8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd etapa. este subgéneroalolargodeltiempoyenlatipologíadiscursiva predominanteencada PALABRAS del siglo a visitantesdelasIslas Canariascorrespondientesaunperiodoquecomprende desdefinales en estetrabajoseofreceunestudiodiacrónicodecorpustextosturísticosdestinados Por quelosparticularizan. desempeñan queporlosrasgoslingüísticosoestructurales ello, colectivo pocohomogéneo,sedistinguenmuchomásporlafuncióncomunicativaque deotrosparámetros,pues,altratarsetextosdirigidosaun sidad deinvestigarlosapartir definen. Sin embargo,lasespecificidadesinherentesalostextosturísticosplanteanlanece- quelos losrasgoslingüísticosyestructurales mente confinespedagógicosoinstructivos, textuales desdeunaperspectivasincrónica,conelobjetodeconcretar yanalizar, normal- Tradicionalmente, elInglésparaFines Específicoshaabordado elestudiodelossubgéneros RESUMEN KEY different historicalstages. has undergoneover time,andlookatthediscursivetypologywhichispredominant in of the19 Islands, involvingtextsproducedovervisitors totheCanary aperiodoftimefromtheend For offersadiachronicstudyofcorpustouristtexts aimedat thisreason,article features.in termsoftheircommunicativefunctionthanbypurely linguisticorstructural heterogeneousrangeofconsumers,thesetextsare distinguished moretexts aimedatavery look atthemfromtheperspectiveofdifferent parameters,because,asweare dealingwith teaching objectives.However, to nature oftouristtextsmeansitisnecessary theparticular characteristicsthatdefinethem. structural pedagogicalor This isoftendesignedtosupport from asynchronicperspective,withtheaimofspecifyingandanalyzinglinguistic Traditionally, EnglishforSpecific Purposes hasdealtwiththestudyoftextualsubgenres ABSTRACT THE REPRESENTATIONENGLISH- CANARIES TOTHE THE OF THE

WORDS SPEAKING WORLD: ANANALYSIS OF THE DISCOURSES

XIX th CLAVE century tothepresent day. century The aimistoconsidertheevolutionthatthissubgenre : Discourse, genre, function,touristtexts. hastanuestrosdías,conelfindeindagarenlaevoluciónquehaexperimentado : Discurso, género,función,textosturísticos. 123 R Universidad deLasPalmas deGran Canaria EVISTA Concepción Hernández-Guerra USED IN TOURIST TEXTS USED

DE F Maureen Mulligan ILOLOGÍA , 29;enero2011,pp. 123-139

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 124 century tothebeginningof21 century portation, travelagencies,themeparks, orspas. portation, The functionofanytextinvolving elements cannotbeforgottenastouristtextsincludeso manysectorssuchastrans- pointforacademicresearch butinthecasewearestarting dealingwith,other communication, professional textsandculturalframe. They canbeaninteresting characteristics thatspecifictextsshouldhave: vocabulary, morpho-syntax,discourse, for himthisistoopolysemicaterm.Alcaraz Varó (2007)describesat leastsix He argues thatalthoughsometheoristsprefer todescribeit as «discourseanalysis», sis focusesonlinguisticelementsinorder todevelopaninterpretation ofthetext. volved. Coseriu(2006:11)preferstousetheterm«textuallinguistics»asanaly- based onknowledge notonlyofthestructures butalsotherelevant functionsin- Dijk acknowledges thatathoroughclassificationofthetypesdiscoursemustbe sentences, whichasentencegrammar-approachcannotdealwith.Even so, Van of thesentenceandanalyzesthosecharacteristics,suchasrelationship between such asrhetoricornarrative.For thisreason, atextualgrammar includesthestudy grammar» totalkaboutmerely linguisticcharacteristics,butnototherstructures reference toarangeoftextsare usefulhere. Van Dijk (1991)refers to«textual bullet points. direct address, oflayout,colour, andtheimportance images,logos,symbols,or especially thoseinvolving visualpresentation, vocabulary, useoftheimperativeor In additionwelookattherhetorical andsemiotictechniquestypicalofthesetexts, tenses,adjectives, adverbs,common usesofcertain simpleorcompoundsentences). currency, timezones etc.),andthelinguisticresources involved (includingthemost events, ofhistoricalorfactualinformation(dates,important ages), theimportance typical content(suchasinformationaboutbeachesorgastronomy, mapsorim- evolution aswell asanalysethedifferencesfoundinrecent versions. We identify launched in2010.Aclosereading ofthesetextsaimstoconsidertheirhistorical and 2002respectively, andthefinaltextisanonlinewebsitepromoting theislands, the genre: oneisatravelbookfrom1887,twoare printedguidebooks,from1964 ation ofEnglishtouristsover aperiodoftime. ofthepresentation ofthisdestinationintheimagin- main discoursesthatformpart English-speaking touriststhroughtouristtextsandtravelliterature, andanalyze the how Islands» forconsumptionby theproduct «theCanary hasbeenconstructed English orare translationsfromSpanish toEnglish. In thisway, we canconsider involved intheproductionofthesetexts,whethertheyare originallywrittenin sive analysisofrelevant rhetoricalstrategies,lexicalfieldsandsemioticelements ies, suchastouristbrochures, travelbooksandwebsites,fromtheendof19 themesanddiscoursesfoundintouristtextsEnglishabouttheCanar- important Various authorswhohave dealtwiththequestionofdiscourseanalysis In termsofmethodology, we haveselectedfourtextsasrepresentative of The mainobjective istoofferadiachronicstudyofthemost ofthisarticle 124 1. THEORETICAL APPROACHES1. THEORETICAL st . The aimistoofferadescriptionanddiscur- th 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd etei rfrne,ascae ihpriua uhr rhsoia eid»(.2). aesthetic preferences, authorsorhistoricalperiods»(p. associatedwithparticular the situationalcontextinwhichtextisproduced. That is,«stylefeatures reflect pective, ontheotherhand,takeslinguisticfeaturesasobjectofstudybutwithin ofaformalletter.text withinavariety»,forinstance,thestructure The stylepers- acomplete perspective focuses«ontheconventionalstructures usedtoconstruct genre from style,asheseesbothofthemperspectives ontextvarieties. The genre the reader. Biber (2009)alsooffersaninteresting approachwhenhedistinguishes focus onthelinguisticelementsatallbutrathereffecttextproduces acceptance andcredibility, andguaranteeattractiveness. Aswecansee,shedoesnot functions: toactivateattentionandinterest,guaranteeunderstanding, evoking expectedattitudesanddesired scalesofvalues.Nobs acceptsthefollowing two strategies:argumentative, givingreasons toacceptaproduct; andemotive, aim istoincitethereader toapositivereaction towards thetext. This isdoneusing mind andpsychology (Nobs 2006:63).Languageusedmustbepersuasiveasthe appellative function,asitisfocusedontherecipients ofthetextandtheirworld, discourse;thatis,thereal differencestial fortheconstitutionofevery ineachgenre. is, whiletextualtypologyiswhatestablishesdistinguishingfeaturesthatare essen- adds thatgeneralandspecificfeatures whattext ofatextcanonlyexplainpartially of thelinguisticsignsandsetprocedures typicalofaspecificdiscourse,but Coseriu (2006:2007)distinguishesthree characteristics:vocabulary, interpretation of onetermoranotherwilldependonthereader towhomitisaimed(2007:235). includes technical,semi-technicalandgenerallanguage. The differenceintheuse them maybetoinform,suggest,encourage,state,ordescribe,andthevocabulary W E asrepresentative ofthetext-type asawhole. these texts,whichcanserve the maintendenciesandcharacteristicsofdiscursivenature andfunctionsof above intermsofthesetheoretical approaches. We ofsome offerabriefoverview guidebook inthemodernmeaning,waythatOlivia Stone aimstoencourage the sensethatitisafirstpersonaccountofferingdetails ofarealjourney, anda Islands.ucts relatedtotheCanary The textisacrossbetween travelliterature, in which are forvariousshippingcompanies,hotels andotherprod- advertisements tographs takenbytheauthorandherhusband,a seriesofpagesattheend alone offers477pagesofdensetextthatincludesmaps, illustrationsbasedonpho- XAMPLE ARD &C The commondenominatorinmosttouristtextsistheirfunction,the In thissectionwe proceedtothediscussionoffourtextsmentioned The mostnotablethingaboutthisbookhastobeits length: Volume I 1:

