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The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963

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The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of the Middle East. Illustration courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-925-9 1. Middle East––Politics and government––1945–1979––Sources. 2. United States–– Foreign relations––Middle East. 3. Middle East––Foreign relations––United States. 4. John F. Kennedy Library––Archives. I. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. II. Series. DS63.1 956.04––dc22 2007061516 Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-925-9. TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note .......................................................................................... v Source Note............................................................................................................... xiii Editorial Note ........................................................................................................... xiii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xv Reel Index Reel 1 Afghanistan.......................................................................................................... 1 Crete..................................................................................................................... 3 Cyprus.................................................................................................................. 3 Reel 2 Cyprus cont. ......................................................................................................... 5 Iran ....................................................................................................................... 6 Reel 3 Iran cont. .............................................................................................................. 9 Iraq ....................................................................................................................... 11 Israel..................................................................................................................... 12 Reel 4 Israel cont............................................................................................................. 12 Reel 5 Jordan................................................................................................................... 17 Kuwait.................................................................................................................. 18 Lebanon................................................................................................................ 19 Reel 6 Lebanon cont........................................................................................................ 19 Oman.................................................................................................................... 20 Pakistan................................................................................................................ 20 Reels 7–9 Pakistan cont. ....................................................................................................... 21 Reel 10 Palestine ............................................................................................................... 26 iii Saudi Arabia......................................................................................................... 28 Reel 11 Saudi Arabia cont................................................................................................. 28 Reel 12 Saudi Arabia cont................................................................................................. 30 Syria ..................................................................................................................... 30 Reel 13 Syria cont. ............................................................................................................ 32 Turkey.................................................................................................................. 33 United Arab Republic .......................................................................................... 34 Reels 14–15 United Arab Republic cont. ................................................................................. 34 Reel 16 United Arab Republic cont. ................................................................................. 38 Yemen.................................................................................................................. 38 Reels 17–18 Yemen cont. ......................................................................................................... 40 Principal Correspondents Index............................................................................. 45 Subject Index............................................................................................................ 51 iv SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961-1963, Middle East, First Supplement contains a large collection of recently released documents on national security issues in the Middle East, as well as on the Kennedy administration’s efforts both to respond to these developments and to help shape them. The collection includes substantial material on a variety of political, economic, and social topics including Arab-Israeli relations, border conflicts, political conditions, government changes, military coups, arms trade, Palestinian refugees, the role of the United Nations in mediating disputes, Communist activity and popular sentiment, economic policy and national planning, and U.S. economic, food, and military assistance. The material is organized into separate sections for each of fifteen countries, plus Crete and Palestine. Each section contains some or all of the following types of documents: diplomatic cables, military and intelligence reports, White House–State Department letters and notes, memoranda of White House conversations, political/economic assessments, contingency plans, and personal communications between Middle East leaders and President Kennedy and other U.S. officials. The collection provides illuminating glimpses of important personalities involved in Middle East decision making, including Muhammad Al-Badr, Ali Amini, Kemal Ataturk, Mohammed Ayub Khan, George M. Ball, Ahmed Ben Bella, David Ben-Gurion, Ali Bhutto, Chester Bowles, Ralph Bunche, McGeorge Bundy, Ellsworth Bunker, Fuad Chehab, Mohammad Daud, William O. Douglas, Levi Eshkol, Crown Prince Faisal, Myer Feldman, Mordechai Gazit, Avraham Harman, Sayf Al-Islam Al-Hassan, W. Averell Harriman, Hussein I, Ismet Inonu, Joseph E. Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, Mostafa Kamel, Carl Kaysen, Robert W. Komer, Makarios III, Edward Mason, John J. McCloy, Golda Meir, Paul Boutros Meouchi, Armin H. Meyer, Livingston T. Merchant, Mullah Mustafa Barzini, Mohammed Naim, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Nazim Al-Qudsi, Walt W. Rostow, Dean Rusk, Anwar Sadat, Abdullah Al-Sallal, Ahmad Shuqairi, Mongi Slim, Philippe Takla, Wasfi Tal, Phillips Talbot, Maxwell D. Taylor, U Thant, Carl C. Van Horn, Mohammed Yusuf, Mohammed Zahir Shah, and President John F. Kennedy. The following sections highlight the information that the collection includes for each country. Afghanistan Afghanistan carried on a dispute with Pakistan over the border area commonly referred to as “Pushtunistan.” As a consequence of this dispute, Pakistan forced landlocked Afghanistan to abandon its trade route to the sea through Pakistan. Collection documents cover this conflict as well as Iran’s attempt to mediate the dispute. As was the case with the leaders of many developing countries, U.S. diplomats and officials found Afghanistan’s leader, Mohammed Zahir Shah, quite adroit at playing off the United States against the Soviet Union in order to obtain needed aid. Collection authors illuminate this cold war gamesmanship. v Cyprus The collection includes material on the relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as well as on the larger relations between Greece and Turkey as they affected Cyprus, and Archbishop Makarios III’s visit to the United States. Iran Iran during the early 1960s faced a desperate domestic economic crisis, with ballooning government spending and budget deficits, and the country’s leaders, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Prime Minister Ali Amini, continually tempted to dip into oil revenues to make up the shortfalls. Collection documents cover the attempts by U.S. and International Monetary Fund (IMF) officials to devise measures
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