Feature Multiple Means to an End: a Reexamination of President Kennedy’S Decision to Go to the Moon by Stephen J
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John E. Nolan Oral History Interview – RFK#2, 07/24/1970 Administrative Information
John E. Nolan Oral History Interview – RFK#2, 07/24/1970 Administrative Information Creator: John E. Nolan Interviewer: Roberta W. Greene Date of Interview: July 24, 1970 Place of Interview: Washington, D.C. Length: 20 pages Biographical Note Nolan was the administrative assistant to the Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy [RFK], from 1963 to 1964. In this interview Nolan discusses RFK as “very sparing... [with] his own opinions;” the meeting in New York on March 13, 1968, to discuss RFK’s presidential candidacy; Nolan’s return to California and setting up RFK’s campaign headquarters and staff there; decisions about purchasing campaign materials and printing petition forms; picking a California delegation for RFK; and bringing people into the campaign, among other issues. Access Open. Usage Restrictions According to the deed of gift signed January 8, 1991, copyright of these materials has been assigned to the United States Government. Users of these materials are advised to determine the copyright status of any document from which they wish to publish. Copyright The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excesses of “fair use,” that user may be liable for copyright infringement. -
EMPLOYMENT and OCCUPATION) CONVENTION Geneva, 25 June 1958 C111
752 IX.9. DISCRIMINATION (EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATION) CONVENTION Geneva, 25 June 1958 C111 AFGHANISTAN 1 Oct 1969, ALBANIA 27 Feb 1997, ALGERIA 12 Jun 1969, ANGOLA 4 Jun 1976, ANTINGUA & BARBUDA 2 Feb 1983, ARGENTINA 18 Jun 1968, ARME- NIA 29 Jul 1994, AUSTRALIA 15 Jun 1973, AUSTRIA 10 Jan 1973, AZERBAIJAN 19 May 1992, BAHAMAS 14 Jun 2001, BAHRAIN 26 Sep 2000, BANGLADESH 22 Jun 1972, BARBADOS 14 Oct 1974, BELARUS 4 Aug 1961, BELGIUM 22 Mar 1977, BELIZE 22 Jun 1999, BENIN 22 May 1961, BOLIVIA 31 Jan 1977, BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA 2 Jun 1993, BOTSWANA 5 Jun 1997, BRAZIL 26 Nov 1965, BULGARIA 22 Jul 1960, BUR- KINA FASO 16 Apr 1962, BURUNDI 25 Jun 1993, CAMBODIA 23 Aug 1999, CAMEROON 13 May 1988, CANADA 29 Nov 1964, CAPE VERDE 3 Apr 1979, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 9 Jun 1964, CHAD 29 Mar 1966, CHILE 20 Sep 1971, COLOMBIA 4 Mar 1969, COMOROS 17 Mar 2004, CONGO 26 Nov 1999, CONGO (DEMOCRATIC REPUB- LIC) 20 Jun 2001, COSTA RICA 1 Mar 1962, COTE D’IVOIRE 5 May 1961, CROATIA 8 Oct 1991, CUBA 26 Aug 1965, CYPRUS 2 Feb 1968, CZECH REPUBLIC 1 Jan 1963, DENMARK 22 Jun 1960, DJIBOUTI 28 Feb 2005, DOMINICA 28 Feb 1983, DOMINI- CAN REPUBLIC 13 Jul 1964, ECUADOR 10 Jul 1962, EGYPT 10 May 1960, EL SAL- VADOR 15 Jun 1995, EQUATORIAL GUINEA 13 Aug 2001, ERITREA 22 Feb 2000, ESTONIA 17 Aug 2005, ETHIOPIA 11 Jun 1966, FIJI 17 Apr 2002, FINLAND 23 Apr 1970, FRANCE 28 May 1981, GABON 29 May 1961, GAMBIA 4 Sep 2000, GEORGIA 22 Jun 1993, GERMANY 15 Jun 1961, GHANA 4 Apr 1961, GREECE 7 May 1984, GRENADA 14 May 2003, GUATEMALA 11 Oct 1960, GUINEA-BISSAU 21 Feb 1977, GUINEA -
2013 Winter Newsletter
HHHHHHH LEGACY JOHN F. KENNEDY LIBRARY FOUNDATION Winter | 2013 Freedom 7 Splashes Down at JFK Presidential Library and Museum “I believe this nation should commit itself, to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.” – President Kennedy, May 25, 1961 he John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Joined on September 12 by three students from Pinkerton opened a special new installation featuring Freedom 7, Academy, the alma mater of astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr., Tthe iconic space capsule that U.S. Navy Commander Kennedy Library Director Tom Putnam unveiled Freedom 7, Alan B. Shepard Jr. piloted on the first American-manned stating, “In bringing the Freedom 7 space capsule to our spaceflight. Celebrating American ingenuity and determination, Museum, the Kennedy Library hopes to inspire a new the new exhibit opened on September 12, the 50th anniversary generation of Americans to use science and technology of President Kennedy’s speech at Rice University, where he so for the betterment of our humankind.” eloquently championed America’s manned space efforts: Freedom 7 had been on display at the U.S. Naval “We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the Academy in Annapolis, MD since 1998, on loan from the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. At the request of hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure Caroline Kennedy, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is the U.S. -
