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Notification of Access Arrangement for MP 41279, Mt Te Kuha

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Notification of Access Arrangement for MP 41279, Mt Te Kuha Attachment C Draft Terrestrial Ecology Report 106 VEGETATION AND FAUNA OF THE PROPOSED TE KUHA MINE SITE Prepared for Te Kuha Limited Partnership October 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Te Kuha mining permit is located predominantly within the Westport Water Conservation Reserve (1,825 ha), which is a local purpose reserve administered by the Buller District Council. The coal deposit is situated outside the water catchment within an area of approximately 490 ha of Brunner Coal Measures vegetation approximately 5 km southwest of Mt Rochfort. Access would be required across conservation land to reach the coal resource. The Te Kuha site was recommended as an area for protection by the Protected Natural Areas Programme surveys in the 1990s on the basis that in the event it was removed from the local purpose reserve for any reason, addition to the public conservation estate would increase the level of protection of coal measures habitats which, although found elsewhere (principally in the Mt Rochfort Conservation Area), were considered inadequately protected overall. The proposal to create an access road and an opencast mine at the site would affect twelve different vegetation types to varying degrees. The habitats present at the proposed mine site are overwhelmingly indigenous and have a very high degree of intactness reflecting their lack of human disturbance. Previous surveys have shown that some trees in the area are more than 500 years old. Habitats affected by the proposed access road are less intact and include exotic pasture as well as regenerating shrubland and forest. Te Kuha is not part of the Department of Conservation’s Buller Coal Plateaux priority site and is unlikely to receive management for that reason. The Animal Health Board currently uses toxins to control possums in the area to reduce the risk of bovine tuberculosis and this will be benefiting local flora and fauna. No threatened plant species were detected during our survey, but the presence of two at risk plant species (Euphrasia wettsteiniana and Dracophyllum densum) was confirmed along with locally significant species such as Metrosideros parkinsonii, Actinotus novae-zelandiae and Celmisia dubia. Although bryophyte surveys have not been recent or extensive, the area is also known to provide habitat for at least one threatened bryophyte species (Saccogynidium decurvum) and four at risk species (Herzogianthus sanguineus, Riccardia multicorporea, R. furtiva and Zoopsis bicruris) as well as taxonomically isolated species of importance. The wider habitats have a comparatively intact bird fauna (40 species) with surprisingly few introduced species, but overall bird numbers were low. Two threatened bird species occur at the proposed mine site (Great spotted kiwi and New Zealand falcon) along with five at risk species (Western weka, South Island fernbird, New Zealand pipit, Long-tailed cuckoo and South Island rifleman). No bats have been detected at Te Kuha, but two species of lizard (forest gecko and speckled skink) have been confirmed at the site and a third (West Coast green gecko) is considered likely to occur there. All three lizard species are regarded “At Risk” nationally. Invertebrate communities at the site are also predominantly native. No terrestrial invertebrates of conservation concern were found, although surveys detected a previously unknown species of leaf-veined slug (Pseudaneita) and a Rhytida-like snail that may be of conservation significance, depending on its confirmed identity. Additional bryophyte surveys, and additional collection of the leaf-veined slug and Rhytida-like snail, are recommended both inside and outside the proposed mine footprint to assist in informing resource consent applications. The vegetation and habitats at Te Kuha are significant in terms of the Resource Management Act (1991). The proposal to construct a mine and access road would remove around 89 ha of these habitats, including around 77 ha of coal measures vegetation, and adversely affect the current high intactness and ecological integrity of the site. Construction of the proposed mine and access road would remove all of the known herbfield vegetation locally (0.04 ha), manuka – Dracophyllum rockland would have around 27% removed but other vegetation types within the local coal measures outcrop would be much less affected. Effective legal protection in perpetuity of the remaining approximately 413 ha (84%) of coal measures vegetation locally would contribute to achieving adequate representation of coal measures vegetation within the reserve network. If combined with weed and pest management, legal protection would provide more certainty about the magnitude