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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73-23,913 MANANDHAR, Mangal Siddhi, 1941- THE roEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1973 Geography University Microfilms. A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 MAHGAL SIDDHI HANAEIDHAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY MANGAL SIDDHI MANANDHAR Norman, Oklahoma 1973 THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE: A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY APPROVED BY DISSERTATEGKCOMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is especially grateful to Dr. Ralph E. Olson for much-needed guidance throughout the preparation of this dissertation, and for the tremendous amount of his valu­ able time spent in making this work possible. Gratitude is also extended to Dr. Gary L. Thompson and Dr. Marvin W. Baker for their valuable suggestions, and to Dr. Harry E. Hoy and Dr. John W. Morris for their encouragement. The writer extends his appreciation to the many Arab friends on the University of Oklahoma campus for their help in gathering information. Last but not least, thanks must go to my friend, Kay Coffey, for helping in every possible way and for typing the final draft of this dissertation. Ill This work is dedicated to my father, Jagat Narayan Manandhar, who is no more. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... iii LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Statement of the Problem ................. 1 Background ................................ 5 Review of the Literature ................. 8 Justification ............................ 15 Approach.................................. 16 II. THE ARAB N A T I O N .............................. 24 Definition of the Arab P e o p l e .......... 24 Origin, Dispersal, and Nucléation of the A r a b s ........................... 28 Political Divisions of the Contemporary Arab W o r l d ................................ 43 Physical Diversity in the Arab World . 48 III. THE IDEA OF ONE ARAB NATION-STATE........... 51 Origin of the I d e a ....................... 53 Development of the I d e a ................. 55 The First Attempt--Search for an Arab E m p i r e .................................... 57 The First Publication Proposing an Arab S t a t e .................................... 59 Pan-Arab Societies and Organizations in the Early Twentieth Century ............. 62 The Abortive Attempt to Create One Arab State after World War I ................. 64 Perceptions of the Extent of the Arab N a t i o n .................................... 69 The Concepts of Nation and Nation-State in Arabic Terminology ....................... 74 V The Arab League--A First Step Toward Unity 76 The Ba'th Party and Modern Pan-Arabism . 77 Present Territorial Extent of theIdea . 78 IV. CORE AREAS OF THE ARAB WORLD ................. 98 The Historical Core Areas of the Arab E m p i r e .......................................104 Core Areas of the Modern Arab States . 114 North Africa .............................. 114 Arabian Peninsula ..................... 129 Fertile Crescent ....................... 133 Emergence of a Core for the Political Idea of One Arab State ............................ 134 V. INTEGRATIVE FORCES IN THE ARAB W O R L D ........... 139 The State-Idea in Contemporary Arab Thought 140 The Lower Nile Valley, an Emerging Core A r e a ......................................... 141 Israel--The Integrative Value of a Common Hostility ............................ 146 Oil--OPEC and Efforts at Joint Economic P l a n n i n g .....................................156 Existing Functional Integration--A Modest B e g i n n i n g .....................................164 The Arab L e a g u e .......................... 164 The Arab Common M a r k e t ....................169 VI. DIVISIVE FORCES IN THE ARAB W O R L D ............. 177 Geopolitical and Spatial Factors Hindering the Political Idea of One Arab State . 177 Strategic considerations . .......... 178 Natural and man-made barriers to Arab world u n i t y .............................. 190 Discontiguity created by the presence of I s r a e l ................................ 201 Minorities in the Existing Arab States . 205 Linguistic minorities ................. 208 Religious minorities ................... 211 Divisive Political Factors ............... 215 Divisive Economic Factors ................. 224 The legacy of historical disunity . 224 Recent inter-Arab trade --competition and c o m p l e m e n t a r i t y ......................226 Different economic systems ............. 237 Different levels of economic development 238 Tariffs as the main source of government r e v e n u e .................................. 239 The shortage of convertible currencies-- an obstacle to economic integration . 240 vi VII. SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ........................241 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................. 252 Vll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Speakers of Arabic as Percentage of Population . 30 2. Rate of Reduction in the Customs Duties and Other Duties on the Industrial Products Contained in Lists "B" and " C " .................................. 174 3. Sources of French Oil Imports in 1966-1967 . 184 4. Western Oil Companies' Share of OPEC Production, 1970 185 5. Nomadism in the Arab Wo r l d ......................... 195 6. Inter-Arab Trade as a Percentage of Total Trade of Certain Arab States, 1962--1969 229 7. Principal Commodity Imports of Arab Countries . 232 8. Principal Commodity Exports of Arab Countries . 233 9. Total Value of Trade between Arab Countries--1969 236 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Arab W o r l d .................................... 29 2. Saudi Arabia before Islam ..................... 31 3. The Arab Empire, 661 A.D.-750 A.D............. 39 4. The Period of Principalities, 10th-12th Centuries 41 5. Arab Lands under the Ottoman Empire .......... 42 6. The Arab World, 197 3 44 7. Recent Political Federations in the Arab World . 52 8. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916 ..................... 67 9. Middle East Mandates, 1920 68 10. Proposed Unification Plans in the Middle East, 1905-1943 ......................................... 70 11. The Unification Idea and Its Political Area . 97 12. Core Areas in the Arab W o r l d ..................100 13. Important Towns of the Arab World (Past and Present) ........................................... 101 14. The Expansion of the Arab Empire, 7th-8th C e n t u r i e s ....................................... 108 15. The Arab Expansion-- Conquest R o u t e s ........... 109 16. Colonialism in the Arab World, 1900 ............. 112 17. Colonialism In the Arab World, Maximum Extent . 113 18. Israel’s Changing Boundaries ................... 153 19. Structure of the Arab L e a g u e ..................167 20. Natural and Man-Made Barriers in the Arab World . 191 ix Figure Page 21. Population Density in the Arab World .... 192 22. Nomadism in the Arab W o r l d ............ 194 23. Flags of Arab S t a t e s ................... 197 24. Transportation Facilities in the Arab World . 202 25. Minorities in the Arab W o r l d .......... 206-07 26. Non-Arabic Speaking Areas in the Arab World . 209 27. Political Structure and Attitudes in the