O O ., L LIVIA ONDON THE 19 M.S 2. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION FROM 125 , 1887 TONE TH : CENTURY TO PRESENT DAY T ENERIFE

AND

ITS S IX S ATELLITES

(V OL . 1),M ARCUS

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 126 hesitate toattackSpain whichshesayshas objectivity orneutralitythatarethenorminlatertexts.For exampleshedoesnot giving herown atalltimes,withoutanysenseoftheconventions personalviews individualisticapproachtohersubject;similarlyshehasnoqualmsabout her very Islands)finds onlytwophotographersinthewholeofCanary andthisexplains before bypencilorlens»;we remember thatphotographywasarecent andshe art sense sheisapioneer(onpage17says«we shallbelimningscenesuntouched little ornothingoftheislandseithergeographicallyhistorically»(p. 1).In this hundredamongeducatedpeopleknow little writtenabout«that99outofevery solittleknown andso first paragraphwhere shedescribestheCanariesasacountry the bestwaytotravelinislands.Stone’s justificationforthetripissetoutin other touriststofollow inherfootstepsandprovides practicaladviceconcerning and detailedinformationaboutbotanicalmatters,suchas providing theLatinname we haveseentheprocession» (p. 40).Onamore positive note,sheoffersaccurate such exceedingly foulodour enteredthatwe resolvedtoleave thetown assoon arrangements ofthefondawere villainous.Every timewe openedourdoorwith ance oflocalculture asseenfrom andall:«thesanitary anEnglishperspective,warts Victorian detailandevaluatingtheimport- who is interested incataloguingevery text fromthe15thcentury. The styleingeneralofStone’s textisthatofanerudite from the18thcentury, orthatproducedbytheHakluyt society, atranslationof torical background provided through references toothertextssuchasthatbyGlas Catholic Church. Lord Nelson’s aswell defeatinSanta asthegeneralperceivedevilsof Cruz, the audiencesheisaimingat,whowouldbeinterested indetailsaboutforexample residents thatStone usedtohelphermove becauseof roundtheislandsandpartly on British becauseoftheconnectionswithlocal influenceintheCanaries,partly culture andbeachesasiscommoninmodernguidebooks. There isperhapsafocus logical descriptionofthejourney, ratherthanaseriesofthemessuchasgastronomy, refers followed, onlytoplacereferences andthebookoffersachrono- ortheitinerary styleofthetext. toemphasizetheliterary Bible andthisserves The contentspage references. orthe Atthebeginningofeachchapterthere isaquotationfrompoetry novels, whichaddstothesenseofnarrative aswellassistingthereader infinding British inthestyleof19thcentury page ofthebookthere isaphraseorsummary to thestyle,butwecanpointoutafewkeyelements:attopofeachright-hand Another important elementinthebookisamount of culturalandhis- Another important There issomuchdetailinthebooksthatitimpossibletodoreal justice 2). 1887: the progress advanced bytheirmeans(Stone ofChristianity somarvellously session ofthelandreeking withcarnage,haveblasphemously thankedheavenfor followed untilthe natives havebeenexterminated,andtheconquerorstakingpos- hurled sword andbloodshedhave inhandatthepeacefulaborigines,theircruelty of Mexico andPeru? Wherever Spain andherso-calledChristianityhavebeen of Nemesis, pitilessconquerors itastheruthless, andwhohavesorichlydeserved dwindled intoathird-rate power. It isimpossiblenottobelieveinapracticalkind 126 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd clarify meaning(e.g.« draco for localspecies(e.g.thedragontree isexplainedinafootnoteonp. 68as relations between Gran Canariaand , andevenwithinasingleisland: bedoftheriver»(p.sometimes buildinthevery 184),orwithreference tothebad water inoneyearforaortwo,theytakegrantedthere willnever beany, and foolishaboutthesebarrancos.Becausetheremayhavebeenno islanders arevery problems intheriverbeds causedbyill-plannedconstructions or relation tosomeaspectsofCanarianculture, forexamplewhenshewritesaboutthe culty todramaticeffectbeforegivingherown opinion: of , aimedatwomenandisnotaversetobuildingupthediffi- inparticular 149). not havewrittenthatinit«there isastream (p. ofwaterconstantlyrunning»!» who «musthavebeenmisinformedastothenature oftheIce Cave,or she would Smyth, andcorrects theversionofLadyBrassey (whohadsailedtotheCanaries), when itcomestoothertravellers,asshequotesfromtheexperiencesofMr. Piazzi must havealteredconsiderablysincehisvisit»(p. 151).She isclearlywell-read measured inaccurately, ortheopeningmusthave beenconcealed bysnow, orit ments inafootnote:«Mr. inches,sothateitherhemusthave Alisongivesitasforty the cavemeasuredaboutthirteenandahalffeetbysevenhalf»,com- the Rev. E.Alisonat42º»(p. 143),andlatershedescribesacave: «Theopeningof best describedasbeinganangleof44º,thoughMr. Piazzi Smyth putsitat33º,and raphy ofthearea (e.g.onMount Teide, shemeasuresangles:«Theslopemaybe measurements oftemperatures, heights,distances,timesandfactsaboutthegeog- toherscientificapproachistheemphasisonaccurate 69). Similarly important ). She alsoshows agreat familiaritywithSpanish, andagainusesfootnotesto ises theislandersisnotproductiveofgoodworks,butonly badwords (p. 369). «United, westand;divided,fall.» The unwholesomejealousywhichcharacter- both. The Archipelago oughttostandupononeprinciple,takingforitsmotto off, andbroader, of noblerviewsoflifeactedupon,willendinthedestruction andOrotavais,ho between SantaCruz with theouterworldwill,itishoped,remove this. The envy, hatred, andmalice The miserablejealousybetweenthetwolargeislandsiscontemptible. Contact A finalaspectofinterestinthebookiscriticalvoiceusedbyStone in Bond Street, shewillneverbeabletosee Teide’s culminatingcrater(p. 159). [...], hasconfinedherselfandherlimbswithinthelimitsthatfashionprescribes in the Peak of Tenerife. But ifshehasallherlifeseldomgonebeyond atwalkingpace there isnothingtoprevent amountofnerve, herascending health, withacertain bles over rocks, [...]andifshe’d rowing, bathing,riding,andrunning, beinfair woman hasbeenaccustomedfromheryouth tooutdoor exercise, comprisingscram- to bespokenofasdifficult.»Ishouldinclinedsaybothare wrong[...]ifa be exceeded bytheJorullo, inMexico. Mr. Piazzi Smyth says «theascentoughtnot Humboldt saiditwasoneofthemostdifficultascentshehadevermade,onlyto She considersherreading publicingivingpracticaladvice about theascent 127 Finca, a country housewithgarden andcultivatedland»p. acountry wever, paralyzingandifitbenotthrown barrancos Dracoena : «The

