DOCSLIB.ORG

The Arab World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. Tilt! majority of users indicaxe ihai the textuai content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73-23,913 MANANDHAR, Mangal Siddhi, 1941- THE roEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1973 Geography University Microfilms. A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 MAHGAL SIDDHI HANAEIDHAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY MANGAL SIDDHI MANANDHAR Norman, Oklahoma 1973 THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY APPROVED BY DISSERTATEGKCOMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is especially grateful to Dr. Ralph E. Olson for much-needed guidance throughout the preparation of this dissertation, and for the tremendous amount of his valu­ able time spent in making this work possible. Gratitude is also extended to Dr. Gary L. Thompson and Dr. Marvin W. Baker for their valuable suggestions, and to Dr. Harry E. Hoy and Dr. John W. Morris for their encouragement. The writer extends his appreciation to the many Arab friends on the University of Oklahoma campus for their help in gathering information. Last but not least, thanks must go to my friend, Kay Coffey, for helping in every possible way and for typing the final draft of this dissertation. Ill This work is dedicated to my father, Jagat Narayan Manandhar, who is no more. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... iii LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Statement of the Problem ................. 1 Background ................................ 5 Review of the Literature ................. 8 Justification ............................ 15 Approach.................................. 16 II. THE ARAB N A T I O N .............................. 24 Definition of the Arab P e o p l e .......... 24 Origin, Dispersal, and Nucléation of the A r a b s ........................... 28 Political Divisions of the Contemporary Arab W o r l d ................................ 43 Physical Diversity in the Arab World . 48 III. THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE........... 51 Origin of the I d e a ....................... 53 Development of the I d e a ................. 55 The First Attempt--Search for an Arab E m p i r e .................................... 57 The First Publication Proposing an Arab S t a t e .................................... 59 Pan-Arab Societies and Organizations in the Early Twentieth Century ............. 62 The Abortive Attempt to Create One Arab State after World War I ................. 64 Perceptions of the Extent of the Arab N a t i o n .................................... 69 The Concepts of Nation and Nation-State in Arabic Terminology ....................... 74 V The Arab League--A First Step Toward Unity 76 The Ba'th Party and Modern Pan-Arabism . 77 Present Territorial Extent of theIdea . 78 IV. CORE AREAS OF THE ARAB WORLD ................. 98 The Historical Core Areas of the Arab E m p i r e .......................................104 Core Areas of the Modern Arab States . 114 North Africa .............................. 114 Arabian Peninsula ..................... 129 Fertile Crescent ....................... 133 Emergence of a Core for the Political Idea of One Arab State ............................ 134 V. INTEGRATIVE FORCES IN THE ARAB W O R L D ........... 139 The State-Idea in Contemporary Arab Thought 140 The Lower Nile Valley, an Emerging Core A r e a ......................................... 141 Israel--The Integrative Value of a Common Hostility ............................ 146 Oil--OPEC and Efforts at Joint Economic P l a n n i n g .....................................156 Existing Functional Integration--A Modest B e g i n n i n g .....................................164 The Arab L e a g u e .......................... 164 The Arab Common M a r k e t ....................169 VI. DIVISIVE FORCES IN THE ARAB W O R L D ............. 177 Geopolitical and Spatial Factors Hindering the Political Idea of One Arab State . 177 Strategic considerations . .......... 178 Natural and man-made barriers to Arab world u n i t y .............................. 190 Discontiguity created by the presence of I s r a e l ................................ 201 Minorities in the Existing Arab States . 205 Linguistic minorities ................. 208 Religious minorities ................... 211 Divisive Political Factors ............... 215 Divisive Economic Factors ................. 224 The legacy of historical disunity . 224 Recent inter-Arab trade --competition and c o m p l e m e n t a r i t y ......................226 Different economic systems ............. 237 Different levels of economic development 238 Tariffs as the main source of government r e v e n u e .................................. 239 The shortage of convertible currencies-- an obstacle to economic integration . 240 vi VII. SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ........................241 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................. 252 Vll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Speakers of Arabic as Percentage of Population . 30 2. Rate of Reduction in the Customs Duties and Other Duties on the Industrial Products Contained in Lists "B" and " C " .................................. 174 3. Sources of French Oil Imports in 1966-1967 . 184 4. Western Oil Companies' Share of OPEC Production, 1970 185 5. Nomadism in the Arab Wo r l d ......................... 195 6. Inter-Arab Trade as a Percentage of Total Trade of Certain Arab States, 1962--1969 229 7. Principal Commodity Imports of Arab Countries . 232 8. Principal Commodity Exports of Arab Countries . 233 9. Total Value of Trade between Arab Countries--1969 236 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Arab W o r l d .................................... 29 2. Saudi Arabia before Islam ..................... 31 3. The Arab Empire, 661 A.D.-750 A.D............. 39 4. The Period of Principalities, 10th-12th Centuries 41 5. Arab Lands under the Ottoman Empire .......... 42 6. The Arab World, 197 3 44 7. Recent Political Federations in the Arab World . 52 8. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916 ..................... 67 9. Middle East Mandates, 1920 68 10. Proposed Unification Plans in the Middle East, 1905-1943 ......................................... 70 11. The Unification Idea and Its Political Area . 97 12. Core Areas in the Arab W o r l d ..................100 13. Important Towns of the Arab World (Past and Present) ........................................... 101 14. The Expansion of the Arab Empire, 7th-8th C e n t u r i e s ....................................... 108 15. The Arab Expansion-- Conquest R o u t e s ........... 109 16. Colonialism in the Arab World, 1900 ............. 112 17. Colonialism In the Arab World, Maximum Extent . 113 18. Israel’s Changing Boundaries ................... 153 19. Structure of the Arab L e a g u e ..................167 20. Natural and Man-Made Barriers in the Arab World . 191 ix Figure Page 21. Population Density in the Arab World .... 192 22. Nomadism in the Arab W o r l d ............ 194 23. Flags of Arab S t a t e s ................... 197 24. Transportation Facilities in the Arab World . 202 25. Minorities in the Arab W o r l d .......... 206-07 26. Non-Arabic Speaking Areas in the Arab World . 209 27. Political Structure and Attitudes in the
Recommended publications
  • The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿabbāsid Political and Military Elite

