Translation-Based Dictionary Alignment for Under-Resourced
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Language Policy: Legal Aid South Africa
130 No. 40733 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 31 MARCH 2017 GENERAL NOTICES • ALGEMENE KENNISGEWINGS Board / Raad/ Board / Raad BOARD / RAAD NOTICE 244 OF 2017 244 Constitution of the Republic of South Afric (108/1996): Legal Aid South Africa: Language Policy 40733 Pv'\ Legal Aid A/ South Africa Your voice. For justice. Independent and within reach. LANGUAGE POLICY TERMS OF REFERENCE Initiated By: Approved By: Date Approved: Version Number: Malebogo Mahape- Board 30 July 2016 Version 1 Marimo: CE Janeske Botes: Board 26 November 2016 Version 2 A/CE This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za 1 | P a g e Final Legal Aid SA Language Policy STAATSKOERANT, 31 MAART 2017 No. 40733 131 PV'\..LegalAid A/ South Africa Your voice. For justice. Independent and within reach. LEGAL AID SOUTH AFRICA: LANGUAGE POLICY 1. Introduction 1.1. South Africa is a multilingual country and Section 6 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) grants official language status to 11 languages, namely Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. 1.2. There is increased awareness of the need to intensify efforts to develop the previously marginalised indigenous languages and to promote multilingualism. 1.3. The Use of Official Languages Act, 2012 (Act No. 12 of 2012) strives to give effect to the constitutional obligation of multilingualism. This Act requires that every national department, national public entity and national public enterprise must adopt a language policy and establish language units. 1.4. Legal Aid South Africa has a constitutional mandate and a legislative mandate (Legal Aid South Africa Act (39 of 2014)) to provide legal representation to persons at state expense, to provide legal aid and legal advice and to provide education and information concerning legal rights and obligations. -
The Use of the Augment in Nguni Languages with Special Reference to the Referentiality of the Noun Eva-Marie Bloom Ström & Matti Miestamo
[Draft, August 2020; to appear in Lutz Marten, Rozenn Guérois, Hannah Gibson & Eva-Marie Bloom-Ström (eds), Morphosyntactic Variation in Bantu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] The use of the augment in Nguni languages with special reference to the referentiality of the noun Eva-Marie Bloom Ström & Matti Miestamo Abstract This chapter examines the use of the augment, a prefix preceding the noun class prefix, in a number of language varieties in the Nguni subgroup of Bantu languages. The study of these closely related varieties, which show striking similarities as well as differences in the use of the augment, gives new insights into developmental tendencies of the augment. All contexts in which the augment can be omitted are non-fact contexts. Contrary to what has previously been argued for some varieties, however, we find that the presence vs. absence of the augment does not mark a referentiality distinction. It is argued that referentiality constitutes a semantic and pragmatic explanation to the absence and presence of the augment in different contexts in a diachronic perspective, but that this function is eroded in present-day Nguni. What remains is a limited referentiality distinction for some speakers in some varieties. The loss of function explains why the augment is included in the noun in nearly all contexts in some varieties, and omitted everywhere in others. Due to its loss of function, the augment has become free to participate in sociolinguistic and stylistic variation in some Bantu languages. Key-words: negation, non-fact, referentiality, augment, morphosyntax, Nguni 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to explore the connection between the use of a nominal prefix in Bantu referred to as the augment1 and (non-)referentiality, such as has been claimed to exist in Swati: 2 (1) a. -
NOT for PUBLICATION SEMINAR G 6 DECEMBER 1974 .UNIVERSITY
NOT FOR PUBLICATION SEMINAR g 6 DECEMBER 1974 .UNIVERSITY OF RHODESIA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY HENDERSON SEMINAR PAPER NO. 30 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF THE KALANGa O) The Areas The country of the Kalanga is a vague area to the west and south of Matabeleland - no demarcated lim its - so no one can be exact about th is. ' For fie ld work purposes a ll the area west of the Mzingwani riv e r extending into Botswana where in 1954 it was roted that ’ the numerically strongest tribe in Bechuanaland are the Kalaka numbering 33,200*(3) and the area north of the Plurntree-Bulswayo railway right up to the Zambezi riv e r, shall be taken to be the area of the Kalanga. I t should, however, be pointed out that the country of the Kalanga is by no means an area exclusively resided by the Kalanga."- There are many other groups the principal ones being the Venda, Sotho and Shangaan in the souths the Tswana tribes in the west5 the Ndebele almost intermingled with the Kalanga a ll over the ’ Kalangaland’ and the Karanga in the east. The Language g The Kalanga language can best be described as a ’ clu ster’ comprising a number o f-d ia lects. The principal dialects areg Twamanba spoken in the Northern Transvaal west of Messina and in the Gwanda and Belingwe d is tric t 5 Lilima or Humbe in the Bulalima-Mangwe, Nyamandhlovu d is tric ts and in the Tati Concession and Eastern Botswana. -