The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of the Middle East. Illustration courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-925-9 1. Middle East––Politics and government––1945–1979––Sources. 2. United States–– Foreign relations––Middle East. 3. Middle East––Foreign relations––United States. 4. John F. Kennedy Library––Archives. I. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. II. Series. DS63.1 956.04––dc22 2007061516 Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier -
Fifty Years Ago This May, John F. Kennedy Molded Cold War Fears Into a Collective Resolve to Achieve the Almost Unthinkable: Land American Astronauts on the Moon
SHOOTING FOR THE MOON Fifty years ago this May, John F. Kennedy molded Cold War fears into a collective resolve to achieve the almost unthinkable: land American astronauts on the moon. In a new book, Professor Emeritus John Logsdon mines the details behind the president’s epochal decision. .ORG S GE A IM NASA Y OF S NASA/COURTE SHOOTING FOR THE MOON Fifty years ago this May, John F. Kennedy molded Cold War fears into a collective resolve to achieve the almost unthinkable: land American astronauts on the moon. In a new book, Professor Emeritus John Logsdon mines the details behind the president’s epochal decision. BY JOHN M. LOGSDON President John F. Kennedy, addressing a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, had called for “a great new American enterprise.” n the middle of a July night in 1969, standing The rest, of course, is history: The Eagle landed. Before a TV outside a faceless building along Florida’s eastern audience of half a billion people, Neil Armstrong took “one giant coast, three men in bright white spacesuits strolled leap for mankind,” and Buzz Aldrin emerged soon after, describing by, a few feet from me—on their way to the moon. the moonscape before him as “magnificent desolation.” They climbed into their spacecraft, atop a But the landing at Tranquility Base was not the whole story massive Saturn V rocket, and, a few hours later, of Project Apollo. I with a powerful blast, went roaring into space, the It was the story behind the story that had placed me at weight on their shoulders far more than could be measured Kennedy Space Center that July day. -
John F. Kennedy and the New Frontier
DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters, Arts and Foreign Languages Department of English Section of English John F. Kennedy And The New Frontier An Extended Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the “Master” Degree in Anglo-Saxon Literature and Civilisation Presented by Supervised by Sabrina BOUKHALFA Dr Yahia ZEGHOUDI Board of Examiners Mr. BENSAFA Abdelkader (President) (University of Tlemcen) Dr. ZEGHOUDI yahia (Supervisor) (University of Tlemcen) Mr. KHELADI Mohammed (Internal Examiner) (University of Tlemcen) 2014/2015 Dedication I would like to dedicate this Extended Essay to my beloved parents, my sisters: Yousra and Yasmine, my little brother Mohamed Abd El-Karim. Acknowledgements Above all, I thank Allah, the almighty for having given me the strength and patience to undertake and complete this work. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr ZEGHOUDI yahia, for his help, precious advice and patience. I wish to express my respect and gratitude to the honourable members of the jury: Mr. KHELADI Mohammed and Mr. BENSAFA Abdelkader for devoting some of their time and having accepted reading and commenting on this Extended Essay. I would like to express my deepest and great appreciation to all the teachers of the Department of English I would also like to express my appreciation to all my Class mates, namely Miss. BOUSALEH Sawsen for her help and emotional support. Abstract In essence, the present dissertation seeks to highlight President Kennedy’s political career with a particular focus on his domestic and foreign policies. -
Jerome Wiesner Was a Creative Force at MIT for the Last Half Century
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JEROME BERT WIESNER 1915–1994 A Biographical Memoir by LOUIS D. SMULLIN Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright by Karsh, Ottawa JEROME BERT WIESNER May 30, 1915–October 21, 1994 BY LOUIS D. SMULLIN EROME WIESNER—JERRY to almost everybody—led an excit- J ing and productive life and, more than most, he made a difference. His career, the offices he held and the honors he received are spelled out in the MIT obituary notice at the time of his death. As interesting and impressive as is the list of offices and honors, even more interesting is his transformation from a young engineer just out of college to an “electronic warrior” during World War II, to a “cold warrior” during the early days of the “missile gap,” and finally to a leading spokesman for the nuclear test ban and a worker for nuclear disarmament. Jerry and his younger sister, Edna, were the children of Joseph and Ida Wiesner, each of whom had come to the United States at about the turn of the century. To escape having to take violin lessons, at age nineteen, Joseph had run away from his parents in Vienna in about 1892 and had shipped out to places as far away as Alaska and the California gold fields before landing in New York. (Edna remembers her father telling stories about meeting and drinking with Jack London in Alaska.) Ida had come from Romania to New York with her younger sister. She worked in the gar- ment industry and then as a housekeeper until she and 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Joseph met and married in 1914. -