    The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿabbāsid Political and Military Elite

    Hugh Kennedy The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿAbbāsid Political and MilitaryElite Abstract: This paper explores the composition and role of the military and polit- ical elite of the early ʿ Abbāsid caliphate (750 –809) whose support enabled the caliphs to maintain sovereignty over theirfar-flungdomains. It considers the im- portance of different groups,includingmembers of the ʿAbb āsid family, military commanders from Khurāsānand members of powerful and wealthyfamilies like the Muhallabī sand the Shaybāni tribal chiefs.The paper concludes with adis- cussion of the reasons for the disappearance and effective extinction of this elite in the yearsafter the great civil warthat followed Hā rūnal-Rashīd’s death in 809. Keywords: Caliphs; armies; political power;Syria; Khurāsān The governance of the early ʿAbb āsid caliphate was aremarkable political and organizational achievement.For half acentury, between the establishment of the dynasty in 132H/750 CE and the death of Hārūna l-Rashīdin193 H/809 CE, the area from Tunisia in the west to Sind and Central Asia in the east was governedeffectively and largely peacefullyfrom Iraq. From 145H/762 CE, the city of Baghdad served as the administrativecapital, though the distances which separated it from the far-flungprovinces wereenormous: it is over 2,000 kilometres from Baghdad to Merv,the political centre of the great province of Khurāsān, and 1,500 kilometres from the capital to the HolyCity of Mecca. The barīd postal system inherited from the Umayyads and Sasanians was surprisingly effective at communicatingurgent messages over these huge distan- ces.¹ When the caliph al-Rashīdd ied in the year 809 at Ṭūs( near Mashhad in north-east Iran) amessenger broughtthe news to Baghdadintwelvedays, trav- eling 1,900 kilometres at an averagespeed of 150 kilometres per day.
  • "New Political Sectarianism in Times of Economic Hardship in Saudi Arabia" by Verena WALTHER

