SEER for Hardware's Cost Model for Future Orbital Concepts (“FAR OUT”)
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Kaluza-Klein Gravity, Concentrating on the General Rel- Ativity, Rather Than Particle Physics Side of the Subject
Kaluza-Klein Gravity J. M. Overduin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 3P6 and P. S. Wesson Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 and Gravity Probe-B, Hansen Physics Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. 94305 Abstract We review higher-dimensional unified theories from the general relativity, rather than the particle physics side. Three distinct approaches to the subject are identi- fied and contrasted: compactified, projective and noncompactified. We discuss the cosmological and astrophysical implications of extra dimensions, and conclude that none of the three approaches can be ruled out on observational grounds at the present time. arXiv:gr-qc/9805018v1 7 May 1998 Preprint submitted to Elsevier Preprint 3 February 2008 1 Introduction Kaluza’s [1] achievement was to show that five-dimensional general relativity contains both Einstein’s four-dimensional theory of gravity and Maxwell’s the- ory of electromagnetism. He however imposed a somewhat artificial restriction (the cylinder condition) on the coordinates, essentially barring the fifth one a priori from making a direct appearance in the laws of physics. Klein’s [2] con- tribution was to make this restriction less artificial by suggesting a plausible physical basis for it in compactification of the fifth dimension. This idea was enthusiastically received by unified-field theorists, and when the time came to include the strong and weak forces by extending Kaluza’s mechanism to higher dimensions, it was assumed that these too would be compact. This line of thinking has led through eleven-dimensional supergravity theories in the 1980s to the current favorite contenders for a possible “theory of everything,” ten-dimensional superstrings. -
Information Summaries
TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical -
What Is Gravity Probe B? a Quest for Experimental Truth the GP-B Flight
What is Gravity Probe B? than Gravity Probe B. It’s just a star, a telescope, and a spinning sphere.” However, it took the exceptional collaboration of Stanford, Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a NASA physics mission to experimentally MSFC, Lockheed Martin and a host of others more than four decades investigate Einstein’s 1916 general theory of relativity—his theory of gravity. to develop the ultra-precise gyroscopes and the other cutting- GP-B uses four spherical gyroscopes and a telescope, housed in a satellite edge technologies necessary to carry out this “simple” experiment. orbiting 642 km (400 mi) above the Earth, to measure, with unprecedented accuracy, two extraordinary effects predicted by the general theory of rela- The GP-B Flight Mission & Data Analysis tivity: 1) the geodetic effect—the amount by which the Earth warps the local spacetime in which it resides; and 2) the frame-dragging effect—the amount On April 20, 2004 at 9:57:24 AM PDT, a crowd of over 2,000 current and by which the rotating Earth drags its local spacetime around with it. GP-B former GP-B team members and supporters watched and cheered as the tests these two effects by precisely measuring the precession (displacement) GP-B spacecraft lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base. That emotionally angles of the spin axes of the four gyros over the course of a year and com- overwhelming day, culminating with the extraordinary live video of paring these experimental results with predictions from Einstein’s theory. the spacecraft separating from the second stage booster meant, as GP-B Program Manager Gaylord Green put it, “that 10,000 things went right.” A Quest for Experimental Truth Once in orbit, the spacecraft first underwent a four-month Initialization The idea of testing general relativity with orbiting gyroscopes was sug- and Orbit Checkout (IOC), in which all systems and instruments were gested independently by two physicists, George Pugh and Leonard Schiff, initialized, tested, and optimized for the data collection to follow. -
Highlights in Space 2010
International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no. -
NASA Process for Limiting Orbital Debris