Kennedy and the Other Missiles of 1962
Kennedy and the Other Missiles of 1962 Clarence Lam When the phrase ‘nuclear missiles’ is mentioned in connection with either President John F. Kennedy or the year 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis usually comes to mind. Kennedy is remembered for a composed and tactful approach to defusing the conflict, prompting Khrushchev to remove the Soviet nuclear missiles from Cuba. Less well known are the United States’ Jupiter nuclear missiles that were in Turkey at the time of the crisis, much less their role in precipitating it. Despite their brief existence and tactical inferiority to other weapon systems such as the Polaris nuclear submarines, the Jupiters presented both major diplomatic problems and solutions for Kennedy. On the one hand, removal of these Jupiter missiles from Turkey was secretly part of the compromise that resolved the most tense and celebrated war of nerves between the United States and the Soviet Union. Even though the Jupiters had little military value and were limited in their ability to deter Soviet attacks, in the end they carried significant diplomatic value as bargaining chips for Kennedy. However, they were also sticky, problematic weapons that were obsolete even when deployed. The Kennedy administration was never impressed by the Jupiter missiles, yet it followed through with Eisenhower’s commitment to Turkey in 1959 and installed these nuclear weapons. Furthermore, the Jupiters were never removed from Turkey until after the Cuban Missile Crisis. If the missiles were inefficient, vulnerable, and provocative, rendering them practically useless, why were they still in Turkey in October 1962? Historians generally concur that Kennedy wanted to remove the missiles, but they disagree on one important question: did Kennedy order or suggest the removal of the missiles before the Cuban Missile Crisis? Roger Hilsman states that Kennedy had ordered the removal of the missiles from Turkey several times prior to the crisis. -
TUESDAY, M Y 1, 1962 the President Met with the Following of The
TUESDAY, MAYMYI,1, 1962 9:459:45 -- 9:50 am The PrePresidentsident met with the following of the Worcester Junior Chamber of CommeCommerce,rce, MasMassachusettssachusetts in the Rose Garden: Don Cookson JJamesarne s Oulighan Larry Samberg JeffreyJeffrey Richard JohnJohn Klunk KennethKenneth ScScottott GeorgeGeorge Donatello EdwardEdward JaffeJaffe RichardRichard MulhernMulhern DanielDaniel MiduszenskiMiduszenski StazrosStazros GaniaGaniass LouiLouiss EdmondEdmond TheyThey werewere accorrpaccompaniedanied by CongresCongressmansman HaroldHarold D.D. DonohueDonohue - TUESDAY,TUESbAY J MAY 1, 1962 8:45 atn LEGISLATIVELEGI~LATIVE LEADERS BREAKFAST The{['he Vice President Speaker John W. McCormackMcCortnack Senator Mike Mansfield SenatorSenato r HubertHube rt HumphreyHUInphrey Senator George SmatherStnathers s CongressmanCongresstnan Carl Albert CongressmanCongresstnan Hale BoggBoggs s Hon. Lawrence O'Brien Hon. Kenneth O'Donnell0 'Donnell Hon. Pierre Salinger Hon. Theodore Sorensen 9:35 amatn The President arrived in the office. (See insert opposite page) 10:32 - 10:55 amatn The President mettnet with a delegation fromfrotn tktre Friends'Friends I "Witness for World Order": Henry J. Cadbury, Haverford, Pa. Founder of the AmericanAtnerican Friends Service CommitteeCOtntnittee ( David Hartsough, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania Senior at Howard University Mrs. Dorothy Hutchinson, Jenkintown, Pa. Opening speaker, the Friends WitnessWitnes~ for World Order Mr. Samuel Levering, Arararat, Virginia Chairman of the Board on Peace and.and .... Social Concerns Edward F. Snyder, College Park, Md. Executive Secretary of the Friends Committe on National Legislation George Willoughby, Blackwood Terrace, N. J. Member of the crew of the Golden Rule (ship) and the San Francisco to Moscow Peace Walk (Hon. McGeorgeMkGeorge Bundy) (General Chester V. Clifton 10:57 - 11:02 am (Congre(Congresswomansswoman Edith Green, Oregon) OFF TRECO 11:15 - 11:58 am H. -
Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M