    "New Political Sectarianism in Times of Economic Hardship in Saudi Arabia" by Verena WALTHER

    "New political Sectarianism in Times of Economic hardship in Saudi Arabia" By Verena WALTHER Course “The Political Economy of the Middle East and North Africa” Taught by Eckart Woertz at Sciences Po Fall 2016 This paper has received the KSP Student Paper Award of the Kuwait Program at Sciences Po © The copyright of this paper remains the property of its author. No part of the content may be reproduced, published, distributed, copied or stored for public or private use without written permission of the author. All authorisation requests should be sent to [email protected] Verena Walther International Public Management ________________________________________________________________________________ New Political Sectarianism in Times of Economic Hardship in Saudi Arabia ________________________________________________________________________________ L’INSTITUT D’ÉTUDES POLITIQUES DE PARIS - FALL SEMESTER 2016 16604 POLITICAL© ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST - ECKART WOERTZ © The copyright of this paper remains the property of its author. No part of the content may be reproduced, © published, distributed, copied or stored for public or private use without written permission of the author. All authorisation requests should be sent to [email protected] Verena Walther New Political Sectarianism in Times of Economic Hardship in Saudi Arabia Agenda: I. Introduction II. Sectarianism in the Persian Gulf III. Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia IV. Post-Arab Spring: New political sectarianism in Saudi Arabia as a rentier-state V. Conclusion I. Introduction On 2 January 2016, Saudi Arabia unanticipatedly executed the Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr an-Nimr, a prominent critic of Saudi authorities and vocal leader of the anti-government protests against the marginalisation of Shia that had erupted in the kingdom’s Eastern Province in 2011.
  • Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies

    Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies

    Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol.
  • UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4

    UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4

    WORLD TOURISM DESTINATIONS UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4. SAARC Countries A S I A N C O N T I N E N T 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 2 Countries in ASIAN Continent : 48+03+01 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 3 WEST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA 12/11/2020NORTH ASIA Saravanan_doc_WorldEAST ASIA Tourism_PPT SOUTH EAST ASIA4 WEST ASIA 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 5 WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES • Armenia • Lebanon • Azerbaijan • Oman • Bahrain • Palestine • Cyprus • Qatar • Georgia • Saudi Arabia • Iraq • Syria • Iran • Turkey • Israel • United Arab Emirates • Jordan • Yemen • Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 6 Armenia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 7 Azerbaijan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 8 Bahrain 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 9 Cyprus 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 10 Georgia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 11 Iraq 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 12 Iran 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 13 Israel 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 14 Jordan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 15 Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 16 Lebanon 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 17 Oman 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 18 Palestine 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 19 Qatar 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 20 Saudi Arabia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 21 Syria 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 22 Turkey
  • Pre-Islamic Arabia

    Pre-Islamic Arabia

    Pre-Islamic Arabia The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia The nomadic pastoralist Bedouin tribes inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam around 700 CE. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the societal structure of tribes in Arabia KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points Nomadic Bedouin tribes dominated the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam. Family groups called clans formed larger tribal units, which reinforced family cooperation in the difficult living conditions on the Arabian peninsula and protected its members against other tribes. The Bedouin tribes were nomadic pastoralists who relied on their herds of goats, sheep, and camels for meat, milk, cheese, blood, fur/wool, and other sustenance. The pre-Islamic Bedouins also hunted, served as bodyguards, escorted caravans, worked as mercenaries, and traded or raided to gain animals, women, gold, fabric, and other luxury items. Arab tribes begin to appear in the south Syrian deserts and southern Jordan around 200 CE, but spread from the central Arabian Peninsula after the rise of Islam in the 630s CE. Key Terms Nabatean: an ancient Semitic people who inhabited northern Arabia and Southern Levant, ca. 37–100 CE. Bedouin: a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations were Thamud, which arose around 3000 BCE and lasted to about 300 CE, and Dilmun, which arose around the end of the fourth millennium and lasted to about 600 CE.
  • The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963