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 128 (32). There are deicticreferences suchas«onourright»or«atthistimeofthe year». Calle short Tenerife, ina fewstepswejointheseaonothersideofIsleta» daytillnoon»,or«cuttingupthe Albareda, marketopenevery withitscolourful as ifweare physicallywalkingdown thestreets:«Now we joinedthebustlingCalle onthehillsbehindport. cemetery The presenttenseisusedtodescribe thecity, such asreferences totheGuanches,history whoonceoccupiedthecavesand Luz, Juan Rejón Avenue, orPrincess Guayarmina (p. 28),aswellaccountoflocal Christopher Columbus,andexplanationsoflocalnamessuchasthePuerto dela over byalaterartist. of thediscovery ofanolderFlemish paintingofthe Virgin thathadbeenpainted asadramaticandmysteriousclimaxtodescription end ofthechapterandserves beautiful picture withanotherfigureofthe Virgin?» (p. 176)whichcomesatthe have beenthereasonwhichhadinducedanunknown paintertoconcealsucha besoclean?»(p.can ahugeport 26),whichsoundsconversational,or «Whatcould Another techniqueusedisthetendencytoposerhetoricalquestionssuchas«How (p. 25).Onp. 70,we have «Ihaveattemptedtocover mostofthepossibleroutes». beyond. Customs, wefindtoourrelief, traveller» donotexistatallfortheordinary the arrivalformalitiesover before we andthetown stoptolookatthefineports informal styleofaddress,suchas«weshall»and«youcan».For example:«Let’s get of thecityandanexplanationastohow tousetheguide. The toneinvolvesadirect, DE L E ing itmaybe,couldbenefitfromadoseofBritish commonsense. and hastheBritish Victorian attitudeto«abroad»: thathowever interesting orcharm- certain namessuchasthe«Generalissimo Dock».certain was here thattheSpanish Civil War maybesaidtohavebegun»(19),aswellin tional fiestaof18July inLasPalmas, fervour iscelebratedwithparticular sinceit Morocco tosethistroopsinactionagainsttheRepublican government. The na- on 18July 1936,thedateonwhichGeneralFranco fromGran flew Canariato which«tookplace near theenddescribing«thelasthistoricaleventofimportance», The factthatthebookwaswrittenin1960sisreflected inoneoftheparagraphs ofLasPalmasChapter 1offersabriefhistory tourist. andtheislandofGran Canaria. about hotels,distancesandclimate),designedtobecarriedinthepocketof (182pagesofmaintextwithsome extra mapsandfactualinformation is short gestions fortripsandactivities,abriefoverview oflocalcultureandhistory. It journey,impersonal stylenotfocusedonaparticular organizationbytheme,sug- the English touristmarket,adoptsthestandard ofthetexttype:aneutral, structure AS XAMPLE G P RAN ALMAS There are historicalreferences, suchasmentionofSir Francis Drake or Stone inlocalissueswhere sheseesfit, hasnoqualmsaboutintervening Chapter 2isentitled This guidebook,writtenwhentheCanarieswere becomingwell-known to 2:E C ANARIA G LIZABETH RAN 128 C , 1964.P ANARIA H ODKINSON » UBLISHED A Tour ofLasPalmas : T

