SATCOM for Net-Centric Warfare October 2012 Milsatmagazine
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ODQN 15-2, April 2011
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News Volume 15, Issue 2 April 2011 United Nations Discusses Space Inside... Debris and Long-Term Sustainability 14th NASA/DoD ODWG Meeting 2 of Activities in Outer Space NASA/DoD Meeting Space Debris has been an agenda item for In 2010 the subject of long-term sustainability on Active Debris each annual meeting of the Scientific and Technical of activities in outer space was added to the Removal 2 Subcommittee of the United Nations’ Committee Subcommittee’s agenda, and a working group was Kessler Receives 2011 on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) formed under a multi-year work plan. At the 2011 Dirk Brouwer Award 2 since 1994. In 1999 the Subcommittee produced meeting of the Subcommittee, terms of reference Russian Launch its first major assessment on the topic, Technical for the working group were established. The Vehicle Stage Reenters Report on Space Debris (Orbital Debris Quarterly objective of the Working Group will be “to examine Over U.S. 3 News, April 1999, pp. 7, 9), followed in 2007 with the and propose measures to ensure the safe and U.S. Commercial Earth establishment of space debris mitigation guidelines sustainable use of outer space for peaceful purposes, Obs Spacecraft Executes (Orbital Debris Quarterly News, April 2007, pp. 1-2). for the benefit of all countries. The Working Group Controlled Reentry 3 During its 48th session in February 2011, the will prepare a report on the long-term sustainability Subcommittee continued its deliberations on space of outer space activities containing a consolidated New Chapter on debris with numerous special presentations, including set of current practices and operating procedures, Space Waste 3 those by the United States, France, the Russian technical standards and policies associated with the Update on LEO Federation, the European Space Agency (ESA), safe conduct of space activities. -
The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J
The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J. LePage November 1998 Introduction of Sputnik 1 and 2 in October and November of 1957 changed everything. At the same time NACA and the USAF were studying manned spaceflight (see The Beginnings of The first Sputnik launches were to affect the manned America's Man in Space Program in the October space program in several ways. The impact the 1998 issue of SpaceViews), comparable efforts were launch of Sputnik 1 had on the West led Soviet quietly taking place independently in the Soviet Primer Nikita Khrushchev to exploit space missions Union . As with virtually every other aspect of the for their propaganda value. Development of more Soviet Union's early space program, Chief Designer advanced and spectacular missions like the manned Sergei P. Korolev and his OKB-1 (Experimental satellite program were immediately approved and Design Bureau No. 1) lead the way. All during the placed on the fast track. Also at the insistence of 1950s when Korolev and his colleague, Mikhail K. Khrushchev, Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog on Tikhonravov of NII-4 (Scientific Research Institute board. While thermal control problems marred the No. 4), were pushing their original Earth satellite mission, it did demonstrate that weightlessness would proposal, it also included plans to send probes to the not be a major hazard for a human (see Sputnik 2: Moon and men into orbit. When the satellite The First Animal in Space in the November 1997 proposal was finally adopted by the Soviet issue of SpaceViews). As a result, Korolev scrapped government on January 30, 1956, the lunar probe and his initial, more conservative approach and moved manned satellite projects were also given the green ahead with a much more aggressive plan. -
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion. -
Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports
Order Code IB93062 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports Updated March 22, 2002 Marcia S. Smith Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress CONTENTS SUMMARY MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS U.S. Launch Vehicle Policy From “Shuttle-Only” to “Mixed Fleet” Clinton Administration Policy U.S. Launch Vehicle Programs and Issues NASA’s Space Shuttle Program Future Launch Vehicle Development Programs DOD’s Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Program Government-Led Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Programs Private Sector RLV Development Efforts U.S. Commercial Launch Services Industry Congressional Interest Foreign Competition (Including Satellite Export Issues) Europe China Russia Ukraine India Japan LEGISLATION IB93062 03-22-02 Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports SUMMARY Launching satellites into orbit, once the Since 1999, projections for launch services exclusive domain of the U.S. and Soviet gov- demand have decreased dramatically, however. ernments, today is an industry in which compa- At the same time, NASA’s main RLV nies in the United States, Europe, China, Rus- program, X-33, suffered delays. NASA termi- sia, Ukraine, Japan, and India compete. In the nated the program in March 2001. Companies United States, the National Aeronautics and developing new launch vehicles are reassessing Space Administration (NASA) continues to be their plans, and NASA has initiated a new responsible for launches of its space shuttle, and “Space Launch Initiative” (SLI) to broaden the the Air Force has responsibility for launches choices from which it can choose a new RLV associated with U.S. -
