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Supporting Information
Supporting Information Bachelier and Friedman 10.1073/pnas.1104697108 Table S1. Initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule in basal angiosperms Taxon Multiple female gametophytes References Amborellaceae No 1–4 Hydatellaceae Variable 5 and 6 Nymphaeaceae Variable 7–9 Cabombaceae Variable 8 and 10 Austrobaileyaceae No 11 Illiciaceae (incl. Schisandraceae) Variable 12–15 Trimeniaceae Variable 16–18 and this study Chloranthaceae Rare 4 and 18–22 Laurales Variable 18 and 23–27 Magnoliales No 27–31 Canellales Rare 30 and 32–37 Piperales Rare 38–44 Ceratophyllaceae Variable 45 Character states: No means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has not been reported as yet, rare means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has only been reported one time, and variable means that initiation of more than one female gametophyte per ovule has been reported to occur more than one time in some but not all studies. 1. Friedman WE, Ryerson KC (2009) Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants. Am J Bot 96:129–143. 2. Friedman WE (2006) Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441:337–340. 3. Tobe H, Jaffré T, Raven PH (2000) Embryology of Amborella (Amborellaceae): Descriptions and polarity of character states. J Plant Res 113:271–280. 4. Yamada T, Tobe H, Imaichi R, Kato M (2001) Developmental morphology of the ovules of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) and Chloranthus serratus (Chloranthaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 137:277–290. 5. Rudall PJ, et al. -
Illicium Parviflorum1
Fact Sheet FPS-278 October, 1999 Illicium parviflorum1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction This rapidly growing, large, evergreen, Florida native shrub has medium- to coarse-textured, olive green, leathery leaves and small, greenish-yellow flowers (Fig. 1). The many slender, drooping branches of Anise give a rounded, open canopy in the shade, ideal for natural settings, or can be pruned into dense hedges, screens, or windbreaks in sunny locations. Branches often root when they touch the ground and root sprouts appear several years after planting. This adds to the density of the shrub. The slightly fragrant spring flowers are followed by brown, star-shaped, many-seeded pods which cling to the stems. The leaves of Anise give off a distinctive fragrance of licorice when bruised or crushed. General Information Scientific name: Illicium parviflorum Pronunciation: ill-LISS-see-um par-vif-FLOR-um Common name(s): Anise Family: Illiciaceae Plant type: tree Figure 1. Anise. USDA hardiness zones: 7B through 10A (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: year round Planting month for zone 8: year round Planting month for zone 9: year round Description Planting month for zone 10: year round Height: 15 to 20 feet Origin: native to Florida Spread: 10 to 15 feet Uses: hedge; espalier; screen; foundation; border Plant habit: oval Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Plant density: dense hardiness range Growth rate: moderate Texture: medium 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-278, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. -
Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species
Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species Adnan Younis1* • Muhammad Aslam Khan1 • Asif Ali Khan2 • Atif Riaz1 • M. Aslam Pervez1 1 Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT In the present study rose oil was extracted from the petals of four Rosa species i.e. R. damascena, R. centifolia, R. borboniana and Rosa 'Gruss an Teplitz' through solvent extraction through hexane, solvent extraction through ether and steam distillation. R. damascena yielded (0.145%) of absolute oil, R. centifolia yielded 0.11% whereas R. 'Gruss an Teplitz' yielded the least (0.035%) absolute oil. Solvent extraction through hexane yielded more absolute oil (0.11%) than steam distillation (0.075%) and solvent extraction (0.07%) through ether on petal weight basis. Gas-chromatography of the rose oil was carried out for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the oil constituents. Major compounds identified were citronellol, methyl eugenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, linalool, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, benzyl acetate and phenyl ethyl formate. Both techniques (solvent extraction and steam distillation) yielded oil with differences in the percentage composition of each component, but solvent extraction through hexane proved better (i.e. higher yield and more components) than steam distillation for extraction of essential oil from roses. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: citronellol, essential oil composition, Rosa centifolia, solvent extraction, steam distillation INTRODUCTION essential oil, which is slowly liberated from the plant material (Durst and Gokel 1987; Wilson 1995). -