    The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963

    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of the Middle East. Illustration courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-925-9 1. Middle East––Politics and government––1945–1979––Sources. 2. United States–– Foreign relations––Middle East. 3. Middle East––Foreign relations––United States. 4. John F. Kennedy Library––Archives. I. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. II. Series. DS63.1 956.04––dc22 2007061516 Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier
  • Keesing's World News Archives

    Keesing's World News Archives

    Keesing's World News Archives http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp_search_... Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 32, February, 1986 Libya, Page 34199 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Internal and foreign affairs Summary and key dates General People's Congress session (Feb. 26-March 5, 1985). Passage of budget (March). Formation of ‘Pan-Arab Command’ by Col. Kadhafi (March). Proposal for creation of ‘Arab Union’ (June 11). Economic situation (to February 1986). Expulsions of foreign workers (August 1985). Relations with Arab countries (to January 1986). Military agreement with Iran (June 23, 1985). Severance of diplomatic relations by Iraq (June 26). Col. Kadhafi's visit to Soviet Union (Oct. 10–14). Relations with USA–alleged CIA destabilization plan (to January 1986). Contacts with France and Norway (April-October 1985). Convictions of Libyans in United Kingdom (February-May). Deportation of assassination team from Egypt (April). Attacks on Libyans abroad (February-November). Appeal by Col. Kadhafi to exiles to return home (Sept. 3). Internal politics–criticisms of government (1985). Government appointments (May 7). Conflict between Army and revolutionary committees (1985). Assassination attempts on Col. Kadhafi (March- September). Death of Col. Ishkal (November). The 10th ordinary session of the General People's Congress (the Libyan equivalent of a national assembly) took place in Tripoli, the capital, on Feb. 26-March 2, 1985. The Congress debated the various decisions made during the year by the basic people's congresses (BPCs–Libya's local decision-making bodies) and passed a number of resolutions on internal and foreign policy, of which the most important are detailed below.
  • Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER

    Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER

    Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/35/3-4/291/2745727/aarc_35_3-4_x1546224w7621152.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 Archives in Medieval Islam By ERNST POSNER N A CHAPTER of his Muqaddimah: An Introduction to His- tory, which deals with royalty and government, Ibn-Khaldun I (1332-1406) observes, "Royal authority requires soldiers, money, and the means to communicate with those who are absent. The ruler, therefore, needs persons to help him in the matters concerned with 'the sword,' 'the pen,' and finances; and among them the pen ranks high."1 It may have been thought to rank even higher than the sword and finances, for, according to Muslim tradition, the pen was the first object God created.2 Of its power and creativeness in Islamic culture there can be no doubt, and those who wielded the pen enjoyed great esteem. Poets and literati lent their talents to the business of government and, according to Ibn al-Sayrafl, achieved "with the pen what the sword and the lance over a long period of years had been unable to produce."3 Unfortunately, the use of the pen as an instrument of Muslim policy and the preservation of the products of the pen, namely offi- cial documents, have received too little attention so far. As a re- sult, archives-keeping in the Muslim states during the Middle Ages has not been fully recognized as a continuation of preceding prac- The author, Fellow and past president of the Society, continues with this essay his history of archives administration begun in Archives in the Ancient World [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; xviii, 283 p., illus.; bibliography, index; $>io] pub- lished in May 1972.
  • Country Travel Risk Summaries

