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114 6.1.3 Clicks The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0- 6;0 years: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Student: Zinhle Maphalala Student Number: MPHZIN002 Town A dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in SpeechCape Language Pathology to the Division of Communicationof Sciences and Disorders Faculty of Health Sciences UniversityUniversity of Cape Town Supervisor: Michelle Pascoe Co-supervisor: Mantoa Smouse Degree: MSc in Speech-Language Pathology (by dissertation) Course Code: MM009 Date of submission: 31st August 2012 1 Plagiarism Declaration 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another‟s work and pretend that it is one‟s own. 2. I have used the American Psychological Association convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this thesis/dissertation from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This research project/report/thesis is my own work. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. 5. I acknowledge that copying someone else‟s work or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this is my own work. Town Cape of University Signature ______________________________ Date _______________ 2 Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate my thesis to my late father. I looked up to you and respected you for a long time and it was always my intention to make you proud. You were always there to encourage and support me and you did everything you could to make sure that I was able to achieve this goal. You taught me the value of hard work and doing my absolute best at all times. I know that you were behind me at the beginning of this study and although you are not here to see the end result, I can only hope that I have made you proud. Thank you for the father you were and for helping to make me who I am today. I will always love and miss you. To my precious mother- Your strength has inspired me to keep on going, even when it seemed impossible. I thank you for your prayers, your love and all the sacrifices you have made to help me get to this point. I will never forget all that you have done and I will be ever grateful. Thank-you for the gift that you are- I love you. Town Stee, Thobi, Nyandze and Thandwa- my wonderful sisters. You girls are an absolute blessing and I am so fortunate to have you in my life. Thank you for keeping me sane, for the laughs, for praying for and supporting me through-out thisCape journey. More than anything, thank-you for our long chats! I knew that I was never alone. I love and appreciate you! of Tumai, thank you for bearing with me through all the tough times and encouraging me when I needed it the most. You see so much more in me and you inspire me to keep working toward my goals. Thank you to the rest of my family and friend‟s for your constant prayers and encouragement. To Michelle and Mantoa.University Your guidance and encouragement were invaluable. I can not imagine how many hours were spent reading all the endless drafts. You invested your time and energy in this project and I appreciate all the constructive feedback that you gave. You were always there whenever I needed help (which was often). Thank you for believing in me and inspiring me to do better. My dear friend Nazneen, I am so glad we were able to share this experience- the laughter, tears and nervous breakdowns- through it all we helped each other up, persevered and finally reached the finish line. Thank you for everything, most of all for this new friendship which I will always treasure. 3 I would also like to thank Autumn Engelke who first devised the amazing wordlist that inspired this project. Your vision led to what I hope is the start of something so much bigger. I would like to thank the following wonderful people from Ikamva Labantu: Barbara Stemmert for welcoming me into your organisation that does so much for so many people and for allowing me to carry out this project at the various edu-cares. Jo McClellan - I can not begin to thank you for your selflessness, for doing everything possible to make sure I had participants and for getting me to them. You went above and beyond what I could have imagined. I truly appreciate all that you did for me. And the wonderful educators - Mildred, Phumla, Nikelwa, Lala, Lolitha, Philiso, Xolisa and Pelisa. Your enthusiasm and support is truly appreciated. ThankTown you for always making me feel welcome and for helping to make everything run smoothly. Enkosi kakhulu! Ndiyabulela ngexesha lenu. Thank you to all those who were a part of the expertCape panel- Mantoa, Jama, Sibongile, Lala and Nikelwa- for helping me navigate the complexitiesof of this language. Your input was truly valuable and much appreciated. To Keegan, Chris and Kelly, thank you for taking interest in this project and for working so hard to create the wonderful illustrations. To the participants who made this study come to life your contribution made all the difference. University Last, but not least, I thank God for being my strength at every point along this journey and for teaching me how to be still and trust in Him. 4 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................................... 12 CONVENTIONS USED ....................................................................................................................... 13 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION.......................................................................................................... 14 Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter Two: Literature Review....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter Three: Phonological Theory ................................................................................................ 14 Chapter Four: Methodology .............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter Five: Study Findings ........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter Six: Discussion of Findings ................................................................................................Town . 14 Chapter Seven: Clinical implications and Conclusion ...................................................................... 15 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................Cape 16 1.1 Speech- Language Therapy in South Africa ............................................................................... 16 1.2 The role of the Speech-Language Therapistof ............................................................................... 17 1.3 IsiXhosa background .................................................................................................................. 23 1.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 27 2.1 Phonology ofUniversity isiXhosa .......................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Research into isiXhosa speech development ........................................................................ 28 2.3 Studies of phonological development in English .................................................................. 31 2.4 Research in other languages .................................................................................................. 34 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER THREE: PHONOLOGICAL THEORIES AND FRAMEWORKS .................................. 37 3.1 Background to phonological theories ......................................................................................... 37 3.2 Phonological Processes ............................................................................................................... 37 5 3.3 Clinical frameworks .................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1. Psycholinguistic framework ................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Theory of Universals .................................................................................................................. 42 3.5 Research question .....................................................................................................................
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