Chapter Two Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M. Logsdon Project Apollo, the remarkable U.S. space effort that sent 12 astronauts to the surface of Earth’s Moon between July 1969 and December 1972, has been extensively chronicled and analyzed.1 This essay will not attempt to add to this extensive body of literature. Its ambition is much more modest: to provide a coherent narrative within which to place the various documents included in this compendium. In this narrative, key decisions along the path to the Moon will be given particular attention. 1. Roger Launius, in his essay “Interpreting the Moon Landings: Project Apollo and the Historians,” History and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2006): 225–55, has provided a com prehensive and thoughtful overview of many of the books written about Apollo. The bibliography accompanying this essay includes almost every book-length study of Apollo and also lists a number of articles and essays interpreting the feat. Among the books Launius singles out for particular attention are: John M. Logsdon, The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970); Walter A. McDougall, . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Vernon Van Dyke, Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964); W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Roger E. Bilstein, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, NASA SP-4206 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980); Edgar M. -
NEEDLESS DEATHS in the GULF WAR Civilian Casualties During The
NEEDLESS DEATHS IN THE GULF WAR Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign and Violations of the Laws of War A Middle East Watch Report Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 November 1991 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover design by Patti Lacobee Watch Committee Middle East Watch was established in 1989 to establish and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights in the Middle East. The chair of Middle East Watch is Gary Sick and the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb. Andrew Whitley is the executive director; Eric Goldstein is the research director; Virginia N. Sherry is the associate director; Aziz Abu Hamad is the senior researcher; John V. White is an Orville Schell Fellow; and Christina Derry is the associate. Needless deaths in the Gulf War: civilian casualties during the air campaign and violations of the laws of war. p. cm -- (A Middle East Watch report) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-56432-029-4 1. Persian Gulf War, 1991--United States. 2. Persian Gulf War, 1991-- Atrocities. 3. War victims--Iraq. 4. War--Protection of civilians. I. Human Rights Watch (Organization) II. Series. DS79.72.N44 1991 956.704'3--dc20 91-37902 CIP Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is composed of Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch and the Fund for Free Expression. The executive committee comprises Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter Bell, Alice Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Jonathan Fanton, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. -
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Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 290 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 291 Jerome Bert Wiesner 1915-1994 By Paul E. Gray In or out of public positions, he never stopped caring or working for the country's good. He never thought it was not his problem . [He] performed the office of public citizen better than any contemporary I know. Anthony Lewis The New York Times October 28, 1994 Jerome B. Wiesner—engineer, educator, adviser to presidents and the young, passionate advocate for peace, and public citizen—died on October 21, 1994, at his home in Watertown, Massachusetts, at the age of seventy-nine. Throughout his life, he applied his intellect and wisdom and energy to improve the many institutions with which he was involved, to ameliorate the problems clouding the future of humankind, and to make the world a better, safer, more humane home to all its citizens. Jerry was born in Detroit, Michigan, on May 30, 1915—the son of a shopkeeper—and grew up in nearby Dearborn, where he attended the public schools. He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he earned bachelor of science degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics in 1937, the master of science degree in electrical engineering in 1938, and the doctor of philosophy degree in electrical engineering in 1950. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 292 He began his professional career in 1937 as associate director of the University of Michigan broadcasting service, and in 1940 moved to the Acoustical Record Library of the Library of Congress, where he served as chief engineer.