DOCSLIB.ORG

Space Security 2004 V2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Space Security 2004 V2 Space Security 2004 Space “I know of no similar yearly baseline of what is happening in space. The Index is a valuable tool for informing much-needed global discussions of how best to achieve space security.” Professor John M. Logsdon Director, Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affair, George Washington University “Space Security 2004 is a salutary reminder of how dependent the world has become on space- based systems for both commercial and military use. The overcrowding of both orbits and frequencies needs international co-operation, but the book highlights some worrying security trends. We cannot leave control of space to any one nation, and international policy makers need to read this excellent survey to understand the dangers.” Air Marshal Lord Garden UK Liberal Democrat Defence Spokesman & Former UK Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff Space Security “Satellites are critical for national security. Space Security 2004 is a comprehensive analysis of the activities of space powers and how they are perceived to affect the security of these important assets and their environment. While all may not agree with these perceptions it is 2004 essential that space professionals and political leaders understand them. This is an important contribution towards that goal.” Brigadier General Simon P. Worden, United States Air Force (Ret.) Research Professor of Astronomy, Planetary Sciences and Optical Sciences, University of Arizona “In a single source, this publication provides a comprehensive view of the latest developments in space, and the trends that are influencing space security policies. As an annual exercise, the review is likely to play a key role in the emerging and increasingly important debate on space security. It is a balanced account which should aid decision making and enlighten discussion by politicians, militaries, diplomats and journalists on important Security.org Space issues such as managing the space debris hazard or decisions on the deployment of space-based weapons.” Mr. Philip E. Coyle Senior Advisor, Center for Defense Information, Former Assistant Secretary of Defense and Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, US Department of Defense Space Security.org Space Security 2004 Simon Collard-Wexler Jessy Cowan-Sharp Sarah Estabrooks Amb. Thomas Graham Jr. Dr. Robert Lawson Dr. William Marshall Space Security.org Space Security.org Published in Waterloo, ON ISBN 0-920231-35-7 Design and layout by the York Centre for International and Security Studies (YCISS) and In House Printing Services Printed in Toronto by Northview Press Ltd. Table of Contents Acronyms I Introduction V Executive Summary VII Chapter 1: The Space Environment 1 Chapter 2: Space Security Laws, Policies, and Doctrines 21 Chapter 3: Civil Space Programs and Global Utilities 41 Chapter 4: Commercial Space 63 Chapter 5: Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations 81 Chapter 6: Space Systems Protection 101 Chapter 7: Space Systems Negation 121 Chapter 8: Space-Based Strike Weapons 137 Endnotes 149 Annex A: Methodology 185 Annex B: Expert Participation 187 Acronyms Acronyms ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ASAT Anti-Satellite Weapon ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle AWS Advanced Wideband System BMD Ballistic Missile Defense CBM Confidence Building Measures CD Conference on Disarmament CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales CONUS Continental United States COPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space COSPAR-SARSAT Committee On Space Research – Search and Rescue Satellite- Aided Tracking CSA Canadian Space Agency CSRS Counter Surveillance Reconnaissance System DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DBS Direct Broadcasting by Satellite DOD United States Department of Defense DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System DSP Defense Support Program EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle EHF Extremely High Frequency EKV Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle ESA European Space Agency EU European Union FALCON Force Application and Launch from the Continental United States FCC United States Federal Communications Commission FMCT Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty FOBS Fractional Orbital Bombardment System GEO Geostationary Orbit GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GPS Global Positioning System HAND High Altitude Nuclear Detonation HEO Highly Elliptical Orbit IADC Inter-Agency Debris Coordinating Committee ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ILS International Launch Services INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium ISO International Organization for Standardization I Space Security 2004 ISRO Indian Space Research Organization ISS International Space Station ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulation ITU International Telecommunication Union LEO Low Earth Orbit MDA Missile Defense Agency MEO Medium Earth Orbit MIRACL Mid Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser MKV Miniature Kill Vehicle MOST Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars MPX Micro-satellite Propulsion Experiment MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NFIRE Near-Field Infrared Experiment NMD National Missile Defense NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD North American Aerospace Defense command NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ORS Operationally Responsive Spacelift OST Outer Space Treaty PAROS Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space PEIS Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement PSN Indonesia Pasifik Satellite Nusantara QZSS Quazi-Zenith Satellite