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ODQN 15-2, April 2011 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News Volume 15, Issue 2 April 2011 United Nations Discusses Space Inside... Debris and Long-Term Sustainability 14th NASA/DoD ODWG Meeting 2 of Activities in Outer Space NASA/DoD Meeting Space Debris has been an agenda item for In 2010 the subject of long-term sustainability on Active Debris each annual meeting of the Scientific and Technical of activities in outer space was added to the Removal 2 Subcommittee of the United Nations’ Committee Subcommittee’s agenda, and a working group was Kessler Receives 2011 on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) formed under a multi-year work plan. At the 2011 Dirk Brouwer Award 2 since 1994. In 1999 the Subcommittee produced meeting of the Subcommittee, terms of reference Russian Launch its first major assessment on the topic, Technical for the working group were established. The Vehicle Stage Reenters Report on Space Debris (Orbital Debris Quarterly objective of the Working Group will be “to examine Over U.S. 3 News, April 1999, pp. 7, 9), followed in 2007 with the and propose measures to ensure the safe and U.S. Commercial Earth establishment of space debris mitigation guidelines sustainable use of outer space for peaceful purposes, Obs Spacecraft Executes (Orbital Debris Quarterly News, April 2007, pp. 1-2). for the benefit of all countries. The Working Group Controlled Reentry 3 During its 48th session in February 2011, the will prepare a report on the long-term sustainability Subcommittee continued its deliberations on space of outer space activities containing a consolidated New Chapter on debris with numerous special presentations, including set of current practices and operating procedures, Space Waste 3 those by the United States, France, the Russian technical standards and policies associated with the Update on LEO Federation, the European Space Agency (ESA), safe conduct of space activities. On the basis of all Environment Remediation and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination the information collected, the Working Group will with ADR 4 Committee (IADC). Nicholas Johnson, NASA Chief produce a set of guidelines which could be applied Simulation of Micron-Sized Scientist for Orbital Debris, made a presentation on on a voluntary basis by international organizations, Debris Pops in LEO 6 behalf of the United States, entitled USA Space non-governmental entities, individual States and Debris Environment, Operations, and Policy States acting jointly to reduce collectively the risk to Space Missions and Updates (http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/ space activities for all space actors and to ensure that Satellite Box Score 9 stsc2011/tech-31.pdf). The status of debris from all countries are able to have equitable access to the Fengyun-1C, Cosmos 2251, and Iridium 33 was limited natural resources of outer space.” provided, as was information on the disposal of Topics for examination by the working NASA satellites in LEO and GEO. group include space debris, space weather, space One common theme was the increasing numbers operations, tools to support collaborative space of collision avoidance maneuvers conducted in the situational awareness, regulatory regimes, and previous year to prevent potentially catastrophic guidance for actors in the space arena. Under the encounters among resident space objects. NASA terms of reference, an exchange of views on these reported seven such maneuvers by its fleet of robotic topics is envisioned among the UN Member States, satellites and one for the International Space Station, intergovernmental organizations, and private sector A publication of while France and ESA acknowledged 13 and 9 entities. An international workshop will be held in the NASA Orbital maneuvers, respectively, for spacecraft under their 2013, and a final report will be published in 2014. ♦ Debris Program Office control. Orbital Debris Quarterly News 14th NASA/DoD Orbital Debris Working Group Meeting The Orbital Debris Program Office Satellite Impact Tests and Model Improvements. Program. Presentations by both NASA and (ODPO) hosted the 14th NASA/DoD Orbital In addition, Dr. Bill Cooke from NASA’s DoD concerning radar cross section (RCS) Debris Working Group (ODWG) meeting in Meteoroid Environment Office at Marshall measurements were of particular interest. Houston on 1 March 2011. The genesis of Space Flight Center presented “The 2011 Two additional topics were discussed. the ODWG comes from recommendations Draconid Meteor Outburst/Storm.” First, an old action item concerning potential by interagency panels, which reviewed U.S. After lunch, representatives of the changes to the U.S. Orbital Debris Mitigation Government OD activities in the late 1980s Department of Defense made nine presentations: Standard Practices was discussed, along with and 1990s. The 1-day meeting viewed activities 1) Status of the Space Surveillance Network options to complete the action. Second, the and research in OD with a common interest to (SSN), Status of MOA Between AFSPC/NASA, new National Space Policy directs both NASA both NASA and DoD. During the