BY OURIST

THE «C G UIDE ENTRO andoffersaninitialdescription

OF

DE G

RAND INICIATIVAS C ANARY

Y

, L TURISMO AS P ALMAS 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd example onp. 69,wefindthefollowing: which are translatedfromtheSpanish andattimes,thesyntaxbetraysthis.For smoked hamsandlocalsausagesfillthestreets withpungentodours»(p. 68). yearsa few back,butabundantstocksofspices,olives,saltedfish,richoil,Canary goes onasithasdoneforhundreds ofyears. Afewmoretinnedgoodsperhapsthan references tothetimelessnessofLasPalmas, forexample:«In thelittleshops,life bothintheemphasisonmodernityofcity, important time isvery aswell the modernworld,whichtheyneitherlikenorunderstand»(p. 68). The subjectof the firstcolonisersare crowded oneagainsttheother, toshoulderout asiftrying use ofmetaphoricallanguage,suchasinthefollowing sentence:«Theoldhousesof (p. someoftheexotic fruit» 59). go intothemarketitselfandtry We canalsoseea on Sunday toseetheexhibitionofdancing»,or«lookcarefully forattractive knives, tive. For example,«adelightfulplacetospendanhourortwobutcomebackagain athoroughvisit». Similarly,hastily asitdeserves thereare examplesoftheimpera- should missthefishponds».Onp. 66,wefind«thismuseummustnotbeviewed front ofthehotelshouldbeseenastheyhavemanyinteresting plants,andnoone in theislandshouldatleastbevisitedforteaonterrace»and«Thegardens in ple, onp. 41,where itsays«TheHotel Santa Catalina,whichisthemostluxurious excellent There isauseofpositiveadjectivessuchas bered inthetext). Pérez Galdós» (p. 166).(In fact,the pagesquotedhere withmistakesare notnum- translation: «In thehousewhere was borntheilustrious Museum, syntaxandspellingmistakescommontoabad involving thedistorted esting matters». This isimmediatelyfollowed byadescriptionofthePérez Galdós there are coursesoflanguages,literature, and manyotherhighlyinter- science,art allurementa new forforeignpeoplewhovisitthe Island «Several yearsagowascreatedinLasPalmas, theCanarianInternational University, lived«Universidadshort Internacional deCanarias»,below whichthetextreads: two different sourcescomesonp. 165,where there forthe istheimageofanadvert in thequotationabove are givenas«miles»intherest ofthetext. the Spanish style:«2000yearsold»iswritten«2.000»onp. 124,andthe«kilometers» . Also notable is the use of modal auxiliary verbs suchas . Alsonotableistheuseofmodalauxiliary Although thetextiswritteningoodEnglish, there are sections certain Another exampleofthewaycompletetextisabadlyeditedmixture of Other errorsinthetextinvolvepunctuationofnumbers,whichfollow long builtover thesea,willconnectLasPalmas (p. 69). withtheport by thepopularnameofMaritimeStreet. This wideavenueofseveralkilometres Street, wasbeatenbytheseanow lookingtobesofaraway...butitisstillknown was onlyabreakwater... therow ofbuildings,whichisnow calledFrancisco Gourie soon,the cityofthesea.Afewyearsago,Parktrict willraise,very ofSt Elmo graph themillionsofsquaremetres gainedover thesea.In thisinmense development fulfilledintheArchipelago. It isimpossibletogatherinaphoto- The CorporationofGran Island themostambitiousschemeof holdsforth Canary 129 splendid , attractive (sic) (sic) Canarian writerBenito . In thisuniversity , should gay , bustling , forexam- (sic) and dis-