and scale of adverse effects due to mining in the vicinity and contribute to a positive rehabilitation outcome in the longer term. The only practical option to mitigate the effects of vegetation removal on plant species and communities at Te Kuha is to minimise edge effects, reduce the ingress of weeds where possible and rehabilitate to the highest achievable standard. Direct transfer of vegetation, including herbfield and yellow-silver pine – manuka shrubland, is recommended to form part of mitigation efforts. Rehabilitation techniques developed over last 10 to 20 years for similar coal measures ecosystems at other sites provide the best indication of what is achievable for rehabilitation at Te Kuha. We recommend that as mine planning proceeds consultation with affected parties, particularly the Department of Conservation and Buller District Council peer reviewers, be undertaken to clarify priorities and preferred outcomes for rehabilitation. The most conservative approach to rehabilitation would be to deliver densely vegetated herbfields and bryophyte habitats via direct transfer and buffer this vegetation with other directly transferred vegetation in order to provide resilience against weeds and maintain suitable soil and soil moisture conditions. In other areas, we recommend the establishment of a dense canopy of native species at least 1 to 2 m height, since the most likely weeds are generally herbaceous annuals (exotic grasses and short herbs) and such species are much less competitive in a shaded environment. In the medium to long term, the vegetation that develops on the backfill is likely to be typical of existing areas with better-drainage and deeper root zones. Vegetation on the upper slopes is likely to have fewer podocarp (native pine) species and more mountain flax. On lower slopes more toetoe and tutu are likely. Herb field, mānuka- dracophyllum rock land and open mānuka – yellow-silver pine shrubland are likely to be reduced in extent, even if these habitats are prioritised for direct transfer. Provided ecosystem management is undertaken to improve survival and recruitment “Threatened” and “At Risk” species would likely remain in the areas surrounding Te Kuha during and after mining. Such species would then eventually recolonize rehabilitated mine surfaces. Ecosystem management would also contribute to mitigating adverse effects particularly on fauna species which occupy the site currently. If carried out at sufficient scale to connect to managed habitats at Mt Rochfort, ecosystem management could also contribute to the resilience and persistence of the coal measures ecosystem overall. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Project Description 3 1.3 Objectives 5 2. ECOLOGICAL SETTING 7 2.1 Ecological Context 7 2.2 Ngakawau Ecological District 8 2.3 Coal Measures Vegetation 9 2.3.1 Extent of Coal Measures Vegetation 9 2.3.2 Coal Measures Flora 11 2.3.3 Vegetation at Te Kuha 11 2.4 Protected Areas of the Ngakawau Ecological District 12 2.4.1 Formally Protected Areas 12 2.4.2 Recommended Areas for Protection 13 2.5 Land Environments 16 3. METHODS 18 3.1 Vegetation 18 3.2 Bryophytes 18 3.3 Avifauna 20 3.3.1 Diurnal Birds 20 3.3.2 Nocturnal Birds 20 3.3.3 Automatic Acoustic Recorders 20 3.4 Herpetofauna 22 3.5 Bats 22 3.6 Invertebrates 24 3.7 Other Fauna 26 3.8 Rehabilitation 26 4. VEGETATION 27 4.1 Vegetation Associations 27 4.1.1 Mountain Beech/Yellow-Silver Pine – Pink Pine Forest 29 4.1.2 Yellow-Silver Pine – Manuka Shrubland 31 4.1.3 Manuka Shrubland 33 4.1.4 Herbfield 33 4.1.5 Manuka – Dracophyllum Rockland 34 4.1.6 Rimu/Hard Beech Forest 37 4.1.7 Threatened and At Risk Vascular Flora 38 ii 4.2 Bryophytes 39 4.3 Rare Ecosystem Types 41 4.4 Birds 42 4.4.1 Species Present 42 4.4.2 Indigenous Diurnal Birds 43 4.4.3 Nocturnal Birds 44 4.4.4 Naturalised Birds 45 4.4.5 Threatened Bird Species 45 4.4.6 “At Risk” Bird Species 47 4.5 Lizards and Frogs 48 4.6 Bats 49 4.7 Invertebrates 50 4.8 Other Fauna 51 5. ECOLOGICAL VALUES 52 5.1 Significance Assessment 52 5.1.1 Representativeness 53 5.1.2 Distinctiveness 54 5.1.3 Intactness 54 5.1.4 Size 54 5.1.5 Protected Status 55 5.1.6 Connectivity 55 5.1.7 Threat 55 5.1.8 Migratory Habit 56 5.1.9 Scientific or Cultural Value 56 5.2 Conservation Management Strategy 56 5.3 Other Matters 57 6. POTENTIAL EFFECTS 59 6.1 Vegetation 59 6.1.1 Vegetation Clearance 59 6.1.2 Edge Effects 60 6.1.3 Effect of Dust on Vegetation 61 6.1.4 Hydrology and Drainage 62 6.2 Bryophytes 62 6.3 Rare Ecosystem Types 62 6.4 Conservation Values in Relation to RAP7 63 6.5 Effects on Fauna 65 6.5.1 General Effects 65 6.5.2 Great Spotted Kiwi 65 6.5.3 Other Birds 67 6.5.4 Lizards 69 6.5.5 Invertebrates 69 7. REHABILITATION 71 iii 7.1 Rehabilitation at Similar Sites 71 7.2 Impact of the Local Site Environment on Rehabilitation 72 7.3 Mine Planning Matters 74 7.3.1 Vegetation
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