NASA-HANDBOOK NASA HANDBOOK 8719.14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Approved: 2008-07-30 Washington, DC 20546 Expiration Date: 2013-07-30 HANDBOOK FOR LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS Measurement System Identification: Metric APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE – DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 2 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Status Document Approval Date Description Revision Baseline 2008-07-30 Initial Release Page 3 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 4 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 6 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SCOPE...........................................................................................................................13 1.1 Purpose................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Applicability ....................................................................................................................... 13 2 APPLICABLE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS................................................14 3 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................15 3.1 Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................................... -
A Test of General Relativity Using the LARES and LAGEOS Satellites And
A Test of General Relativity Using the LARES and LAGEOS Satellites and a GRACE Earth’s Gravity Model Measurement of Earth’s Dragging of Inertial Frames Ignazio Ciufolini∗1,2, Antonio Paolozzi2,3, Erricos C. Pavlis4, Rolf Koenig5, John Ries6, Vahe Gurzadyan7, Richard Matzner8, Roger Penrose9, Giampiero Sindoni10, Claudio Paris2,3, Harutyun Khachatryan7 and Sergey Mirzoyan7 1 Dip. Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Universit`adel Salento, Lecce, Italy 2Museo della fisica e Centro studi e ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy 3Scuola di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Sapienza Universit`adi Roma, Italy 4Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (JCET), University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA 5Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany 6Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA 7Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics, Alikhanian National Laboratory and Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia 8Theory Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA 9Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 10DIAEE, Sapienza Universit`adi Roma, Rome, Italy April 1, 2016 We present a test of General Relativity, the measurement of the Earth’s dragging of inertial frames. Our result is obtained using about 3.5 years of laser-ranged observations of the LARES, LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 laser- ranged satellites together with the Earth’s gravity field model GGM05S pro- arXiv:1603.09674v1 [gr-qc] 29 Mar 2016 duced by the space geodesy mission GRACE. We measure µ = (0.994 ± 0.002) ± 0.05, where µ is the Earth’s dragging of inertial frames normalized to its General Relativity value, 0.002 is the 1-sigma formal error and 0.05 is the estimated systematic error mainly due to the uncertainties in the Earth’s gravity model GGM05S. -
A Global Land-Observing Program, Fact Sheet 023-03 (March 2003) 05/31/2006 12:58 PM
Landsat: A Global Land-Observing Program, Fact Sheet 023-03 (March 2003) 05/31/2006 12:58 PM Landsat: A Global Land-Observing Program Fact Sheet 023-03 (March 2003) || A Brief History of the Landsat Program || Characteristics of the Landsat System || || Applications of Landsat Data || Landsat Data Continuity Mission || Information || The Landsat Program is a joint effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to gather Earth resource data using a series of satellites. NASA was responsible for developing and launching the spacecrafts. The USGS is responsible for flight operations, maintenance, and management of all ground data reception, processing, archiving, product generation, and distribution. A primary objective of the Landsat Program is to ensure a collection of consistently calibrated Earth imagery. Landsat's mission is to establish and execute a data acquisition strategy that ensures the repetitive acquisition of observations over the Earth's land mass, coastal boundaries, and coral reefs and to ensure that the data acquired are of maximum utility in supporting the scientific objective of monitoring changes in the Earth's land surface. || Top || Main Table of Contents || A Brief History of the Landsat Program In the mid-1960s, stimulated by success in planetary exploration using unmanned remote sensing satellites, the Department of the Interior, NASA, the Department of Agriculture, and others embarked on an ambitious initiative to develop and launch the first civilian Earth-observing satellite to meet the needs of resource managers and earth scientists. The USGS assumed responsibility for archiving the data acquired by the new program and for distributing the anticipated data product. -