System RAIDRS Rapid Attack Identification Detections Reporting System RAMOS Russian-American Observation Satellite Program RFTWARS Radio Frequency, Threat Warning, and Attack Reporting SAINT Satellite Interceptor SALT Strategic Arms Limitations Talks SAR Search And Rescue SBI Space-Based Interceptors SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System SBL Space-Based Laser SBSS Space-Based Surveillance System SBSW Space-Based Strike Weapon SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SHF Super High Frequency SMV Space Maneuver Vehicle SSN Space Surveillance Network SSS Space Surveillance System STSS Space Tracking and Surveillance System SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission TSat Transformational Satellite Communications system II Acronyms UHF Ultra High Frequency UN United Nations UNGA United Nations General Assembly US Unites States of America USAF United States Air Force USML United States Munitions List USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics XSS Experimental Spacecraft System III Space Security 2004 IV Introduction Introduction History may well judge 2004 to have been a watershed year for space security. It marked the first privately funded launch of a person into space to win the “X Prize.” Commercial space revenues exceeded $100 billion for the first time in 2004. The US articulated a bold new vision for human space flight back to the Moon and on to Mars. China completed more space launches than any previous year. The resolution of the EU/US dispute over Galileo/Global Positioning System frequency allocation in 2004 opened the way for further development of an unprecedented global utility that has become essential to millions of civil, commercial, and military space actors and applications. In a few years, the US will have as much invested in space as it does in Europe. Under the Outer Space Treaty, space is open to everyone and belonging to no one. Space is also a global commons that borders every community on Earth and secure access to and use of space has been critical to its development as a new center of strategic social, economic, and military power. Space has also become a critical part of our national and international infrastructure; it supports our medical systems, our public services, our communications systems, our financial institutions, and our militaries. Indeed, today it is difficult to imagine our societies and economies functioning without the support of space-based assets. However, the dynamics of space security remain poorly understood. Space is uniquely fragile as an environment and the resources of Earth’s orbital space are limited. It is not clear how we can best balance today’s competing civil, commercial, and military interests against the need for sustainable uses of space that will ensure its utility for future generations. Building upon research first developed for a 2003 pilot project, Space Security 2004 provides the first comprehensive set of assessments of the longer term trends and annual developments that shape the dynamics of space security, defined as secure and sustainable access to and use of space, and freedom from space-based threats.We hope that this annual Space Security series will become the basic public source for legislators, researchers, officials, and commentators when they discuss space security. Space Security 2004 is based wholly on open source material which does impose some unavoidable limitations. For example, our analysis is inevitably more focused on those states and other actors that publish more about their space activities. We have tried to be as objective as possible, both in presenting the facts contained in this volume and in providing assessments of trends and developments. In the interest of transparency, details on the methodology used for this study can be found in Annex A. However, assessments of the impact of these trends and developments upon space security
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kaluza-Klein Gravity, Concentrating on the General Rel- Ativity, Rather Than Particle Physics Side of the Subject
    Kaluza-Klein Gravity J. M. Overduin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 3P6 and P. S. Wesson Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 and Gravity Probe-B, Hansen Physics Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. 94305 Abstract We review higher-dimensional unified theories from the general relativity, rather than the particle physics side. Three distinct approaches to the subject are identi- fied and contrasted: compactified, projective and noncompactified. We discuss the cosmological and astrophysical implications of extra dimensions, and conclude that none of the three approaches can be ruled out on observational grounds at the present time. arXiv:gr-qc/9805018v1 7 May 1998 Preprint submitted to Elsevier Preprint 3 February 2008 1 Introduction Kaluza’s [1] achievement was to show that five-dimensional general relativity contains both Einstein’s four-dimensional theory of gravity and Maxwell’s the- ory of electromagnetism. He however imposed a somewhat artificial restriction (the cylinder condition) on the coordinates, essentially barring the fifth one a priori from making a direct appearance in the laws of physics. Klein’s [2] con- tribution was to make this restriction less artificial by suggesting a plausible physical basis for it in compactification of the fifth dimension. This idea was enthusiastically received by unified-field theorists, and when the time came to include the strong and weak forces by extending Kaluza’s mechanism to higher dimensions, it was assumed that these too would be compact. This line of thinking has led through eleven-dimensional supergravity theories in the 1980s to the current favorite contenders for a possible “theory of everything,” ten-dimensional superstrings.