Illicium Floridanum1
Fact Sheet FPS-277 October, 1999 Illicium floridanum1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction This rapidly growing, evergreen, Florida native shrub has olive green leaves and reddish-purple, starry, two-inch flowers (Fig. 1). The many slender branches of Florida Anise droop to the ground giving a rounded, open canopy in the shade, ideal for natural settings, or in sunny locations it can be pruned into dense hedges or windbreaks. The small, somewhat showy, maroon flowers appear in spring and are followed in late summer to fall by star-shaped, many-seeded pods which cling to the stems. The leaves of Florida Anise give off a distinctive odor when bruised or crushed. General Information Scientific name: Illicium floridanum Pronunciation: ill-LISS-see-um flor-rid-DAY-num Common name(s): Florida Anise-Tree, Florida Anise Family: Illiciaceae Plant type: shrub USDA hardiness zones: 8 through 10 (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: year round Figure 1. Florida Anise-Tree. Planting month for zone 8: year round Planting month for zone 9: year round Planting month for zone 10: year round Description Origin: native to Florida Height: 10 to 15 feet Uses: container or above-ground planter; hedge; espalier; Spread: 6 to 10 feet screen; foundation; border Plant habit: oval Availablity: somewhat available, may have to go out of the Plant density: dense region to find the plant Growth rate: moderate Texture: medium 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-277, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. -
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Action of Illicium Verum - an in Vitro Study Rachel Paul1, R
Research Article Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Illicium verum - An in vitro study Rachel Paul1, R. V. Geetha2* ABSTRACT Introduction: Illicium verum is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southwest China. A spice commonly called star anise. Star anise refers to aromatic herbs which are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and their fragrance. Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound, shikimic acid which is a pharmaceutical synthesis of anti- influenza drug. It also has raw materials needed for fermentation of the food. Star anise has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. It has many medicinal properties which can also be used to treat cancer as well as gastric problems. It is an easily available herb in the market and is easily affordable by many people; it can be used in the treatment of various diseases. Materials and Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using protein denaturation assay and the results were read spectrophotometrically. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was studied by its ability to inhibit protein denaturation. It was effective in inhibiting heat induced albumin denaturation at different concentrations. Maximum inhibition, 77.87 ± 1.55 was observed at 500 µg/ml. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration value was found to be 105.35 ± 1.99 µg/ml. Conclusion: The result obtained was compared to the commonly available nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. This research conducted -
Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimycotoxigenic, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils: an Updated Review
molecules Review Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimycotoxigenic, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils: An Updated Review Aysegul Mutlu-Ingok 1 , Dilara Devecioglu 2 , Dilara Nur Dikmetas 2 , Funda Karbancioglu-Guler 2,* and Esra Capanoglu 2,* 1 Department of Food Processing, Akcakoca Vocational School, Duzce University, 81650 Akcakoca, Duzce, Turkey; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (D.N.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.K.-G.); [email protected] (E.C.); Tel.: +90-212-285-7328 (F.K.-G.); +90-212-285-7340 (E.C.) Academic Editor: Enrique Barrajon Received: 18 September 2020; Accepted: 13 October 2020; Published: 14 October 2020 Abstract: The interest in using natural antimicrobials instead of chemical preservatives in food products has been increasing in recent years. In regard to this, essential oils—natural and liquid secondary plant metabolites—are gaining importance for their use in the protection of foods, since they are accepted as safe and healthy. Although research studies indicate that the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) are more common compared to other biological activities, specific concerns have led scientists to investigate the areas that are still in need of research. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review paper in which antifungal and especially antimycotoxigenic effects are compiled. Further, the low stability of essential oils under environmental conditions such as temperature and light has forced scientists to develop and use recent approaches such as encapsulation, coating, use in edible films, etc. -
