedman 10.1073/pnas.1104697108 Table S1. Initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule in basal angiosperms Taxon Multiple female gametophytes References Amborellaceae No 1–4 Hydatellaceae Variable 5 and 6 Nymphaeaceae Variable 7–9 Cabombaceae Variable 8 and 10 Austrobaileyaceae No 11 Illiciaceae (incl. Schisandraceae) Variable 12–15 Trimeniaceae Variable 16–18 and this study Chloranthaceae Rare 4 and 18–22 Laurales Variable 18 and 23–27 Magnoliales No 27–31 Canellales Rare 30 and 32–37 Piperales Rare 38–44 Ceratophyllaceae Variable 45 Character states: No means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has not been reported as yet, rare means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has only been reported one time, and variable means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has been reported to occur more than one time in some but not all studies. 1. Friedman WE, Ryerson KC (2009) Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants. Am J Bot 96:129–143. 2. Friedman WE (2006) Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441:337–340. 3. Tobe H, Jaffré T, Raven PH (2000) Embryology of Amborella (Amborellaceae): Descriptions and polarity of character states. J Plant Res 113:271–280. 4. Yamada T, Tobe H, Imaichi R, Kato M (2001) Developmental morphology of the ovules of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) and Chloranthus serratus (Chloranthaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 137:277–290. 5. Rudall PJ, et al. -
Illicium Parviflorum1
Fact Sheet FPS-278 October, 1999 Illicium parviflorum1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction This rapidly growing, large, evergreen, Florida native shrub has medium- to coarse-textured, olive green, leathery leaves and small, greenish-yellow flowers (Fig. 1). The many slender, drooping branches of Anise give a rounded, open canopy in the shade, ideal for natural settings, or can be pruned into dense hedges, screens, or windbreaks in sunny locations. Branches often root when they touch the ground and root sprouts appear several years after planting. This adds to the density of the shrub. The slightly fragrant spring flowers are followed by brown, star-shaped, many-seeded pods which cling to the stems. The leaves of Anise give off a distinctive fragrance of licorice when bruised or crushed. General Information Scientific name: Illicium parviflorum Pronunciation: ill-LISS-see-um par-vif-FLOR-um Common name(s): Anise Family: Illiciaceae Plant type: tree Figure 1. Anise. USDA hardiness zones: 7B through 10A (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: year round Planting month for zone 8: year round Planting month for zone 9: year round Description Planting month for zone 10: year round Height: 15 to 20 feet Origin: native to Florida Spread: 10 to 15 feet Uses: hedge; espalier; screen; foundation; border Plant habit: oval Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Plant density: dense hardiness range Growth rate: moderate Texture: medium 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-278, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. -
Neurotoxicities in Infants Seen with the Consumption of Star Anise Tea
Neurotoxicities in Infants Seen With the Consumption of Star Anise Tea Diego Ize-Ludlow, MD*; Sean Ragone, MD‡; Isaac S. Bruck, PhD§; Jeffrey N. Bernstein, MD‡; Michael Duchowny, MD; and Barbara M. Garcia Pen˜a, MD, MPH¶ ABSTRACT. Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook pounds named veranisatins A, B, and C.15 Although f.) is a well-known spice used in many cultures. Many these veranisatins are not as potent as anisatin itself, populations use it as a treatment for infant colic. Japa- neurologic symptoms are observed at higher doses.15 nese star anise (Illicium anisatum L), however, has been Anisatin compounds are thought to act as potent documented to have both neurologic and gastrointestinal noncompetitive ␥-aminobutyric acid antagonists.16–20 toxicities. Recently, concern has been raised regarding Concern has been raised regarding the adultera- the adulteration of Chinese star anise with Japanese star anise. We report 7 cases of adverse neurologic reactions tion of I verum with I anisatum and has led to recalls in infants seen with the home administration of star of these products in other countries, including Spain, anise tea. In addition, we have found evidence that Chi- France, Scotland, China, Japan, and Netherlands.21–23 nese star anise has been contaminated with Japanese star In this communication, we report 7 cases of adverse anise. More strict federal regulation of the import of star neurologic reactions associated with the home ad- anise into the United States is warranted. Star anise tea ministration of star anise tea to young infants seen should no longer be administered to infants because of during the past 2 years at Miami Children’s Hospital. -
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Action of Illicium Verum - an in Vitro Study Rachel Paul1, R
Research Article Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Illicium verum - An in vitro study Rachel Paul1, R. V. Geetha2* ABSTRACT Introduction: Illicium verum is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southwest China. A spice commonly called star anise. Star anise refers to aromatic herbs which are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and their fragrance. Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound, shikimic acid which is a pharmaceutical synthesis of anti- influenza drug. It also has raw materials needed for fermentation of the food. Star anise has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. It has many medicinal properties which can also be used to treat cancer as well as gastric problems. It is an easily available herb in the market and is easily affordable by many people; it can be used in the treatment of various diseases. Materials and Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using protein denaturation assay and the results were read spectrophotometrically. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was studied by its ability to inhibit protein denaturation. It was effective in inhibiting heat induced albumin denaturation at different concentrations. Maximum inhibition, 77.87 ± 1.55 was observed at 500 µg/ml. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration value was found to be 105.35 ± 1.99 µg/ml. Conclusion: The result obtained was compared to the commonly available nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. This research conducted -
Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes
55 (4) • November 2006: 837–856 Qiu & al. • Basal angiosperm phylogeny Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes Yin-Long Qiu1, Libo Li, Tory A. Hendry, Ruiqi Li, David W. Taylor, Michael J. Issa, Alexander J. Ronen, Mona L. Vekaria & Adam M. White 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, U.S.A. [email protected] (author for correspondence). Three mitochondrial (atp1, matR, nad5), four chloroplast (atpB, matK, rbcL, rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that Amborella + Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology of Amborella alone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attrac- tion artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots of Ceratophyllum is not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported rela- tionships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of sub- stitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolv- ing deep relationships. -
Gardenergardener®
Theh American A n GARDENERGARDENER® The Magazine of the AAmerican Horticultural Societyy January / February 2016 New Plants for 2016 Broadleaved Evergreens for Small Gardens The Dwarf Tomato Project Grow Your Own Gourmet Mushrooms contents Volume 95, Number 1 . January / February 2016 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS 2016 Seed Exchange catalog now available, upcoming travel destinations, registration open for America in Bloom beautifi cation contest, 70th annual Colonial Williamsburg Garden Symposium in April. 11 AHS MEMBERS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Dale Sievert. 40 HOMEGROWN HARVEST Love those leeks! page 400 42 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Understanding mycorrhizal fungi. BOOK REVIEWS page 18 44 The Seed Garden and Rescuing Eden. Special focus: Wild 12 NEW PLANTS FOR 2016 BY CHARLOTTE GERMANE gardening. From annuals and perennials to shrubs, vines, and vegetables, see which of this year’s introductions are worth trying in your garden. 46 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Link discovered between soil fungi and monarch 18 THE DWARF TOMATO PROJECT BY CRAIG LEHOULLIER butterfl y health, stinky A worldwide collaborative breeds diminutive plants that produce seeds trick dung beetles into dispersal role, regular-size, fl avorful tomatoes. Mt. Cuba tickseed trial results, researchers unravel how plants can survive extreme drought, grant for nascent public garden in 24 BEST SMALL BROADLEAVED EVERGREENS Delaware, Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl ower BY ANDREW BUNTING Center selects new president and CEO. These small to mid-size selections make a big impact in modest landscapes. 50 GREEN GARAGE Seed-starting products. 30 WEESIE SMITH BY ALLEN BUSH 52 TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO GARDENS Alabama gardener Weesie Smith championed pagepage 3030 Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California. -
Cobb County Stream Buffer Revegetation Guidelines Site Condition Considerations
Purpose This document has been developed to provide local issuing authorities and citizens a framework for developing an appropriate landscape plan in situations where a stream/state waters buffer is to be restored and/or enhanced. While this document provides general guidelines, specific site requirements must be properly evaluated to ensure the successful re-establishment of disturbed buffer areas. State Waters that Require Stream Buffers The term “state waters” is defined in Section 12-7-3(16) of the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act as follows: “Any and all rivers, stream, creeks, branches, lakes reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells and other bodies of surface, or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming a part of the boundaries of the State which are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership or corporation.” Buffer Revegetation Guidelines Areas within all buffers must have 100-percent coverage with native plants. Refer to attached Appendix A for a list of suitable plants. These plants shall be installed in the following proportions: 40% Large Trees – only 20% of the total quantity of large trees may be pine 25% Small Trees 20% Shrubs 15% Forbs -Grasses/Ground Cover/Perennials Plus – Installation of Native Grasses of Areas Disturbed Plants in each category have the following square-foot value: Large Trees: 200 sq.ft. each, minimum 10’ height and 1 ½” caliber. Small Trees: 100 sq.ft. each, minimum 6-8’ height Shrubs: 25 sq.ft. each, minimum 3 gallon size Forbs: 25 sq.ft. each, minimum 1 gallon size Native Grass Seeding Should Consist of Stabilization of Impacted Area Generally, no more than 25% of the trees and shrubs required may be one species. -
Ken Druse Garden Photograph Collection
Ken Druse garden photograph collection Joyce Connolly Cataloging of this finding aid received Federal support from the Smithsonian Collections Care Initiative, administered by the National Collections Program. Archives of American Gardens P.O. Box 37012 Capital Gallery West, Suite 3300, MRC 506 Washington, DC 20013-7012 [email protected] http://www.aag.si.edu Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical Note............................................................................................................. 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 3 Series 1: Garden Images......................................................................................... 3 Series 2: Garden Images by Subject..................................................................... 76 Ken Druse garden photography collection AAG.DRU Collection Overview Repository: Archives of American Gardens Title: Ken Druse garden photography collection Identifier: AAG.DRU Date: 1978-2005 Extent: 18.75 Cubic feet (15 boxes; Approximately 45,000 images: 35,000 transparencies + 10,000 35mm slides.) Creator: Druse, Kenneth Language: -