    [Show full text]
  • SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE
    SPACE RESEARCH IN POLAND Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2020 Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) ISBN 978-83-89439-04-8 First edition © Copyright by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Warsaw, 2020 Editor: Iwona Stanisławska, Aneta Popowska Report to COSPAR 2020 1 SATELLITE GEODESY Space Research in Poland 3 1. SATELLITE GEODESY Compiled by Mariusz Figurski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Paweł Wielgosz, and Anna Krypiak-Gregorczyk Introduction This part of the Polish National Report concerns research on Satellite Geodesy performed in Poland from 2018 to 2020. The activity of the Polish institutions in the field of satellite geodesy and navigation are focused on the several main fields: • global and regional GPS and SLR measurements in the frame of International GNSS Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), European Reference Frame Permanent Network (EPN), • Polish geodetic permanent network – ASG-EUPOS, • modeling of ionosphere and troposphere, • practical utilization of satellite methods in local geodetic applications, • geodynamic study, • metrological control of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, • use of gravimetric satellite missions, • application of GNSS in overland, maritime and air navigation, • multi-GNSS application in geodetic studies. Report
    [Show full text]
  • Space: the Luttc Ered Frontier Christopher D
    Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 60 | Issue 4 Article 6 1995 Space: The luttC ered Frontier Christopher D. Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Christopher D. Williams, Space: The Cluttered Frontier, 60 J. Air L. & Com. 1139 (1995) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol60/iss4/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. SPACE: THE CLUTTERED FRONTIER CHRISTOPHER D. WILIAMs TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1140 II. OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM ................ 1141 A. AMOUNT OF DEBRIS .......................... 1141 B. TYPES OF DEBRIS ............................. 1142 C. RISKS OF SPACE DEBRIS ....................... 1144 1. Damage Caused by Space Debris ............ 1144 2. Probability of Collisions With Space Debris ... 1144 3. Interference Caused by Space Debris.......... 1146 III. DEFINING SPACE DEBRIS ..................... 1147 A. WHAT IS A SPACE OBJECT? .................... 1147 B. WHAT IS SPACE DEBRIS? ...................... 1149 IV. INTERNATIONAL LAW PROVISIONS .......... 1151 A. OUTER SPACE TREATY ........................ 1151 1. Article I-General Principles................ 1152 2. Article II-Appropriation Theory ............ 1152 3. Article VI and Article VII-Responsibility and Liability .............................
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Gravity Probe B? a Quest for Experimental Truth the GP-B Flight
    What is Gravity Probe B? than Gravity Probe B. It’s just a star, a telescope, and a spinning sphere.” However, it took the exceptional collaboration of Stanford, Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a NASA physics mission to experimentally MSFC, Lockheed Martin and a host of others more than four decades investigate Einstein’s 1916 general theory of relativity—his theory of gravity. to develop the ultra-precise gyroscopes and the other cutting- GP-B uses four spherical gyroscopes and a telescope, housed in a satellite edge technologies necessary to carry out this “simple” experiment. orbiting 642 km (400 mi) above the Earth, to measure, with unprecedented accuracy, two extraordinary effects predicted by the general theory of rela- The GP-B Flight Mission & Data Analysis tivity: 1) the geodetic effect—the amount by which the Earth warps the local spacetime in which it resides; and 2) the frame-dragging effect—the amount On April 20, 2004 at 9:57:24 AM PDT, a crowd of over 2,000 current and by which the rotating Earth drags its local spacetime around with it. GP-B former GP-B team members and supporters watched and cheered as the tests these two effects by precisely measuring the precession (displacement) GP-B spacecraft lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base. That emotionally angles of the spin axes of the four gyros over the course of a year and com- overwhelming day, culminating with the extraordinary live video of paring these experimental results with predictions from Einstein’s theory. the spacecraft separating from the second stage booster meant, as GP-B Program Manager Gaylord Green put it, “that 10,000 things went right.” A Quest for Experimental Truth Once in orbit, the spacecraft first underwent a four-month Initialization The idea of testing general relativity with orbiting gyroscopes was sug- and Orbit Checkout (IOC), in which all systems and instruments were gested independently by two physicists, George Pugh and Leonard Schiff, initialized, tested, and optimized for the data collection to follow.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisatellite Systems the Nation's First Operational Antisatellite Weapon System Was Known As Program 505
    This group photo, taken in 1968, shows 14 of the 17 MOL astronauts. The first group of eight astronauts was selected in November 1965, the second group of five in June 1966, and the third group of four in June 1967. Following cancellation of the MOL program, seven of the former MOL astronauts became astronauts for NASA, and three later attained general officer or admiral rank. James Abrahamson (top right) became a lieutenant general and Director of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization. Robert Herres (top left) became a four-star general and Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Space Command. Richard Truly (bottom right) became a vice admiral and head of the U.S. Naval Space Command. After retiring from the Navy, Admiral Truly joined NASA, serving first as Associate Administrator for Space Flight and later as Administrator. Antisatellite Systems The nation's first operational antisatellite weapon system was known as Program 505. It was developed by the U.S. Army, using Nike Zeus missiles originally designed for an anti-ballistic-missile role. The Army based the missiles on Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific, conducted tests, and declared the system operational on 1 August 1963. Secretary of Defense McNamara at first kept the system on alert but abandoned it in favor of the Air Force’s antisatellite system in 1964. The Air Force’s antisatellite system was brought into being by Space Systems Division during late 1963 and early 1964. A ground-based system known as Program 437, it employed Thor missiles with nuclear warheads which could be shot into space accurately enough to destroy or disable a hostile space-based weapon or satellite.