American Spice Trade Association, Inc
AMERICAN SPICE TRADE ASSOCIATION, INC. SPICE LIST Spices ASTA recommends that for the purpose of complying with FDA food labeling regulations (21 CFR Sec. 101.22), the following items may be declared in a product’s ingredient statement either individually by its common or usual name or included under the term “spice” as permitted in 21 CFR Sec. 101.22(h). The spices on this list, and their derivatives (e.g. extracts and oleoresins), are considered by FDA to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), or approved food additives (See 21 CFR Secs. 172.510, 182.10, and 182.20). COMMON OR PART OF BOTANICAL NAME(s) USUAL NAME(s) PLANT OF PLANT SOURCE(s) Allspice (Pimento) Berry Pimenta officinalis Anise Seed Seed Pimpinella anisum Star Anise Fruit Illicium verum Hook Balm (lemon balm) Leaf Melissa officinalis L. Basil Leaves (Sweet) Leaf Ocimum basilicum Bay Leaves (Laurel Leaves) Leaf Laurus nobilis Black Caraway (Russian Caraway, Black Seed Nigella sativa Cumin) Camomile, English or Roman Flower Anthemis nobilis L. Camomile, German or Hungarian Flower Matricaria chamomilla L. Capsicums Fruit Capsicum spp. Caraway Seed Seed Carum carvi Maton. Cardamom1 Fruit Elettaria cardamomum Cassia/Cinnamon Bark Cinnamomum spp. Celery Seed Seed Apium graveolens Chervil Leaf Anthriscus cerefolium Chives Leaf Allium schoenoprasum Cilantro (Coriander Leaf) Leaf Coriandrum sativum Cinnamon/Cassia Bark Cinnamomum spp. Cloves Bud Syzygium aromaticum Coriander Seed Seed Coriandrum sativum Cumin Seed (Cummin) Seed Cuminum cyminum Dill Seed Seed Anethum graveolens/Anethum sowa Dill Weed Leaf Anethum graveolens/Anethum sowa Fennel Seed Seed Foeniculum vulgare Fenugreek Seed (Foenugreek Seed) Seed Trigonella foenum-graecum Galangal Root Alpinia officinarum Hance Ginger Root Zingiber officinale Horseradish Root Armoracia lapathfolia Gilib. -
Gardenergardener®
Theh American A n GARDENERGARDENER® The Magazine of the AAmerican Horticultural Societyy January / February 2016 New Plants for 2016 Broadleaved Evergreens for Small Gardens The Dwarf Tomato Project Grow Your Own Gourmet Mushrooms contents Volume 95, Number 1 . January / February 2016 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS 2016 Seed Exchange catalog now available, upcoming travel destinations, registration open for America in Bloom beautifi cation contest, 70th annual Colonial Williamsburg Garden Symposium in April. 11 AHS MEMBERS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Dale Sievert. 40 HOMEGROWN HARVEST Love those leeks! page 400 42 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Understanding mycorrhizal fungi. BOOK REVIEWS page 18 44 The Seed Garden and Rescuing Eden. Special focus: Wild 12 NEW PLANTS FOR 2016 BY CHARLOTTE GERMANE gardening. From annuals and perennials to shrubs, vines, and vegetables, see which of this year’s introductions are worth trying in your garden. 46 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Link discovered between soil fungi and monarch 18 THE DWARF TOMATO PROJECT BY CRAIG LEHOULLIER butterfl y health, stinky A worldwide collaborative breeds diminutive plants that produce seeds trick dung beetles into dispersal role, regular-size, fl avorful tomatoes. Mt. Cuba tickseed trial results, researchers unravel how plants can survive extreme drought, grant for nascent public garden in 24 BEST SMALL BROADLEAVED EVERGREENS Delaware, Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl ower BY ANDREW BUNTING Center selects new president and CEO. These small to mid-size selections make a big impact in modest landscapes. 50 GREEN GARAGE Seed-starting products. 30 WEESIE SMITH BY ALLEN BUSH 52 TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO GARDENS Alabama gardener Weesie Smith championed pagepage 3030 Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California. -
Discovery of Antibacterial Dietary Spices That Target Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Article Discovery of Antibacterial Dietary Spices That Target Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Dan Zhang 1, Ren-You Gan 1,*, Arakkaveettil Kabeer Farha 1, Gowoon Kim 1, Qiong-Qiong Yang 1, Xian-Ming Shi 1, Chun-Lei Shi 1, Qi-Xia Luo 2, Xue-Bin Xu 3, Hua-Bin Li 4 and Harold Corke 1,* 1 Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (A.K.F.); [email protected] (G.K.); [email protected] (Q.-Q.Y.); [email protected] (X.-M.S.); [email protected] (C.-L.S.). 2 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; [email protected] 4 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.-Y.G.); [email protected] (H.C.); Tel.: +86-21-3420-8517 (R.-Y.G.); +86-21-3420-8515 (H.C.) Received: 11 April 2019; Accepted: 28 May 2019; Published: 29 May 2019 Abstract: Although spice extracts are well known to exhibit antibacterial properties, there is lack of a comprehensive evaluation of the antibacterial effect of spices against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. -