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 130 with the Canary Museumwith theCanary goes intosomedetailabouttheGuanches, including workstobefound. locations anddescriptionsofparticular The sectionthatdeals sailing; andlocalmuseumschurches,offeringinformation aboutopeningtimes, following chaptersconsideractive includingtennis,golf, sports, swimmingand describedincludedogracing,football,cockfighting,boxing,Other sports etc. The graphs, andadetaileddescriptionofthescoringsystem andtechniquesinvolved. the descriptionof simple andvaried,well suitedtothesubjectmatterandreading public. quotation ofthree paragraphs: Chapter 5 deals with spectator sports, andseveralChapter 5dealswithspectatorsports, pagesare devotedtodo It isclearfrom thesepassagesthatthesyntaxoforiginaltextisstandard, cones likebeehives (p. 124). some ofthegraves,whichare strangelyshaped,stones being pileduptoform ground isover 2.000 were buriedhere, atonetimeoranother. It isestimated thattheburial right upthemountainonothersideof and alsoaGuanche housethattheowners willletyouvisit. extends The cemetery atinyhamlet3milesfromFataga, atArteara, is aninteresting Guanchecemetery on theinside,awayfromsidethatdropsdowntoformasheerprecipice. There vehiclesthatusetheroadmakeapointofalwaysdriving bend,asthefew on every more likelytoencounterdonkeysonitthananythingelse,hornsshouldbesounded War fortroopreplacements tothecoast.It islittleused,andalthoughyouare The lonelyroad fromFataga toMaspalomas wasbuiltduringtheSpanish Civil sion (p. 122). besieged intherocksthatresemble intosubmis- anaturalfortress andwere starved justbeforefought desperatelyfortheirliberty theirfinalcapitulation. They were Fortaleza —hugeoutcropsofrocksriddledwithcavesfromwheretheGuanches roads,youwillenjoythislongerrouteunsurfaced toAgüimes.It passesnearthe andlonely valley withtowering cragson eitherside.Ifyoulikewildscenery Santa Lucíaanoldabandonedroadturnsofftotheright,goingthroughadeep wouldbemissed.Outside many interesting scenesofvillagelife thatotherwise leavingthemainroadandexploringstreetsit isworth onfoot. You willsee again. Santa Lucíaisapretty littleplace,andasinalmostanyvillagetheisland, ited ontheothersideofroad.But asitwindsupthehill,roadimproves long ago,andacoupleofcottageswere carriedoffinthenightandneatlydepos- The road isratherbadapproachingSanta Lucía,asherethere wasalandslidenot red fromcenturiesofbakingclay(p. 120). little placeintheopenair, surroundedbyorchards, theoldkilncoloured a deep justastheirforefatherson theancientart, did beforethem.It isamostpicturesque which are seenonallthecottageroofsinsouthofisland.Craftsmencarry here ontheleft,justoutsideSan are Bartolomé: madetheredtiny tilefactory tiles —green mountains.Make valleys,littlewhitehamletsandrugged astopatthe If youtaketheroad toSanta Lucía, youwillberewarded withbeautifulscenery However, togiveanexampleofthesyntaxoriginaltext, thisisa 130 Lucha Canaria (sic) yearsold,andonecanseewhitefragmentsofbonesin or Canary Wrestling. orCanary These pagesincludephoto- barranco andliterallythousandsof 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd enous population: descriptions thatare criticaloftheSpanish invasion andflatteringtotheindig- Canaries, «youareliabletofindthatev where theauthorpointsoutthatalthoughallkindsofdrinksmaybeboughtin the tastes oftheBritish touristsarehighlightedinthelastsentenceof chapter, had securedapracticalmonopolyoftheislandswinetrade» (p. 180).Similarly the andEnglishmerchants who didnotwashdown his mealwitha«pintofCanary» there was hardlytion ofCanarianwine:«In the17thcentury anEnglishgentleman from LasPalmas totheprincipaltouristcentres, atableoftheclimatology of Scotchwhiskey...» (p. 182). tothemaingastronomicspecialitiesofCanaries,including kind ofglossary and Wining inLasPalmas», andthisisthelastfullchapterinbook.It offersa galleon boundforGran Canaria»(p. 170). were taken fromSt Paul’s inLondon,underOliver Cromwell andshippedona and thisisthecasewithsomeofgoldreligiousornamentsincathedral. They the English cathedrals,manyofthereligious objectswere soldtoothercountries, whentheRoundheads sacked cription ofthecathedral:«during17thcentury the connectionbetweenCanariesandBritain. Anexamplecomesinthedes- ture, giventhefactthatbookisaimedatanEnglishpublic,andwhichhighlight second journeytoAmerica,andthat: House weare toldhow oneoftheCanariangovernors wentwithColumbusonhis tance oftheCanariesinworldculture; forexampleinthedescriptionofColumbus preciated» (p. 159). The textcontainsmanyexampleswhichemphasizetheimpor- to somuchconfusion)more fullyunderstood,andtheirculture morewidelyap- Islandersdoing agreatdealtomaketheracialoriginsofCanary (oftensubject example: «thesmallgroupofanthropologistsandarchaeologistsatthemuseumare , The finalsectionsofthebookincludealistdistances inkilometres Chapter 8(printedoncheaperpaper)iscalled,ratherstrangely, «Dining Also ofinterest inthetextare thoseelementswhichrelatetoEnglish cul- Islands originallycamefrom intheformofseeds(p. theCanary fruit 164). Columbus tookwithhimfromGran Canaria,andthatmuchofSouth American livestock ofSouth Americatodayisdescendedfromthegoats,cows andsheepthat plants andlivestockfortheNew World. It isalittle-known factthatmuchofthe Canaria, hewasabletoreplenish hissuppliesoffoodandwater, andtakeonboard Islandsvoyages toAmericawithoutusingtheCanary asasteppingstone.In Gran It tosaythathe[Columbus]wouldhavehadlittlesuccessinhis isquitetrue The questionofraceisalsomentionedinaslightlydefensive tone,for was mainlytheearlySpanish whowere guiltyofun-Christianacts(p.157). Guanche lawsdealtfairlywiththepeopleandbehaviourwasofahighstandard. It ity, theycouldnothelpbutadmiretheirsincerityandtotallackofguile. The Spaniards were this«pagan»peopletoChristian- determinedatallcosttoconvert andnobilityarethe storiesofGuanche legion,andeventhoughthefirst bravery , and potaje 131 . There isanotherreference toEnglishculture inthedescrip- en thesmallestgrocercanofferseveralbrands

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 132 E the beginning. corresponds totheSpanish traditionincomingattheendof thebookinsteadofat «short advisestothosewhichare«short fondofbeaches» there isamapofthepicturesGran Canariaagainintroducedbyatranslation: by abilingualpage,ofwhichtheEnglish isagainclearlyatranslation.Finally, part the city, andaseriesofdetailedmapseachdistrictthecitywhichisintroduced island foreachmonth,alistofthehotelsandboarding housesavailable, amapof tion: written; itdoesn’t soundlikeatranslation.Here isanexamplefromtheintroduc- and somepagesare entirely dedicatedtofullcolourphotographs. pageincludesatleastoneimage, inthetextasevery important photographs isvery with theseaand references. Following thiswe seeafullcolourphotoofthedunesMaspalomas page, althoughitisdescribedasan«index»,whichliststhemainsectionswithpage evidently aimedtobepracticalandeasyfollow. This isfollowed byacontents which allthesesymbolsare employed. The impression issomewhatchildlike,though throughout thebook. There isalsoasimplifiedpull-outmapofGran Canaria,in highlighting thepositionofCanaries,andaseriessymbolsthatwillbeused cuisine, etc.Onopeningtheguide,we findamapoftheworldwithaninsert a listofthemainareas covered bytheguide, includingnature,culture, sports, costume. house, aswell asanimageofawomanintraditionalCanary There isalso cal touristimagesofGran Canaria,includinggolf, thedunesandtraditional guide usesayellow backgroundonwhichwecanseesomepostcards showing typi- images ofindigenousplantsagainstasimplewhitebackground,themore recent a widerangeoftourists. Whereas thecover to thepreviousguideincludedthree ofsimplificationandtheuseimagestomakeguideattractive importance XAMPLE the reason whyitisknown asa«miniature continent». With mildtemperatures all of landscape,thisbeingoneGran Canaria’s mostattractivefeaturesandhence respective areaoffersagreat number regions are referred andsouth. Each to,bytheinhabitantsofisland,asnorth separates twovastareas differentiatedbytheirclimateandlandscape. These two tothesouth-east, from the north-west The centralmountainrange,whichruns down tothesea. conical mountain,whosemanyextinctvolcaniccratersand deepravinesradiate (Pico delasNieves, at1949mhigh),givesittheshapeofahuge,deeply eroded, its circularshapeandthelocationofhighestpeakingeographicalcentre of theisland,LasPalmas deGran Canaria. The island’s 1532km²,combinedwith asapanoramicbackgroundthe peninsulaofLaIsleta, tothe capital whichserves Gran known Canariaiscircularinshapewithanappendagetothenorth-east, as In termsofthetext,styleissophisticated,relatively complexandwell In termsoftheinitialimpression givenby thistext,wecanpointoutthe 3: G RAN 132 C ANARIA Faro orlighthouseinthebackground. This predominanceof T OURIST G UIDE : C of differentmicroclimatesandawidevariety ABILDO (sic)