Press Kit Pr°I§£L LANDSAT D RELEASE NO: 82-100
News National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 AC 202 755-8370 For Release IMMEDIATE Press Kit Pr°i§£L LANDSAT D RELEASE NO: 82-100 (NASA-News-Belease-82-100)- 1ANDSAT D TO ' • N82-26741 TEST THEHATIC HAPPEE, INAUGURATE -. CPEKATIONAL SYSTEM (National Aeronautics and Space f , Administration) 43 p...Avail;r ;> NASA .. ' ^ unclfa;s\. VW Scientific_and. Technical Inf CSCX_22A -00/43 _ 24227v V Contents GENERAL RELEASE 1 THE LANDSAT STORY 5 DESCRI PTION OF OPERATIONAL SYSTEM 16 PLANNING TO MEET USER NEEDS 17 MISSION DESCRIPTION. 18 LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION 19 LANDSAT D FLIGHT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 22 SPACECRAFT ACTI VATION . 24 SPACECRAFT DESCRI PTION 27 MULTI SPECTRAL SCANNER 32 THEMATIC MAPPER ............ 35 LANDSAT D GROUND PROCESSING SYSTEM 38 NASA LANDSAT D PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 40 CONTRACTORS 42 IWNSANews National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 AC 202 755-8370 For Release. Charles Redmond IMMEDIATE Headquarters, Washington, D.C. (Phone: 202/755-3680) James C. Elliott Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. (Phone: 301/344-8955) Hugh Harris Kennedy Space Center, Fla. (Phone: 305/867-2468) RELEASE NO: 82-100 LANDSAT D TO TEST THEMATIC MAPPER, INAUGURATE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM NASA will launch the Landsat D spacecraft, a new generation Earth resources satellite, from the Western Space and Missile Center, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., no earlier than 1:59 p.m. EOT July 9, 1982, aboard a new, up-rated Delta 3920 expend- able launch vehicle. Landsat D will incorporate two highly sophisticated sensors: the flight proven multispectral scanner (MSS), one of the sensors on the Landsat 1, 2 and 3 spacecraft; and a new instrument ex- pected to advance considerably the remote sensing capabilities of Earth resources satellites. -
+ Gravity Probe B
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Gravity Probe B Experiment “Testing Einstein’s Universe” Press Kit April 2004 2- Media Contacts Donald Savage Policy/Program Management 202/358-1547 Headquarters [email protected] Washington, D.C. Steve Roy Program Management/Science 256/544-6535 Marshall Space Flight Center steve.roy @msfc.nasa.gov Huntsville, AL Bob Kahn Science/Technology & Mission 650/723-2540 Stanford University Operations [email protected] Stanford, CA Tom Langenstein Science/Technology & Mission 650/725-4108 Stanford University Operations [email protected] Stanford, CA Buddy Nelson Space Vehicle & Payload 510/797-0349 Lockheed Martin [email protected] Palo Alto, CA George Diller Launch Operations 321/867-2468 Kennedy Space Center [email protected] Cape Canaveral, FL Contents GENERAL RELEASE & MEDIA SERVICES INFORMATION .............................5 GRAVITY PROBE B IN A NUTSHELL ................................................................9 GENERAL RELATIVITY — A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ....................................17 THE GP-B EXPERIMENT ..................................................................................27 THE SPACE VEHICLE.......................................................................................31 THE MISSION.....................................................................................................39 THE AMAZING TECHNOLOGY OF GP-B.........................................................49 SEVEN NEAR ZEROES.....................................................................................58 -
Platforms & Sensors
PLATFORMS & SENSORS Platform: the vehicle carrying the remote sensing device Sensor: the remote sensing device recording wavelengths of energy e.g. Aerial photography - the plane and the camera Satellite image example: Platform: Landsat (1, 5, 7 etc..) Sensor: Multispectral Sensor (MSS) or Thematic Mapper (TM) Selected satellite remote sensing systems NASA Visible Earth: long list Wim Bakker's website http://members.home.nl/wim.h.bakker http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=52174 1. Satellite orbits “Sun-synchronous” “Geostationary” Land monitoring Weather satellites ~ 700 km altitude ~ 30,000 km altitude Satellite orbits Geostationary / geosynchronous : 36,000 km above the equator, stays vertically above the same spot, rotates