An Ontogenetic Study of Illicium Floridanum (Ellis) with Emphasis on Stamen and Carpel Development
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 An Ontogenetic Study of Illicium Floridanum (Ellis) With Emphasis on Stamen and Carpel Development. Richard Earl Robertson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Robertson, Richard Earl, "An Ontogenetic Study of Illicium Floridanum (Ellis) With Emphasis on Stamen and Carpel Development." (1973). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2494. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2494 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
Star Anise – Illicium Verum
Did You Know? Star anise – Illicium verum • The eight-pointed seed pod from an evergreen tree native to Southwest China and Vietnam, is the spice known as star anise. This small evergreen tree is in the magnolia family, Schisandraceae. • Star anise has been used in China for flavoring and medicine for over three thousand years. • The seed pods are harvested before ripening (green) and sun-dried, resulting in the rich brown color. • Both the seeds and the pods contain the flavor and are finely ground together. When used in recipes whole, they should be removed before serving. • It is one of the five spices in the blend, Chinese five-spice. • The deep licorice-like aroma has subtle sweet and herbal notes. • The flavor is used in sweet, spicy and savory dishes, including baked goods, chilled desserts, sauces, beverages and even red meats. • The liquors absinthe, Sambuca, and pastis all have infused star anise flavoring. • Though the flavor is similar, it is not related to anise seed. However, both plants have anethole, a compound responsible for the anise flavor in both seeds. • Historical medicinal uses included Chinese herbalists using star anise as a stimulant, an expectorant and to treat indigestion to European healers using it in teas for rheumatism and chewing the seed for indigestion. • Though there is now a synthetic way to manufacture it, star anise contains shikimic acid which is one of the primary components of the influenza-fighting drug Tamiflu. • Research continues on extracts from star anise, including testing antifungals and antimicrobial compounds. • According to Chinese folklore, finding a star anise with more than eight points was considered good luck. -
Vessels of Illicium (Illiciaceae): Range of Pit Membrane Remnant Presence in Perforations and Other Vessel Details
Inr. J. Plant Sci. 163(51:755-763. 2002. © 2002 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2002/16305-0006$ 15.00 VESSELS OF ILLICIUM (ILLICIACEAE): RANGE OF PIT MEMBRANE REMNANT PRESENCE IN PERFORATIONS AND OTHER VESSEL DETAILS Sherwin Carlquist1 and Edward L. Schneider Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, U.S.A. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of vessels from radial sections of lllicium wood showed a wide range of pit membrane remnant presence within any given species and within the seven species studied here. Earlier studies showed that dried specimens offer a reliable indicator of pit membrane presence. In all species, wide variation occurs, from intact pit membranes to perforations virtually free of pit membrane remnants. lllicium parviflorwn has the largest number for the genus of perforation plates, with little or no pit membrane presence, although, in some plates, appreciable pit membrane presence was evident. Species differ in the forms taken by the pit membrane remnants: threads running axially in the perforations are common, but weblike conformations or pit membranes perforated by small circular to oval pores are other commonly encountered conditions. Artifacts attributable to handling and other factors are analyzed to obtain an image of pit membrane presence. Pit membrane remnant presence is consistent with the presence of other strongly primitive features of lllicium and its near-basal position in phylogenetic trees based on molecular data. Unusually narrow and sparse helical thickenings are figured with SEM for the genus for the first time; these thickenings occur in three species from habitats in which winter freezing occurs. -
Photosynthetic Responses of Container-Grown Illicium L. Taxa to Sun and Shade
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 127(6):919–924. 2002. Photosynthetic Responses of Container-grown Illicium L. Taxa to Sun and Shade Richard T. Olsen,1 John M. Ruter,2 and Mark W. Rieger3 University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Tifton, GA 31793-0748 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Illicium anisatum, Illicium floridanum ‘Pebblebrook’, Illicium henryi, Illicium lanceolatum, Illicium parviflorum ‘Forest Green’, star-anise, photoinhibition, carotenoids, SPAD chlorophyll meter ABSTRACT. Illiciums, or star-anises, have increased in popularity in the nursery and landscape industries. However, confusion exists as to which taxa are tolerant of high light intensities during production and subsequent establishment in the landscape. We investigated the effect of two light intensity treatments, 45% and 100% full sunlight, on gas-exchange parameters of five Illicium taxa: Illicium anisatum L., I. floridanum Ellis. ‘Pebblebrook’, I. henryi Diels., I. lanceolatum A.C. Sm., and I. parviflorum Michx. Ex. Vent. ‘Forest Green’. Light-response curves were determined for individual leaves, and mean response parameters calculated. Chlorophyll and total carotenoids were analyzed after extraction in acetone, with total chlorophyll also estimated with a SPAD chlorophyll meter. In general, highest rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax) and lowest rates of dark respiration (Rd) were found in the 45% light treatment for all taxa. Both Illicium anisatum and I. floridanum ‘Pebblebrook’ had substantial reductions in Amax in 100% light, 94% and 81% respectively, compared to plants grown in the 45% light treatment. Illicium henryi failed to survive the 100% light treatment. Illicium lanceolatum and I. parviflorum ‘Forest Green’ were least affected by the 100% light treatment.