U S E R M a N U
•Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 1 SOYUZ USER’ S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 - ISSUE 3 - REVISION 0 - APRIL 2001 © Starsem 2001. All rights reserved. •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 2 •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 3 SOYUZ USER’S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 ISSUE 3, REVISION 0 APRIL 2001 FOREWORD Starsem is a Russian-European joint venture founded in 1996 that is charged with the commercialization of launch services using the Soyuz launch vehicle, the most frequently launched rocket in the world and the only manned vehicle offered for commercial space launches. Starsem headquarters are located in Paris, France and the Soyuz is launched from the Baikonour Cosmodrome in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Starsem is a partnership with 50% European and 50% Russian ownership. Its shareholders are the European Aeronautic, Defence, and Space Company, EADS (35%), Arianespace (15%), the Russian Aeronautics and Space Agency, Rosaviacosmos (25%), and the Samara Space Center, TsSKB-Progress (25%). Starsem is the sole organization entrusted to finance, market, and conduct the commercial sale of the Soyuz launch vehicle family, including future upgrades such as the Soyuz/ST. Page3 •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 4 SOYUZ USER’S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 ISSUE 3, REVISION 0 APRIL 2001 REVISION CONTROL SHEET Revision Date Revision No. Change Description 1996 Issue 1, Revision 0 New issue June 1997 Issue 2, Revision 0 Complete update April 2001 Issue 3, Revision 0 Complete update ST-GTD-SUM-01 General modifications that reflect successful flights in 1999-2000 and Starsem’s future development plans. -
Appendix 15B. Tables of Operational Military Satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE*
Appendix 15B. Tables of operational military satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE* Table 15B.1. US operational military satellites, as of 31 December 2002a Common Official Intl NORAD Launched Launch Perigee Apogee Incl. Period name name name design. (date) Launcher site (km) (km) (deg.) (min.) Comments Navigation satellites in medium earth orbit GPS 2-02 SVN 13/USA 38 1989-044A 20061 10 June 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 594 20 787 53.4 718.0 GPS 2-04b SVN 19/USA 47 1989-085A 20302 21 Oct 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 21 204 21 238 53.4 760.2 (Retired, not in SEM Almanac) GPS 2-05 SVN 17/USA 49 1989-097A 20361 11 Dec 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 795 20 583 55.9 718.0 GPS 2-08b SVN 21/USA 63 1990-068A 20724 2 Aug 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 716 20 705 56.2 718.8 (Decommissioned Jan. 2003) GPS 2-09 SVN 15/USA 64 1990-088A 20830 1 Oct 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 978 20 404 55.8 718.0 GPS 2A-01 SVN 23/USA 66 1990-103A 20959 26 Nov 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 764 20 637 56.4 718.4 GPS 2A-02 SVN 24/USA 71 1991-047A 21552 4 July 91 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 927 20 450 56.0 717.9 GPS 2A-03 SVN 25/USA 79 1992-009A 21890 23 Feb 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 913 20 464 53.9 717.9 GPS 2A-04b SVN 28/USA 80 1992-019A 21930 10 Apr 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 088 20 284 54.5 717.8 (Decommissioned May 1997) GPS 2A-05 SVN 26/USA 83 1992-039A 22014 7 July 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 822 20 558 55.9 718.0 GPS 2A-06 SVN 27/USA 84 1992-058A 22108 9 Sep 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 742 20 638 54.1 718.0 GPS 2A-07 SVN 32/USA 85 1992-079A 22231 22 Nov 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 042 20 339 55.7 718.0 GPS 2A-08 SVN 29/USA 87 1992-089A -
Cronología De Lanzamientos Espaciales 1
