Illustration De L'effet Frontière

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Illustration De L'effet Frontière Kirkenes, bout du monde norvégien ou place commerciale transfrontalière ? Illustration de l’effet frontière 1 Frédéric Lasserre 1 Professeur au département de géographie de l’Université Laval, et directeur du Conseil québécois d’Études géopolitiques. [email protected] ARTICLE Résumé : La frontière terrestre entre Russie Introduction Une commune minière, et Norvège, longtemps très patrouillée et terminus du territoire La petite bourgade de Kirkenes, dans contrôlée lors de la Guerre froide, est norvégien aujourd’hui beaucoup plus ouverte. Le l’Arctique norvégien, compte environ nombre de passages annuels a connu une 3 500 habitants et fait partie de la Fondée en 1906 à partir d’un mo- nette augmentation au cours de la dernière municipalité de Sør-Varanger (Fig. 1). deste hameau de pêcheurs (Viken et décennie, les résidents des zones frontalières Elle se situe à 7 km de la frontière al 2008), la petite ville de Kirkenes a alimentant une activité de tourisme com- russe, sur le segment de 195,7 km de comme vocation économique son mercial bénéfique pour la communauté. frontière terrestre entre Russie et port qui dessert la mine de fer de Cette activité économique prend une Sydvaranger située à 8,5 km à importance croissante dans l’économie Norvège depuis que l’URSS a annexé locale alors même que l’activité minière le corridor de Petsamo aux dépens de l’intérieur des terres, et que relie une périclite. Kirkenes constitue un bon exemple la Finlande en 1944. voie ferrée construite pour l’occa- de l’effet frontière, dans lequel la frontière sion. La mine, l’usine de première ne constitue pas un frein, mais une interface Frontière terrestre longtemps très transformation et le port desservant moteur d’une activité économique. patrouillée et contrôlée lors de la la mine ont longtemps été les pre- Summary : The land border between Russia Guerre froide (1947-1991), la miers employeurs de la commune. and Norway, long patrolled and controlled frontière russo-norvégienne est On relevait très peu d’échanges avec during the Cold War, is now much more aujourd’hui beaucoup plus ouverte. la Russie voisine. open. The number of annual crossings has Le nombre de passages annuels a increased significantly in the last decade, connu une nette augmentation au Kirkenes se trouvait au bout du with residents of border areas providing a territoire norvégien, dans une commercial tourism activity that benefits cours de la dernière décennie, les the community. This economic activity is résidents des zones frontalières logique de l’organisation du territoire becoming increasingly important in the local alimentant une activité de tourisme et d’une activité économique qui ne economy as mining activity collapses. commercial bénéfique pour la favorisait guère les échanges trans- Kirkenes is a good example of the border communauté. Cette activité écono- frontaliers, même si la frontière effect, in which the border is not a brake, mique prend une importance n’était pas fermée. Longtemps dé- but a driving interface for an economic croissante dans l’économie locale finie par le traité de 1326 comme une activity. alors même que l’activité minière marche entre le royaume de Norvège Mots-clés : Kirkenes, Norway, Arctic, périclite malgré des tentatives de et la Russie, la frontière n’a connu de Russia, border, border effect, trade. relance. En ce sens, Kirkenes consti- tracé linéaire qu’en 1826. La frontière Keywords : Kirkenes, Norvège, Arctique, était définie le long du thalweg de la Russie, frontière, effet-frontière, tue un bon exemple de l’effet fron- commerce. tière, dans lequel la frontière ne rivière Pasvikelva. Lorsque les Russes réalisèrent que ce tracé laisserait la constitue pas un frein, mais au chapelle Saints Boris et Gleb, en rive contraire une interface moteur d’une activité économique. gauche, en territoire norvégien, 19 Fig. 1. Kirkenes en 2016 Cliché F. Lasserre ils demandèrent et obtinrent la Soviétique reprirent le territoire de La chute de l’URSS et cession d’une partie de la rive autour Petsamo ; la cession fut confirmée l’émergence de relations de l’édifice en échange d’un territoire au traité de Paris de 1947. transfrontalières substantiel s’étendant jusqu’à la Dès le discours de Mourmansk de rivière Jakobselva (Fig. 2.). Trois Après 1947, la frontière devint 1987 de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, alors points de contrôle douaniers furent hermétiquement fermée. Elle ne fut secrétaire général du Parti commu- alors ouverts, à Elvenes, Skafferhullet ouverte que lors de la construction niste de l’Union soviétique, une et Grense Jakobselv. Jusque dans les du barrage hydroélectrique de Boris détente réelle dégèle les relations années 1940, la frontière n’était pas Gleb (Borisoglebsky) par les soviéto-norvégiennes. Cette détente fermée, même si ces postes de Soviétiques