DE , andacontentspage,which G RAN C ANARIA (2002?) 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd Maspalomas, wefind: references tothefact thatareasare protected; forexample,inthesectiondescribing descriptions ofthewayvolcanicactivityformedpartisland,andecological when thecitywassackedbyDutch. Otherreferences includegeographical tacks onthecity, withreferences toDrake andMorgan anddatessuchas1599 ties availableinthiscitydevoted torelaxation» (p. 35). Theme Park) are twomore outstandingfeatures ofthewealthleisure opportuni- find «an18holegolfcourseandafascinating cosmopolitan, cultural universality positive adjectivessuchas: such as: the islandandharshSahara Similarly, desert. wehave theuseofsuperlatives ture betweenthepeaksandcoastordifference betweenthemildclimateof described between andthesouthofisland,difference thenorth intempera- etc. Anotherrhetoricalfeature typicaltothetextisuseofcontrasts,suchasthat positive aspects.For example, essary, forexample«Puerto area)». delaLuz(theport The emphasisisalways onthe tion oftheoriginalSpanish namewithasimpletranslationinEnglish,where nec- Canaria continuethisinformativeandrelatively formalstyle,andofferacombina- example ofdirect address withtheuseof There are alsohistoricalreferences such asadescriptionofpiratesandat- water rangesfrom18°C.(p. 5)[textdoesnotcontinuetofinishthesentence]. The averagetemperatureofGran Canariais22°C. The temperature ofthesea milesfromtheharshSaharais situatedonlyafew Desert. tains whichmakethisislandissounique,especiallyifweconsiderthefactthatit coastal areas. It isthe Trade Winds, theseacurrents andthecombinationofmoun- the snow withthesun,whichshinesin fallssometimeswithoutinterfering ate midlands,orthroughvalleysandsubtropicalforests toreach thepeaks,where year round,itispossibletogo,injustoneday, from warmcoastalareas totemper- Other adjectives andpositivelanguageinclude: visitor alargenumberofpavementcafestowhileawaythetimepeacefully(p. 8). open sea. alongthelengthofbeach,offers The promenade,whichruns ensuring thatthewaterofinnerlagooniscalm,withoutbeingcutofffrom reef known asLaBarraprotectsthewatersofbeachandbreaks thewaves blessing byCanarianpeople. The beachhasnearly4km ofgoldensand,whilea Las CanterasisoneofSpain’s mostattractiveurbanbeaches,andisregarded asa Some typicalfeatures ofthistexttypethatwecanspothere aretheuseof harsh environment(p. 35). Islands,only tobefoundintheCanary andwhichhavemanaged to adaptthis 400 hectares andprovides habitatforanumberofplantspecies,somewhichare the statusofanaturalprotectedarea. The wholearea ofsanddunescovers some an area ofpalmtrees fringingasaltwaterlagoonwhichhasrecently beenawarded The textsdescribingthedifferent areas ofthecityLasPalmas deGran highest , huge, mostattractive features, allyearround, unique 133 panoramic, vast,widevariety, attractive, mild,unique . For exampleinthesectiononMaspalomas, we we. Mundo Aborigen splendid, highlyoriginal, (Aboriginal World . There isalsoan ,

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 134 the following: style becomesrathermore informalinthissectiondealingwithchildren, suchas mation. Here wenotetheuseofbulletpoints,symbols,andmaps. The language dates etc.),cuisine,shopping,markets, andconsularinfor- leisurefacilities,sports vide detailedinformationaboutopeningtimes,addresses, telephonenumbersand on beaches,localfestivals,culturalevents, museums,conferences (allofwhichpro- relevant isthediscourseofarchaeology: facades and«Mudejar- stylecoffered ceilingsandgilded altarpieces»(p. 13);also seen today»(p. 33). is namedafteranoldsugarcanepressing ofwhichcanstillbe machine,theruins the passive,suchas«avisittoitsMuseum ofStone isrecommended» or «thetown ping offinthistownship» (p. or«where thevisitorcanobserve...» 30),ortheuseof 40). In are generalimpersonalstructures employed stop- such as«itisworthwhile, or «Letusreturn toLaAldea...Eventually, we cometothelushpineforest...» (p. Guía» (p. 28),«wewouldrecommend thevisitortomakeseveral detours»(p. 33), tours intheisland,forexample,«thistourwilltakeusthroughmunicipalityof andmore frequentto giveinstructions, useofphrasessuchas guide. For example,thereislessuseoftheimperative,ordirect address with«you», section oftheguide,whichislesspersonalizedandmore neutralthanthe1964 for example,isdealtwithinasingleparagraph.Simple mapsareprovided foreach friends whenyou gethomeanddescribe yourholiday. Althoughtobehonest, camel ride,aminigolfcourseorthemepark?... You willbetheenvyofyour scenery, outavisittoanexotic zoologicalpark,awater whynotalsotry If youare enjoyingholidayswhichwillbeunforgettableforthebeautyof After thesectionsdescribingtoursofisland,there arealsosubsections (p.without theaidofmortar 29). ofthechurch—were cutandassembled later usedintheconstruction perfectly present church. It isknown thatthestonesusedtobuildpalace—whichwere what usedtobethepalaceof surroundings ofthecave,originalsettlementhasemergedclosetosite (Painted Cave),whichwasdiscovered inthe19th century. Littlebylittleinthe was inpre-Hispanic times. The bestknown ofthesesitesistheCueva Pintada [...] richinarchaeologicalsites,demonstratinghow denselypopulatedthearea Another discourseisarchitecture, andthere are references toModernist The textdoesusethefirstpersonplural,forexample,whenitisdescribing ter ofLasPalmas deGran Canaria.»(p. 12). day toapopularflower market,completeourevocativetoolof Vegueta, oldquar- throw from...thepeacefulchurchandsquare ofSanto Sun- Domingo, hostevery the sea...nearby... standstheChurch oftheoldAugustinian convent...astone’s (Columbus House/Museum)... acobbledstreet...leadsoff... parallelto andruns distancefrom SantaAna,behindthecathedral,isCasaMuseoa short deColón Historical references arekepttotheminimum,andoriginofcity, 134 guanartemes , inthesquare justinfrontofthe 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd TUR texts. specialized anddevotedtomore esotericinterests thanisthecasewithprinted special interests, andsoon.Consequentlythetypeoftextwrittencanbefarmore can bedividedupandtargetedintermsofage,gender, economicspendingpower, is nolimittothedetailandmarketprofiling thatmaybeinvolved,sotourists cost andasabookdesignedtobecarriedaroundphysically. For onlinetexts,there were notthecase the textwouldbecomefartoolongtobepractical,intermsof references toallaspectsthatare seentobeofinterestthegeneraltourist.Ifthis possible andconsequentlythetextisinclusivegeneric,withrelatively short ence. In printedtexts,itisclearthattheaimtoreach aswideanaudience audi- sented onceitisonlineconcernsthewaymaterialprofiledtoaparticular the streets. need forprintedmaterialsuchasaguidebook,whilethetouristisactuallywalking or whetherinfactthewebsiteisusedmore inadvanceofthetrip, maintainingthe often touriststotheCanariesactuallyconsultthisinformationwhileinislands, ers, andotherhandhelddevices.However, itwouldbeinteresting tofindouthow access thisinformationwhileonthemove through mobilephones,laptopcomput- websites over more atleast,moderntravellers traditionalmaterial.In can theory that thematerialcanbeconstantlyupdatedandrenewed isalsoanadvantagefor of colourandimagecanoutdoanythingofferedby abookorbrochure, andthefact eos, photographs,blogs,andothermore interactivetechniques. The sheerquality adopting otherkindsofmaterialdesignedtoattractpeople’s attention suchasvid- any amountoftext,images,maps,diagrams,linksandotherinformation,aswell means thatinfacttheyhaveanunlimitedlength.Awebsitecancontainvirtually longer havetobeprintedandare notdesignedtobecarriedaroundphysically span isassumedtobelimited.However, onanotherlevel thefactthattextsno digested tomakethemasappealingpossibletheconsumer, whoseattention are inscribedinthetext.Ononelevel, textsarenow brokenupandeasily short, has produced topromote theCanariesinternationally, we canseehow thesechanges written andpresented. IfweconsiderthewebsitethatCanarianGovernment mation onlineratherthanlookingatprintedbookshaschangedthewaytextsare deal withholidaysandtravel,thefactthatmanypeoplenow search forinfor- E distant professional. between thepotentialtouristandsomeone«inknow», or butnotanexpert as phrasesthatsoundmorelikespeech;theimpression isofafriendlyconversation XAMPLE ,