morning, and the Sensor Integration Process, 2) Disposal and DoD to “pursue research and development the NASA ODPO presented six topics: Orbit Recommendations, 3) Improving C2/ of technologies and techniques, …to mitigate 1) United Nations and IADC Updates, 2) Plans SSA Capabilities Through Improved Calibration and remove on-orbit debris, reduce hazards, for the Meter Class Autonomous Telescope & RCS, 4) Haystack Ultra-wideband Satellite and increase understanding of the current and Potential Coordinated Measurements with Imaging Radar (HUSIR), 5) Pan-STARRS and future debris environment…” Although it Kwajalein Radars, 3) ORDEM 2010, NASA’s Status, 6) Thermal IR Spectroscopic and was concluded that research into active debris Orbital Debris Engineering Model, 4) Debris Visible Time-Domain Observational Methods removal was outside the scope of the ODWG, Resistive/Acoustic Grid Orbital Navy Sensor and Plans for Space Debris Observations at it was decided that the group would monitor (DRAGONS), 5) SSN RCS Time History AMOS, 7) Bei Dou G4 Debris, 8) High Area to activities until more formal cooperation Analyses, and 6) Potential Collaboration on Mass Ratio Satellites, and 9) The Space Fence between NASA and DoD was established. ♦ NASA/DoD Meeting on Active Debris Removal The NASA Orbital Debris Program Office to pursue research and development of ADR systems, and reviews of ADR activities arranged for and hosted a special meeting with technologies and techniques to remove on-orbit within NASA and DoD. All participants representatives from various Department of debris. recognized the enormous challenges, both Defense (DoD) organizations to focus on the Four presentations were given at the technical and non-technical, to mature feasible subject of Active Debris Removal (ADR) in beginning of the meeting, followed by a and low-cost technologies to enable routine Houston on 2 March 2011. It was the first roundtable discussion. The presentations ADR operations for environment remediation. attempt to reach out to a broader community included an overview of the engineering and A decision was made at the end of the meeting and to establish a coordinated dialogue between technological challenges for ADR operations, to continue communications and coordination NASA and DoD on ADR after the new U.S. a summary of commonly-proposed ADR among the participating organizations before National Space Policy was released in June of concepts, a review of a Navy and Air Force the 2012 NASA/DoD Orbital Debris Working 2010, where NASA and DoD were directed collaborative effort on the development of Group meeting. ♦ Kessler Receives the 2011 Dirk Brouwer Award The American Astronautical Society (AAS) Space Center in 1979. The collision between presented the Dirk Brouwer Award to Donald J. Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 in 2009 underlined Kessler during the 21st AAS/AIAA Space Flight the potential collision cascade effect, commonly Mechanics Meeting in New Orleans in February. known as the “Kessler Syndrome,” based on This award was established by the AAS to honor his pioneer work in modeling the near-Earth significant technical contributions to space flight orbital debris environment in 1978. For half a mechanics and astrodynamics. It is the most century, Kessler dedicated his research to various prestigious award presented by the AAS. The aspects of the orbital debris problem, from award to Kessler reads “For first recognizing, measurements to modeling, at both national and then defining and researching the Earth’s orbital international levels. He was awarded the NASA debris hazard during an illustrious half-century Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement career in astrodynamics.” in 1989. He retired from NASA in 1996 as the Kessler is considered by many to be the Senior Scientist for Orbital Debris. Kessler Kessler receives the 2010 Brouwer Award from Professor Dan Scheeres, Chairman of the AAS Dirk father of orbital debris research. His early is also the recipient of many other awards, Brouwer Award committee. efforts in understanding the orbital debris including the 2008 IAASS Jerome Lederer Space problem led to the establishment of the NASA Safety Pioneer Award. ♦ Orbital Debris Program Office at the Johnson 2 www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov Russian Launch Vehicle Stage Reenters Over U.S. In January 2011 the Russian Federation On 22 March the Sheriff ’s office successfully tested a new launch vehicle to insert of Moffat County, Colorado, contacted its next generation of meteorological spacecraft the NASA Orbital Debris Program into geosynchronous orbit. The Zenit-3 SLBF Office about a discovery the day before launch vehicle left two stages in Earth orbit: of a metallic sphere with a diameter of one in a short-lived, low Earth parking orbit and approximately 30 inches. The timing one in a sub-geosynchronous orbit. and location of the discovery and The former, the Zenit 8900-kg second Cyrillic markings on the tank have led stage, rapidly fell back to Earth from an initial to a tentative association with the Zenit orbit of 178 km by 640 km with an inclination reentry.
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