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Co-Carcinogenic
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Co-carcinogenic Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Acacia nilotica 1 Achillea millefolium 2 Aconitum napellus 1 Actaea cimicifuga 1 Actaea dahurica 1 Adonis vernalis 1 Agrimonia eupatoria 1 Albizia lebbeck 1 Allium ampeloprasum 1 Allium cepa 2 Allium sativum var. sativum 1 40.0 Allium schoenoprasum 1 Althaea officinalis 1 Anadenanthera peregrina 1 Ananas comosus 1 Anethum graveolens 1 Angelica archangelica 1 Annona muricata 1 Apium graveolens 1 Arachis hypogaea 1 22.0 Arbutus unedo 1 Arctium lappa 1 5000.0 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 2 Armoracia rusticana 1 Arnica montana 1 Artemisia abrotanum 1 Artemisia capillaris 1 Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Artemisia dracunculus 1 Asimina triloba 1 Aspalathus linearis 1 Astragalus membranaceus 1 Avena sativa 1 Ballota nigra 1 Berberis vulgaris 1 Beta vulgaris 1 Brassica nigra 1 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis l. 1 16.0 Brassica oleracea var. capitata l. 1 154.0 Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 1 68.0 Brassica oleracea var. italica 1 Brassica pekinensis 1 22.0 Calendula officinalis 1 Camellia sinensis 1 Capsicum annuum 1 22.0 Capsicum frutescens 1 64.0 Carica papaya 1 Carum carvi 1 Castanea sativa 1 Catalpa bignonioides 1 Ceiba pentandra 1 Centaurea cyanus 1 Centaurium erythraea 1 Chamaemelum nobile 1 Cichorium endivia 1 2 Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Cichorium intybus 2 1534.0 Cimicifuga dahurica 1 Cinchona pubescens 1 Cinchona spp 1 Cinnamomum camphora 1 Cinnamomum -
Cobb County Stream Buffer Revegetation Guidelines Site Condition Considerations
Purpose This document has been developed to provide local issuing authorities and citizens a framework for developing an appropriate landscape plan in situations where a stream/state waters buffer is to be restored and/or enhanced. While this document provides general guidelines, specific site requirements must be properly evaluated to ensure the successful re-establishment of disturbed buffer areas. State Waters that Require Stream Buffers The term “state waters” is defined in Section 12-7-3(16) of the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act as follows: “Any and all rivers, stream, creeks, branches, lakes reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells and other bodies of surface, or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming a part of the boundaries of the State which are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership or corporation.” Buffer Revegetation Guidelines Areas within all buffers must have 100-percent coverage with native plants. Refer to attached Appendix A for a list of suitable plants. These plants shall be installed in the following proportions: 40% Large Trees – only 20% of the total quantity of large trees may be pine 25% Small Trees 20% Shrubs 15% Forbs -Grasses/Ground Cover/Perennials Plus – Installation of Native Grasses of Areas Disturbed Plants in each category have the following square-foot value: Large Trees: 200 sq.ft. each, minimum 10’ height and 1 ½” caliber. Small Trees: 100 sq.ft. each, minimum 6-8’ height Shrubs: 25 sq.ft. each, minimum 3 gallon size Forbs: 25 sq.ft. each, minimum 1 gallon size Native Grass Seeding Should Consist of Stabilization of Impacted Area Generally, no more than 25% of the trees and shrubs required may be one species. -
Aniseed, Were Used As Traditional Medicine in China As Early As in the 5Th Century
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2019, 5 (3), 162-179; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v5i3.43584 Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online) www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr Review Chinese star anise and anise, magic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1,2, Wenli Sun1,2 and Qi Cheng1,2* 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 2Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No.555 Chuangye Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China *Corresponding author: Qi Cheng, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 05 August 2019/Accepted: 08 September 2019/ Published: 30 September 2019 Abstract: Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine as well as traditional Asian medicine. The fruit is aromatic and has a strong, pungent and mildly sweet taste. Star anise is one of the many species that contain bioactive compounds as well as a number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, having antioxidant, preservative and antimicrobial properties. All relevant papers in the English language from researchers of different countries were collected. The keywords of Chinese star anise, anise, traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical science were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed. Its seeds are good source of minerals like calcium, iron, copper,