WWW to come back next year to be able to see everything... (p. 80). to comebacknextyearbeableseeeverything... there are probablytoomanyactivitiesonofferforasinglevisit,andyouwillhave Another aspectthatinvolves changesinthewaytouristmaterialispre- It isclear thatnowadays, theInternet hasrevolutionized thewaypeople Here wefindtheuseofsecondpersonandrhetoricalquestions,aswell 4: . CANARIAS W EBSITE . T ES 135 OURIST ) 2010 B OARD

OF C ANARIAN L OCAL G OVERNMENT (P ROMO -

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 136 bombarding thetouristwithextreme claimsandunquestioningenthusiasm: friendly personintheknow givingadvice,butofaslickprofessionalcompany pages from the points: an informativetext:itispurely appellative,withastridentuseofboldtoemphasize throughculture.ily holidays,suchasreadingholidaysandentertainment your»), aswellreferences toactivitiesthatare deemedsuitableforupmarketfam- points («close,comfortableandsafe»). We alsonotetheuseofdirect address («you, («kids»),emphasisand the repetition ofkey table), aninformalchoiceofvocabulary going today?»),theuseofadjectives(unique,endless,select,safe,modern,unforget- the useofdirect questions(«Whatis that canbeopenedformore information.In termsofthestyletextwenote layout togetacrossasemioticmessageofmodernityandfun,listheadings ages ofchildrenplayingintheseaandlookingatcamels,avibrantusecolour direct question-and-answer sectionexplainingwhat«Family Welcome» isabout,im- volcanoes, indigenousnatureandtraditionalcuisine. houseisnowbeen interested encouragedtolearnabout onlyinastaycountry andtovisitdifferentrange ofwatersports islands,whilesomeonewhowouldhave would havebeeninterested outa simplyinthebeachisnow encouragedtotry range ofactivitiesandeven tostimulatedesire throughassociation:someonewho topromoteawider four categoriesonoffermakeiteasierforthetouristindustry disco intheevening,traditionallyassociatedwithholidaysCanaries. The beyond thetypicalscenarioofsittingonbeachduringdayandgoingto the sensethatthesecategoriessuggestpossibilitiesforholidaywhichgowell people, olderpeopleetc.),andperhapsevenintermsoftheirspendingpatterns, example), intermsoftheirageandsocialgrouping(parentswithchildren, young are natureorhealth,for targetedintermsoftheirinterests(whetherwatersports, Experience» and«Wellness Delight». These different focusesmeanthatmeanstourists divided intofourcategories:«Family Welcome», «Volcanic Experience»,«Watersports terms ofprofiling, the first thingwe noteisthattheholidaysonofferhavebeen food thatisassimpleitexquisite. theirhistoricalandculturalheritage withpopular,served deep-rootedfestivalsand golden beaches scapes, jungle-likeforests, deepcoves withshinyblacksand, IslandsThe Canary boast Probably thekeyword inthetextis«you»;voicenolongerthatofa display allofthemagicanarchipelagothatis Located intheblueandrefreshing watersoftheAtlanticOcean, For someexamplesofthesedifferences inthetexts,wewillconsidersome spring-like climate diversity The languagesoundsmuchmore textthan likethestyleofanadvertising The «Family Welcome» pageoffersalistofbulletpointswithrelated links,a