    Country Travel Risk Summaries

    COUNTRY RISK SUMMARIES Powered by FocusPoint International, Inc. Report for Week Ending September 19, 2021 Latest Updates: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, India, Israel, Mali, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine and Yemen. ▪ Afghanistan: On September 14, thousands held a protest in Kandahar during afternoon hours local time to denounce a Taliban decision to evict residents in Firqa area. No further details were immediately available. ▪ Burkina Faso: On September 13, at least four people were killed and several others ijured after suspected Islamist militants ambushed a gendarme patrol escorting mining workers between Sakoani and Matiacoali in Est Region. Several gendarmes were missing following the attack. ▪ Cameroon: On September 14, at least seven soldiers were killed in clashes with separatist fighters in kikaikelaki, Northwest region. Another two soldiers were killed in an ambush in Chounghi on September 11. ▪ India: On September 16, at least six people were killed, including one each in Kendrapara and Subarnapur districts, and around 20,522 others evacuated, while 7,500 houses were damaged across Odisha state over the last three days, due to floods triggered by heavy rainfall. Disaster teams were sent to Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapara districts. Further floods were expected along the Mahanadi River and its tributaries. ▪ Israel: On September 13, at least two people were injured after being stabbed near Jerusalem Central Bus Station during afternoon hours local time. No further details were immediately available, but the assailant was shot dead by security forces. ▪ Mali: On September 13, at least five government soldiers and three Islamist militants were killed in clashes near Manidje in Kolongo commune, Macina cercle, Segou region, during morning hours local time.
  • Jeffrey Eli Pearson

    Jeffrey Eli Pearson

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Contextualizing the Nabataeans: A Critical Reassessment of their History and Material Culture Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dx9g1rj Author Pearson, Jeffrey Eli Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Contextualizing the Nabataeans: A Critical Reassessment of their History and Material Culture By Jeffrey Eli Pearson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Erich Gruen, Chair Chris Hallett Andrew Stewart Benjamin Porter Spring 2011 Abstract Contextualizing the Nabataeans: A Critical Reassessment of their History and Material Culture by Jeffrey Eli Pearson Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Erich Gruen, Chair The Nabataeans, best known today for the spectacular remains of their capital at Petra in southern Jordan, continue to defy easy characterization. Since they lack a surviving narrative history of their own, in approaching the Nabataeans one necessarily relies heavily upon the commentaries of outside observers, such as the Greeks, Romans, and Jews, as well as upon comparisons of Nabataean material culture with Classical and Near Eastern models. These approaches have elucidated much about this
  • Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions

    Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions

    Durham E-Theses Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. SMAIRA, DIMA How to cite: SMAIRA, DIMA (2014) Changing Security:Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10810/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Changing Security: Theoretical and Practical Discussions. The Case of Lebanon. Dima Smaira Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2014 i Abstract This study is concerned with security; particularly security in Lebanon. It is also equally concerned with various means to improve security. Building on debates at the heart of world politics and Security Studies, this study first discusses trends in global governance, in the study of security, and in security assistance to post-conflict or developing countries.
  • The Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem's Islamic and Christian

    The Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem's Islamic and Christian

    THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE White Paper The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE White Paper The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE Copyright © 2020 by The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought All rights reserved. No part of this document may be used or reproduced in any manner wthout the prior consent of the publisher. Cover Image: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem © Shutterstock Title Page Image: Dome of the Rock and Jerusalem © Shutterstock isbn 978–9957–635–47–3 Printed in Jordan by The National Press Third print run CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION: THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 7 PART ONE: THE ARAB, JEWISH, CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC HISTORY OF JERUSALEM IN BRIEF 9 PART TWO: THE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE ISLAMIC HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 23 I. The Religious Significance of Jerusalem and its Holy Sites to Muslims 25 II. What is Meant by the ‘Islamic Holy Sites’ of Jerusalem? 30 III. The Significance of the Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 32 IV. The History of the Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 33 V. The Functions of the Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 44 VI. Termination of the Islamic Custodianship 53 PART THREE: THE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 55 I. The Religious Significance of Jerusalem and its Holy Sites to Christians 57 II.