de 1958 à 1963 : le point est accélérée après 1991 et la douane fonctionnaient ; les fermiers de passage de Skafferhullet (Fig. 3) disparition de l’Union soviétique. du village de Grense Jakobselv fut alors rouvert partiellement, puis Pendant cette période de détente, laissaient les troupeaux la traverser à nouveau au cours de l’été 1965 plusieurs éléments de coopération librement (Johanson 1999). dans le sens Norvège-URSS transfrontalière se mettent en place. (Pasvikelva.no, nd), puis fut fermé Si les procédures de passage à la En 1920, le traité de Tartu précisa les par la Norvège pour des raisons de frontière et de contrôle de la frontières de la Finlande, qui avait sécurité (Rafaeslen, 2011). Le seul circulation automobile sur la route déclaré son indépendance en 1917 point de passage possible mais très entre la frontière et la ville de Nikel dans la foulée de la Révolution contrôlé est encore Storskog, avec (pas d’arrêt autorisé) demeurent russe : le territoire de Petsamo un trafic transfrontalier très faible, sévères, d’autres activités écono- sépara ainsi la Norvège de la Russie sur la route E105 (Fig. 4). miques se développent. /Union soviétique jusqu’en 1944 (armistice de Moscou), lorsque les 20 Fig. 2. Le tracé de la frontière russo-norvégienne dans la région de Kirkenes 21 Fig. 3. Le point de passage de Skafferhullet, fermé depuis 1965 par la Norvège, et bornes frontalières, vues du côté norvégien, 2016. Cliché F. Lasserre Fig. 4. Point de passage de Storkog, 2014 Cliché F. Lasserre 22 Fig. 5a et 5b. Le chantier naval de Kimek, 2016 Clilchés F. Lasserre 23 Fig. 6. Crabiers russes, port de Kirkenes, 2014 Cliché F. Lasserre Fig. 7. Chalutier russe au port de Kirkenes, 2016, et magasin de décoration Cliché F. Lasserre 24 Ainsi, le chantier naval Kimek ouvrit Plus récemment, les autorités ligne norvégienne étant à ses portes en 1986, avec comme portuaires ont essayé de développer écartement standard (1,435 m) alors marché certes les navires qui des- le transbordement de pétrole dans que le réseau russe est à écartement servent la mine de fer, mais surtout le fjord : des pétroliers russes large (1,52 m), la possibilité néan- les flottes de pêche, commerciale et viennent livrer du brut, qui est moins de voir la ligne norvégienne d’exploration maritime russes de mer transbordé dans d’autres pétroliers prolongée jusqu’à Nikel, ou la ligne de Barents (Kimek nd) (Fig. 5a et 5b). venus ad hoc. Ce transbordement russe prolongée jusqu’à Bjørnevatn pourrait, depuis 2014, constituer ou Kirkenes, a été évoquée à De nombreux chalutiers russes une façon de contourner l’embargo plusieurs reprises comme moyen viennent se stationner à demeure au dirigé contre la Russie suite au possible de favoriser le dévelop- port de Kirkenes, où ils alimentent le conflit en Ukraine, mais je n’ai pu en pement des échanges, de désen- marché de l’entretien des navires. La avoir la confirmation. Cette activité claver la région et d’offrir des simplicité des démarches adminis- suscite des oppositions, la mairie et débouchés potentiels supplémen- tratives semble être une raison les écologistes craignant l’impact taires pour le port de Kirkenes (Viken décisive dans le choix de nombreux environnemental possible de cette et al. 2008) (Fig. 8). patrons de pêche russe de sta- activité. tionner leurs navires à Kirkenes, où Enfin, la chute de l’URSS facilita la ils n’ont besoin que d’un seul permis, Dans un autre registre, plusieurs négociation de la création de la d’un seul coup de tampon ; en observateurs ont relevé que la voie Région Euro-Arctique de la mer de Russie, il leur faut (en 2016) de chemin de fer entre le port de Barents (Barents Euro-Arctic Region). 16 autorisations pour s’enregistrer Kirkenes et la mine à Bjørnevatn ne Ce cadre institutionnel régional de au port, 16 permis, 16 paiements se trouvait qu’à 25 km de Nikel et du coopération lancé en 1993 par la officiels et, disent les mauvaises terminus ferroviaire du réseau russe Déclaration de Kirkenes (BEAC nd; langues, 16 pots de vin (Lasserre, dans la presqu’île de Kola14. L’inter- Viken et al 2008; Viken et Nyseth, 2016, entrevues de terrain). connexion entre les réseaux russes 2009) permit de développer un et norvégiens présente la difficulté climat de confiance entre les acteurs de la différence d’écartement. La politiques locaux, ce qui favorisa à Fig. 8. Voie ferrée entre la mine de Bjørnevatn et l’usine de traitement du minerai de Kirkenes, 2014. Cliché F. Lasserre 14 En 2016, sur un total de 235 469 passages, 57 000 étaient des Norvégiens, et 178 000 des Russes (Staalesen, 2017). 25 son tour l’établissement de relations Moyen-Orient, principalement origi- de 2014, la coopération régionale se plus cordiales entre Russie et naires de Syrie, qui ont utilisé la porte bien, en témoigne la loi russe Norvège. Cette détente se vit con- Russie comme porte d'entrée en de 2017 évoquée ci-dessus.
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