Cronología de lanzamientos espaciales 1 Cronología de Lanzamientos Espaciales Año 2008 Copyright © 2008 by Eladio Miranda Batlle. All rights reserved. Los textos, imágenes y tablas que se encuentran en esta cronología cuentan con la autorización de sus propietarios para ser publicadas o se hace referencia a la fuente de donde se obtuvieron los mismos. Eladio Miranda Batlle [email protected] Cronología de lanzamientos espaciales 2 Contenido 2008 Enero Thuraya 3 TecSAR 1 Express AM-33 Febrero Progress M-63 STS – 122 (ATLANTIS) COF (Columbus) Thor 2R Kizuna (WINDS) Marzo Jules Verne ATV-1 STS - 123 (Endeavour) JPL (JEM-ELM-PS) USA 200 AMC 14 Navstar – 2RM 6 DirecTV 11 SAR Lupe 4 Abril Soyuz TM-12 ICO G1 C/NOFS Star One C2-VINASAT 1 Tianlian 1 GIOVE-B AAUSAT 2 Amos 3 IMS 1-CanX 2- CanX 6 -Delfi-C3-Rubin 8 AIS-SEEDS 2 CartoSat 2A COMPASS 1 - CUTE-1.7 Mayo Progress M-64 TWINS 2 Galaxy 18 Cosmos 2437-2438-2439-Yubileiny Fengyun 3A STS-124 (Discovery) JPM-PM,Kibo Eladio Miranda Batlle [email protected] Cronología de lanzamientos espaciales 3 Junio Zhongxing 9 Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope- GLAST Skynet 5C- Turksat 3A Orbcomm FM- 37- 38 -39- 40- 41- CDS3 Jason 2 Cosmos 2440 (US-KMO-1) Julio Bard 6-Protostar 1 Echostar 11 SAR Lupe 5 Cosmos 2441(Persona -1) Agosto Traiblazer – PreSat – Nanosail D – Celestis 07 Superbird 7 Inmarsat 4-F3 RapidEye-A-B-C-D-E Septiembre Huan Jing 1A-1B GeoEye1 Progress M-65 Nimiq 4 Galaxy 19 Glonass 724-725-726(Kosmos 2442-2443-2444 Shenzhou 7 Demosat/Falcon 1 Octubre THEOS Soyuz TMA-13 IBEX Chandrayan 1 Shi Jian 6 (SJ 6A-6B) COSMO-Skymed (3 ) VENESAT 1 (Simón Bolivar 1) Noviembre SY 3 (TS 1, 2, 3) CX-1(2) (Chuang Xin 1) Astra 1M Kosmos 2445. -
Human Spaceflight Plans of Russia, China and India
Presentation to the Secure World Foundation November 3, 2011 by Marcia S. Smith Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC and SpacePolicyOnline.com “Civil” Space Activities in Russia “Civil” space activities Soviet Union did not distinguish between “civil” and “military” space programs until 1985 Line between the two can be quite blurry For purposes of this presentation, “civil” means Soviet/Russian activities analogous to NASA and NOAA (though no time to discuss metsats today) Roscosmos is Russian civil space agency. Headed by Army General (Ret.) Vladimir Popovkin Recent reports of $3.5 billion budget, but probably does not include money from US and others 11-03-11 2 Key Points to Take Away Space cooperation takes place in the broad context of U.S.-Russian relations Russia may not be a superpower today, but it is a global power and strategically important to the United States Complex US-Russian relationship, as New START and INKSNA demonstrate Russian space program modest by Soviet standards, but Retains key elements Leverages legacy capabilities for current activities and commercial gain Is a global launch service provider from four launch sites from Arctic to equator Proud history of many space “firsts,” but also tragedies and setbacks U.S.-Soviet/Russian civil space relationship has transitioned from primarily competition to primarily cooperation/interdependence today Cooperation not new, dates back to 1963, but much more intensive today U.S. is dependent on Russia for some things, but they also need us Bold dreams endure as Mars 500 demonstrates 11-03-11 3 Today is 54th Anniversary of First Female in Space 11-03-11 4 Just One of Many “Firsts” First satellite (Sputnik, Oct. -
WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 2013 Version: 1 January 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman
WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 2013 Version: 1 January 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman The spacecraft are listed, in the first instance, in the order of their International Designation, resulting in, with some exceptions, a date order. Spacecraft which did not receive an International Designation, being those spacecraft which failed to achieve orbit or those which were placed in a sub orbital trajectory, have been inserted in the date order. For each spacecraft the following information is provided: a. International Designation and NORAD number For each spacecraft the International Designation, as allocated by the International Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), has been used as the primary means to identify the spacecraft. This is followed by the NORAD catalogue number which has been assigned to each object in space, including debris etc., in a numerical sequence, rather than a chronoligical sequence. Normally no reference has been made to spent launch vehicles, capsules ejected by the spacecraft or fragments except where such have a unique identification which warrants consideration as a separate spacecraft or in other circumstances which warrants their mention. b. Name The most common name of the spacecraft has been quoted. In some cases, such as for US military spacecraft, the name may have been deduced from published information and may not necessarily be the official name. Alternative names have, however, been mentioned in the description and have also been included in the index. c. Country/International Agency For each spacecraft the name of the country or international agency which owned or had prime responsibility for the spacecraft, or in which the owner resided, has been included. -