Promotur and subtropicalrichness;there isanentire universetobeenjoyed ina 136 ... coupledwithalloftheflavorneighborhoodsthathave con-

that lasts website. This textisatranslationfromtheSpanish. In immense white dunes and crystal-clear water immense whitedunesandcrystal-clear twelve monthsoftheyear Islas CanariasFamily Welcome unique throughout theworld . ?», «Where are we volcanoes Canary IslandsCanary , lunarland- , extensive forits 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd language andpracticaldetails,afocusonthoseaspects thatareofmostinterest to friendly format,acolloquialstyle,anattempttobridge twocultures in termsof terial designedtofocusonthemostattractive aspectsofthedestination. oftheusequalityimagesandsemioticpresentationimportance ofthema- tended consumer. In contrast,what hasclearlyincreased mostover timeisthe theinterest ofthesuppliermore than thatofthein- motional material,serving ney. It isnotablethatthemostrecent textsfunctioningas«guides»are reallypro- to offeranythingotherthanapersonal,subjectiveaccountofanindividualjour- focus isonsellingtheislands,notdescribingthem. anytime». There isnoroomhere foracriticalperspective oranoutsider’s the view: ture... more active») ortripleemphasis(«anythingyouwant,asoften want, despite thefactthatindividualtravel writerofthe19 somewhere). tion whenusingnarrativepassages(e.g.historicalevents)ordescription(how toget different readers, whiletheappellativefunctioncanchangetoinformative func- cialists. Different chaptersorsectionshavedifferent stylesasiftheywere aimedat the mostrecent textsappeartohavebeenwritten(andtranslated)byvarious spe- the styleremains thesamethroughoutwholetext,regardless ofitslength;while shifts maybeproducedbecausetheearliertextswere writtenbyasingleauthor, so subject ofculturalevents, forinstance,thestylebecomesrathermore formal. These person voice isusedwhentalkingaboutactualtoursthatcanbetaken,whileonthe advice andsuggestionsaboutwhattodosoundsincreasingly impersonal. The first references are reduced tothebareminimum,whilestyleadoptedwhengiving extent thattheysoundhardly credible. Added tothis,inthelatertexts,historical texts tendtooveruse positiveadjectives,andespeciallyclichédformulas,tothe material haveincommon. us toconsiderwhatdifferent textsfromdifferent periodsdealingwiththesame What theydohaveincommonistheirappellativefunction,andthisfocusenables and according tothemedium inwhichtheyare transmitted(printedoronline). analysis, astheyarecomplexandwide-rangingtextsthatchangebothover time All in all, certain featuresareAll inall,certain typicalofthesetexts,suchastheuseauser- that is also close and safe, with all of the comforts ofa that isalsocloseandsafe,withallofthecomforts experience themostenjoyablevacation intheworldanddiscover anexoticplace Islands,thing youwant,asoftenanytime.In youwill theCanary golf...active way:hiking,paragliding,watersports, IslandsBut are theCanary also Here weseerhetoricaldevicessuchasfalsecomparatives(«closertona- Objectivity isperhapsthequalitythatdisappearsmostnoticeablyover time, In ofsometypicaltextswe thisoverview havealsoseenhow descriptive Tourist textsofferachallengetothetheoretical approaches ofdiscourse 137 3. CONCLUSIONS a perfect place a perfect togetclosernature inamore 365 daysayear th century madefewclaims century European destination toenjoyany- .

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C. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRA AND M. MULLIGAN 138 M H B going tobuyisofthehighestquality. potential visitors,throughthetextsthattheyconsume,product theyare widen itsoffer, whileatthesametimesendmessagetopresenttouristsand in theinternationalmarket21stcentury, itisessentialfortodiversify and asatouristdestinationwhichcancompete lands. If thearchipelagoaimstosurvive their educationandculture, Is- aswelltheirpreconceptions abouttheCanary them, andthishastotakeintoaccounttheirprevious knowledge, theirinterests, ists formamarketwhichgenerateswrittentextualmaterialspeciallydesignedfor more moneyandwhoknow exactlywhattheywantfromtheirtrip. Allthesetour- naries asspecializedpossible,andthusattracttouristswhoare prepared tospend their specificneeds:nowadays there are manyreasons tomakeholidaysintheCa- into increasingly narrowly definedgroupswhichrequire textsthatareadaptedto brochures, press releases,maps,guides,etc.Similarly, thetargetpublicisdivided promotionalvisual texts,adverts, standsinprofessionalinternationaltouristfairs, institutions includesawidevarietyoftexttypes,amongwhichwecanfindaudio- age ofsunandbeach.In additiontothis,therangeoftextsneededbypublic objective istopromoteaproductwhichmore complexthanthetraditionalpack- fields whichare bothincreasingly wide-rangingandmore specialized,sincethe visual, created by theseorganismstoachievethisaimincludediscoursesinvolving interest ofpotential touristswhospeakEnglish. The texts,bothwrittenandaudio- ment, theisland tourist market. LocalCanarianpublicinstitutionssuchasthegovern- the approach couldbevalid forothercultures thatdependonaninternational Islands, though focused onthecaseoftouristtextsproducedinoraboutCanary text. In termsofthe applicationoftheoretical approaches tospecifictexts,wehave ofvisualsupporttothewritten the perceivedtargetaudience,andimportance C A C IBER LCARAZ OSERIU ABILDO ODKINSON ADRID , DouglasC and C , Eugenio andL V

DE Palmas deGran Canaria. Patronato de Turismo. académicas, versity Press. Universidad deMurcia. ÁNOVAS ARÓ G , Elizabeth (1964): RAN , E., M , Sonia (2005): C 138 ANARIA Cabildos Barcelona: Ariel. ATEO ONRAD OUREDA M (2002): , Susan (2009): ARTÍNEZ andthelocaltown councilsare allfightingtogainthe Tourist Guide ofGrand Canary L Semiótica deldiscursopublicitario. Del signoalaimagen AMAS A Tourist Guide toGran Canaria BIBLIOGRAPHY , J.andY , Óscar(2006): Register, Genre andStyle US R R ECIBIDO AMOS Lenguaje ydiscurso, , F. eds.(2007): : julio2010.A , Centro deIniciativas y Turismo Las , Cambridge:CambridgeUni- , LasPalmas deGran Canaria: CEPTADO Las lenguas profesionales y Las lenguasprofesionales Pamplona: Eunsa. : noviembre 2010 , Murcia: 8Cnecó enne topd20/04/2011,11:24 08 ConcepciónHernándezyotro.pmd V P N S TONE ROMOTUR AN OBS D , Marie-Louise (2006): , Olivia (1887): IJK , Teun, (1991): Granada: Comares. 07/2010. , Tourist Board ofLocalGovernment Islands ofCanary Tenerife anditsSix Satellites Estructuras yfuncionesdeldiscurso, 139 La traducción defolletosturísticos¿Quécalidaddemandanlosturistas? , London:Marcus Ward &CoLtd. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno deEspañaeds. . URL:http://www.canarias.es; 5/

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