(Bantugent – Ugent Centre for Bantu Studies) Digital Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics Humboldt University, Berlin – 19 May 2020 OVERVIEW
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES THE HISTORY OF CLICKS IN NGUNI LANGUAGES Hilde Gunnink – Ghent University (BantUGent – UGent centre for Bantu Studies) Digital colloquium on African languages and linguistics Humboldt University, Berlin – 19 May 2020 OVERVIEW 1. Bantu/Khoisan language contact 2. Clicks in Bantu languages 3. The Nguni languages 1. Click inventories 2. Subclassification 3. Reconstruction of Proto-Nguni clicks When did clicks enter the Nguni languages and what does this tell us about the contact history between Nguni and Khoisan speakers? 3 PRE-BANTU SOUTHERN AFRICA “Khoisan”: languages with phonemic clicks that do not belong to another language family (e.g. Bantu or Cushitic) Southern Africa: ̶ Kx’a (Northern Khoisan) ̶ Khoe-Kwadi (Central Khoisan) ̶ Tuu (Southern Khoisan) Most Khoisan languages are endangered/extinct Güldemann, T. 2014. 'Khoisan' linguistic classification today. In Güldemann, T & A.-M. Fehn (eds.), Beyond 'Khoisan': historical relations in the Kalahari 4 basin, 1-40. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. BANTU/KHOISAN LANGUAGE CONTACT ̶ Lexicon: ̶ loanwords ̶ lexical semantics ̶ Phonology ̶ clicks ̶ other rare consonants ̶ Morphology ̶ borrowed affixes ̶ contact-induced grammaticalization 5 CLICKS Clicks are unique to: ̶ “Khoisan” languages: Khoe-Kwadi, Kx’a, Tuu families + Sandawe, Hadza ̶ Bantu languages in southern Africa ̶ The Cushitic language Dahalo in east Africa ̶ Damin, ritual register of Australian language Lardil Very unique so clear hallmark of Khoisan contact! 6 CLICKS South East Bantu click languages - Nguni: Xhosa, Phuthi, Zulu, Swati, Southern Ndebele, Zimbabwean Ndebele - Sotho: Southern Sotho South West Bantu click languages - Kavango: Kwangali, Manyo, Mbukushu - Bantu Botatwe: Fwe - Yeyi Adapted from: Pakendorf, B., et al. -
A Statistical Comparison of the Physical Features of the Zulu
0 A STATISTICAL COr~ARISON OF THE PHYSiCAL FEATURES OF . ~ . THE ZULU-XHOSA AND SOUTH SOTHO-TSWANA PEOPLES OF' SOUTH AFRICA by Frederick Wilhelm Strydom Thesis submitted I'or the degree.of. .DoctorPhil.oso12hiae oi the University of Cape Town; October, 1951 • . I - - The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. ' , '•-.., __ ,. ...... - ... ,._ ...... ' ... , " ..... ~ .- '" ..... .... _ ............... ·- ........ ...... ..... f .. •' 0 The author wishes to express his sincere appre~iation to 'I lY The South African Cotmcil for Scientific and Industrial •. I Research for a sen~cr research grant which made this sur~ . vey possible.· .. 2) The Administrations of Basutoland and the Bechuanaland Pro- . t·ectorate. and t-he· Native CorEmi.ssioners of the· Uniori in the thi~ districts visited, for their. co-.operation whiie.. survey was being carried. ou·t •. 3) Dr. J .A. Keen and .Professor· M.R. Dr·ennan of the Unive·rsi ty · of Cape Town for their very h.elpful guiQ.ance in connection with this :study.· .• 4) Hi;s ·~wife who 3:ccornpanied him to the Nati,ve Reserves, tabu lated ~11 t~e data, did a l.arge part of the calculations, and prepared the album of photographs. ·• p . ' CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Page 4 Mf~ TERIL.L . AND lVIbTHODS. • • • • • . • • • • • •. •. • 5 Ethnic and Historical Background of each Tribe . -
[.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general -
Rebirth of Bukalanga: a Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I
THE REBIRTH OF BUKALANGA A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I NDZIMU-UNAMI EMMANUEL 2 The Rebirth of Bukalanga: A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I ISBN: 978 0 7974 4968 8 ©Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel, 2012 Facebook: Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Email: [email protected] Twitter: NdzimuEmmanuel Website: http://www.ndzimuunami.blogspot.com Published by Maphungubgwe News Corporation Language Editing and Proof-reading Pathisa Nyathi Bheki J. Ncube Cover Design Greg Sibanda, Tadbagn Designs All rights reserved. Not more than one chapter of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission in writing of the author or publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. 3 About the author Born on 29 March 1982 in Bulawayo and raised by his grandparents in the District of Bulilima-Mangwe, Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Moyo completed his primary and secondary education at Tokwana Primary and Secondary Schools. He later completed a Diploma in Personnel Management graduating with Distinction with the Institute of People Management (IPMZ). Moyo later entered the Theological College of Zimbabwe (TCZ) in Bulawayo where he majored in reading Theology and Philosophy, dropping out of the College after one-and-a-half- years. Between the time of his finishing of the GCE Ordinary Level in 1999 and publishing this book in 2012, Moyo worked for the Zimbabwe postal service, Zimbabwe Posts, and the National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (Noczim) in his home town of Plumtree. -