Russian Military Space Program
Yesterday, today and tomorrow By Anatoly Zak Nov. 3, 2011 Origin of the Soviet military space program Key dates • 1954: Official start of ICBM development • 1955: Foundation of the Tyuratam test range • 1957: Beginning of ICBM tests Pecuilarities No really separate civilian space program or a civilian space agency in existence All activities led by Ministry of Defense Original ICBM 1955: Tyuratam test range foundation Origin of Sputnik • A “civilian” Sputnik project originated as a small extension of the ICBM development program • Minor modifications of R-7 ICBM were required to launch the satellite • All Sputnik launch and tracking activities were conducted by the military • While Sputnik captured world’s imagination, its vehicle remains in the shadows for a decade due to its military nature Origins of manned spaceflight • A manned spacecraft shares all key design features with a proposed reconnaissance satellite. • Military roles are sought for manned spaceflight to ensure military funding and support • Crew training managed by the Air Force Zenit and Vostok Growth of military space program • 1960: To manage space activities, the 3rd Directorate within the Chief Directorate of the Rocket Armaments was organized within Ministry of Defense • 1964: Central Directorate of Space Assets, TsUKOS • 1970: Chief Directorate of Space Assets, GUKOS • 1985-1986: GUKOS separated from RVSN and subordinated directly to the Minister of Defense, creating Chief Directorate of Space Assets, UNKS. A unified Space Command was organized to launch and track -
List of Russian Space Launch Vehicle Failures Since Dec. 2010
Fact Sheet Updated March 25, 2019 LIST OF RUSSIAN SPACE LAUNCH FAILURES SINCE DEC. 2010 Russia’s once reliable fleet of space launch vehicles began a string of failures beginning in December 2010 that has created significant consternation in Russia’s space program and brought about firings and reorganizations, but the failures continue. Following is a list, with links to SpacePolicyOnline.com articles where available. • December 2010, Proton-Block DM, upper stage failure, three Russian GLONASS navigation satellites lost • February 2011, GEO-IK2, Rokot-Briz, upper stage failure, Russian geodetic satellite stranded in transfer orbit • August 2011, Ekspress AM-4, Proton-Briz, upper stage failure, Russian communications satellite stranded in transfer orbit • August 2011, Progress M-12M (called Progress 44 by NASA), Soyuz U-Fregat, third stage failure due to clogged fuel line, Russian cargo spacecraft for International Space Station lost • November 2011, Phobos-Grunt, Zenit-Fregat, upper stage failure, Russian Mars-bound spacecraft stranded in Earth orbit • December 2011, Soyuz 2.1a, third stage failure, Russian Meridian military communication satellite lost • August 2012, Proton-Briz, upper stage failure, Russian Ekspress-MD2 and Indonesian Telkom-3 communications satellites stranded in transfer orbit • December 2012, Proton-Briz, upper stage failure, Russian Yamal 402 communications satellite delivered to wrong orbit. • January 2013, Rokot-Briz KM, upper stage failure. Three Russian Strela military communications satellites incorrectly placed -
Space Security 2004 V2
Space Security 2004 Space “I know of no similar yearly baseline of what is happening in space. The Index is a valuable tool for informing much-needed global discussions of how best to achieve space security.” Professor John M. Logsdon Director, Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affair, George Washington University “Space Security 2004 is a salutary reminder of how dependent the world has become on space- based systems for both commercial and military use. The overcrowding of both orbits and frequencies needs international co-operation, but the book highlights some worrying security trends. We cannot leave control of space to any one nation, and international policy makers need to read this excellent survey to understand the dangers.” Air Marshal Lord Garden UK Liberal Democrat Defence Spokesman & Former UK Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff Space Security “Satellites are critical for national security. Space Security 2004 is a comprehensive analysis of the activities of space powers and how they are perceived to affect the security of these important assets and their environment. While all may not agree with these perceptions it is 2004 essential that space professionals and political leaders understand them. This is an important contribution towards that goal.” Brigadier General Simon P. Worden, United States Air Force (Ret.) Research Professor of Astronomy, Planetary Sciences and Optical Sciences, University of Arizona “In a single source, this publication provides a comprehensive view of the latest developments in space, and the trends that are influencing space security policies. As an annual exercise, the review is likely to play a key role in the emerging and increasingly important debate on space security.