    [Show full text]
  • Outer Space in Russia's Security Strategy
    Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy Nicole J. Jackson Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 64/2018 | August 2018 Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 64/2018 2 The Simons Papers in Security and Development are edited and published at the School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University. The papers serve to disseminate research work in progress by the School’s faculty and associated and visiting scholars. Our aim is to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the series should not limit subsequent publication in any other venue. All papers can be downloaded free of charge from our website, www.sfu.ca/internationalstudies. The series is supported by the Simons Foundation. Series editor: Jeffrey T. Checkel Managing editor: Martha Snodgrass Jackson, Nicole J., Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy, Simons Papers in Security and Development, No. 64/2018, School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, August 2018. ISSN 1922-5725 Copyright remains with the author. Reproduction for other purposes than personal research, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), the title, the working paper number and year, and the publisher. Copyright for this issue: Nicole J. Jackson, nicole_jackson(at)sfu.ca. School for International Studies Simon Fraser University Suite 7200 - 515 West Hastings Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6B 5K3 Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy 3 Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy Simons Papers in Security and Development No.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Systems
    Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • SIGINT: the Mission Cubesats Are Made for a Small Country’S Perspective
    Naval Research Laboratory 22 June 1960 SIGINT: The Mission CubeSats are Made For A Small Country’s Perspective 32nd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites 1 ISIS - Innovative Solutions In Space Vertically Integrated Small Satellite Company SATELLITE CUBESAT LAUNCH SERVICES R&D SERVICES SOLUTIONS PRODUCTS 2 SIGINT – ELINT – Spectrum Monitoring SIGINT SpectrumCOMINT Monitoring ELINT FISINT/TELINT TECHNICAL OPERATIONAL • Discover new systems • Location • Details about emissions • Schedule • Performance estimation • Movement • ECM development • Warning 3 Spectrum Monitoring Causes of Interference Source: Eutelsat briefing to the ITU (2013) 4 Miniturization 5 ELINT: Single-Satellite Solution Lotos-S/Pion-NKS 8 - 12 m Images courtesy of RussianSpaceWeb 6 ELINT: Direction Finding Direction of Arrival/Angle of Arrival 7 Fundamental Limits Why the Shrink-Ray Won’t Work Size has effect on direction finding accuracy because of: • Antenna gain (i.e. SNR) • Number of array elements that can be placed • Array element spacing A 6U-face of CubeSat offers very limited real estate Images courtesy of NASA 8 BRIK-II Royal Netherlannds Air Force 9 ELINT: Multi-Satellite Solution Naval Ocean Surveillance System Picture by John C. Murphy 10 Capacité de Renseignement Electromagnétique Spatiale (CERES) 781 M€ Essaim 216 M€ 2004 Elisa 115 M€ 2007 2009 2011 CERES 450 M€ 2013 2015 2020 Images courtesy of CNES 11 Miniturization through Distribution Opening Up The Trade Space Number of satellites in orbit Image courtesy of the Science and Technology Policy Institute 12 Radio Astronomy An Intransparent Affair 13 Orbiting Low Frequency Antennas for Radio Astronomy < 100 km > 50 satellites = 0.006° (30 MHz) 14 Maturing CubeSats for ELINT/Spectrum Monitoring & Astronomy Development Areas Station-Keeping ISL & Synchronization 2-100 Satellites Relative Position Knowledge From A.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights in Space 2010
    International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Paths of Heaven the Emergence of Space Power Thought
    Beyond the Paths of Heaven The Emergence of Space Power Thought A Comprehensive Anthology of Space-Related Master’s Research Produced by the School of Advanced Airpower Studies Edited by Bruce M. DeBlois, Colonel, USAF Professor of Air and Space Technology Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama September 1999 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond the paths of heaven : the emergence of space power thought : a comprehensive anthology of space-related master’s research / edited by Bruce M. DeBlois. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Astronautics, Military. 2. Astronautics, Military—United States. 3. Space Warfare. 4. Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College. School of Advanced Airpower Studies- -Dissertations. I. Deblois, Bruce M., 1957- UG1520.B48 1999 99-35729 358’ .8—dc21 CIP ISBN 1-58566-067-1 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. ii Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii OVERVIEW . ix PART I Space Organization, Doctrine, and Architecture 1 An Aerospace Strategy for an Aerospace Nation . 3 Stephen E. Wright 2 After the Gulf War: Balancing Space Power’s Development . 63 Frank Gallegos 3 Blueprints for the Future: Comparing National Security Space Architectures . 103 Christian C. Daehnick PART II Sanctuary/Survivability Perspectives 4 Safe Heavens: Military Strategy and Space Sanctuary . 185 David W. Ziegler PART III Space Control Perspectives 5 Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance .
    [Show full text]
  • Space Debris
    IADC-11-04 April 2013 Space Debris IADC Assessment Report for 2010 Issued by the IADC Steering Group Table of Contents 1. Foreword .......................................................................... 1 2. IADC Highlights ................................................................ 2 3. Space Debris Activities in the United Nations ................... 4 4. Earth Satellite Population .................................................. 6 5. Satellite Launches, Reentries and Retirements ................ 10 6. Satellite Fragmentations ................................................... 15 7. Collision Avoidance .......................................................... 17 8. Orbital Debris Removal ..................................................... 18 9. Major Meetings Addressing Space Debris ........................ 20 Appendix: Satellite Break-ups, 2000-2010 ............................ 22 IADC Assessment Report for 2010 i Acronyms ADR Active Debris Removal ASI Italian Space Agency CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (France) CNSA China National Space Agency CSA Canadian Space Agency COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations DLR German Aerospace Center ESA European Space Agency GEO Geosynchronous Orbit region (region near 35,786 km altitude where the orbital period of a satellite matches that of the rotation rate of the Earth) IADC Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee ISRO Indian Space Research Organization ISS International Space Station JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency LEO Low
    [Show full text]
  • NANOSAT 1B COMUNICACIONES Orbita NANOSAT 1B
    COMMUNICATIONS NANOSAT 1B COMUNICACIONES Orbita NANOSAT 1B Tipo: Polar heliosíncrona Keflavik Altura: 660 km. ANTARCTICA Inclinación: 98º INTA Madrid El Arenosillo ANTARTIDA Izaña Pune NANOSAT 1B NANOTECNOLOGIA Buenos Aires NANOTECHNOLOGY Usuhaia Marambio Belgrano una nueva filosofía de diseño Estaciones INTA INTA stations Estación Antártica Belgrano Belgrano Antarctic Station para sistemas espaciales Comunicaciones con la Antártida Communications with Antarctica Gracias a su órbita polar el NANOSAT 1B viene a sustituir a su ante- Thanks to his polar orbit, the NANOSAT 1B will replace his predecessor, cesor, el NANOSAT 01, para enlazar el INTA en Madrid con estaciones the NANOSAT 01, in order to link INTA-Madrid with scientific stations in científicas en lugares remotos como las situadas en la Antártida. remote places as the ones in the Antarctica. Los satélites geoestacionarios de comunicaciones no cubren esas (The geostationary communications satellites do not cover extreme latitudes extremas. latitudes.) A new philosophy for space systems design www.inta.es www.inta.es COMMUNICATIONS Carga útil de NANOSAT 1B NANOSAT 1B Payload NANOSAT 1B es un nanosatélite, pesa menos de 20 kg y mide COMUNICACIONES menos de medio metro de lado. Tiene forma hexagonal y va cu- LDT, Las Dos Torres bierto de paneles solares igual que su antecesor el NANOSAT Desarrollado totalmente por el INTA, es un detector de proto- 01 al que toma el relevo al acabar su vida útil. nes de alta energía que servirá para caracterizar el ambiente ANTARCTICA espacial en este rango de radiación. ANTARTIDA Incorpora como novedad en su carga útil: NANOSAT 1B it is a nanosatellite that weights about 20 kg and LDT, The Two Towers Totally developed by INTA, is a high energy protons detector which will measures less than half a meter side.
    [Show full text]