with earth - weather images, e.g. GOES (Geostat. Operational Env. Satellite) Sun-synchronous satellites: 700-900 km altitude, rotates at circa 81-82 degree angle to equator: captures imagery approx the same time each day (10am +/- 30 minutes) - Landsat path: earthnow Sun-synchronous Graphic: http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/datarecept/c1p2_e.php 700-900 km altitude rotates at ~ 81-82 ° angle to the equator (near polar): captures imagery the same time each day (10.30am +/- 30 minutes) - for earth mapping Orbit every 90-100 minutes produces similar daytime lighting Geostationary satellites capture a (rectangular) scene, sun-synchronous satellites capture a continuous swath, … which is broken into rectangular scenes. 2. Scanner types Whiskbroom (mirror/ cross-track): a small number of sensitive diodes for each band sweep perpendicular to the path or swath, centred directly under the platform, i.e. at 'nadir' e.g. LANDSAT MSS /TM Pushbroom (along-track): an array of diodes (one for each column of pixels) is 'pointed' in a selected direction, nadir or off-nadir, on request, usually 0-30 degrees (max.), e.g. -
Desind Finding
NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE ARCHIVES Herbert Stephen Desind Collection Accession No. 1997-0014 NASM 9A00657 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Brian D. Nicklas © Smithsonian Institution, 2003 NASM Archives Desind Collection 1997-0014 Herbert Stephen Desind Collection 109 Cubic Feet, 305 Boxes Biographical Note Herbert Stephen Desind was a Washington, DC area native born on January 15, 1945, raised in Silver Spring, Maryland and educated at the University of Maryland. He obtained his BA degree in Communications at Maryland in 1967, and began working in the local public schools as a science teacher. At the time of his death, in October 1992, he was a high school teacher and a freelance writer/lecturer on spaceflight. Desind also was an avid model rocketeer, specializing in using the Estes Cineroc, a model rocket with an 8mm movie camera mounted in the nose. To many members of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), he was known as “Mr. Cineroc.” His extensive requests worldwide for information and photographs of rocketry programs even led to a visit from FBI agents who asked him about the nature of his activities. Mr. Desind used the collection to support his writings in NAR publications, and his building scale model rockets for NAR competitions. Desind also used the material in the classroom, and in promoting model rocket clubs to foster an interest in spaceflight among his students. Desind entered the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but it is not clear how far along his submission rose in the selection process. He was not a semi-finalist, although he had a strong application. -
00/81 39752 TUESDAY December 26, 1978 (NASA-News-Belease-78
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA-News-Belease-78-190) HIGHLIGHTS OP N79-13906 1978 ACTIVITIES INational Aeronautics and Space Administration) 18 p CSCI 05A Dnclas " 00/81 39752 Bill Pomeroy TUESDAY Headquarters, Washington, D.C. December 26, 1978 Mary Fitzpatrick Headquarters, Washington, D.C. (Phone: 202/755-8370) RELEASE NO: 78-190 HIGHLIGHTS OF 1978 ACTIVITIES Five Pioneer Venus atmospheric entry craft pene- trated the clouds of Venus and a companion craft went ".'." into orbit around the planet to highlight the 1978 space exploration activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the agency's 20th anni- versary year. Altogether, NASA conducted 20 launches in 1978, mainly for other organizations or agencies. It was the third year in NASA history with a 100 per cent launch . success record. Most of the orbited payloads were for the application and benefit of users on Earth. The year also was one with major milestones in preparations for the crew-carrying Space Shuttle mis.- sions scheduled to start late in 1979. - more - Space Science With the Pioneer Venus mission, the United State con- tinued its systematic program of exploration of the solar system and beyond. Launched on May 20 and August 8, respectively, Pioneer Venus 1 and 2 arrived in the vicinity of Venus in early December to begin the most detailed scientific examination ever conducted of that cloud-shrouded planet. Pioneer Venus 1 was inserted into orbit on .Dec. 4 to make'measure.-- - ments and take pictures for at least eight months. The array of instrumented probes which comprised Pioneer Venus 2 arrived on December 9 and began their hour-long descent through the murky Venusian atmosphere at widely separated points.