The African the African Communist N056 FIRST QUARTER 1974
The African The African Communist N056 FIRST QUARTER 1974 SOUTH AFRICA A TIME OF CHALLENGE INKULULEKO PUBLICATIONS Distributors of The African Communist PRICE AND SUBSCRIPTION AFRICA EUROPE N. AMERICA 1 shilling (5p) per copy 4s. (20p) per year post free Airmail £1.50 per year 15p per copy 60p-per year post free 50 cents per copy $2. 00 per year post free Airmail $5.50 per year INKULULEKO PUBLICATIONS, 39 Goodge Street, London, W.1. Readers who have difficulty in obtaining foreign currency may pay their subscriptions with International Reply Coupons, obtainable at any post office. CORY LIBRARY FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH THE AFRICAN COMMUNIST Published quarterly in th' interests of African solidarity, and as a fbrum for Marxist-Leninist thought throughout our Continent, by the South African Communist Party No. 56 First Quarter 1974 0 4CO C CONTENTS' 5 EDITORIAL NOTES Arms, oil and the Sinai war; Chile - This dark and bitter moment, Salute to the people of Free Guinea-Bissau; A paper is a weapon; Namibia - the reality of Bantustans. 19 SOUTH AFRICA - A TIME OF CHALLENGE The South African Communist Party makes a critical appraisal of the Bantustans now, the Black Consciousness movement, and other new currents in the country. Bernard Mazoe 49 ZIMBABWE - FREEDOM STRIDING FORWARD An examination of the struggle being waged by guerillas and politicians in Zimbabwe, and the damage it is doing to the Smith regime. Fidel Castro 60 FOR INDEPENDENCE, FOR SOCIALISM AND FOR UNITY The address of the Cuban Prime Minister to the Conference of Non-aligned Nations in Algiers last September, in which ideas of 'Soviet imperialism' and 'two imperialisms'are challenged outright. -
Affirming Marginal Voice: a Study of a Group of Primary School Children
In this action research study, Aziza Jardine investigates the language attitudes of a group of ten- to eleven-year-old children from a diverse range of language backgrounds in an English medium school in the Western Cape, South Africa. Her particular focus is on Xhosa-speaking children, Affirming marginal voices: whose perceptions of their a study of a group of primary home language as being of little relevance to school school children in an asymmetrical learning form part of broader multilingual setting societal language attitudes. As a teacher researcher, the author made use of dialogue Aziza Jardine journal writing to raise the children’s awareness of their linguistic abilities, as well as to provide them with the opportunity of expressing themselves in writing. Her study is underpinned by critical conceptions of language, literacy, discourse, and voice. UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN PRAESA Occasional Papers No. 29 PRAESA’s series of occasional papers is meant to provide an opportunity for the Acknowledgments research done by staff members and associated researchers working in the Our thanks go to the Ford Foundation domains of language, education, and for financial support towards the language policy in education to obtain publication of this paper, which is initial exposure to an interested peer a slightly edited version of a minor audience. All views expressed are those dissertation submitted in partial of the author(s), and do not necessarily fulfilment of the requirements for reflect those of PRAESA. It is hoped that the award of the Degree of Master feedback will improve the final version in of Education, Faculty of Humanities, which this research is eventually published University of Cape Town, 2008. -
LCSH Section K
K., Rupert (Fictitious character) K-TEA (Achievement test) Kʻa-la-kʻun-lun kung lu (China and Pakistan) USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Karakoram Highway (China and Pakistan) K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) K-theory Ka Lae o Kilauea (Hawaii) USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) [QA612.33] USE Kilauea Point (Hawaii) K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) BT Algebraic topology Ka Lang (Vietnamese people) UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) Homology theory USE Giẻ Triêng (Vietnamese people) K9 (Fictitious character) NT Whitehead groups Ka nanʻʺ (Burmese people) (May Subd Geog) K 37 (Military aircraft) K. Tzetnik Award in Holocaust Literature [DS528.2.K2] USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) UF Ka-Tzetnik Award UF Ka tūʺ (Burmese people) K 98 k (Rifle) Peras Ḳ. Tseṭniḳ BT Ethnology—Burma USE Mauser K98k rifle Peras Ḳatseṭniḳ ʾKa nao dialect (May Subd Geog) K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 BT Literary prizes—Israel BT China—Languages USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 K2 (Pakistan : Mountain) Hmong language K.A. Lind Honorary Award UF Dapsang (Pakistan) Ka nō (Burmese people) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris Godwin Austen, Mount (Pakistan) USE Tha noʹ (Burmese people) K.A. Linds hederspris Gogir Feng (Pakistan) Ka Rang (Southeast Asian people) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris Mount Godwin Austen (Pakistan) USE Sedang (Southeast Asian people) K-ABC (Intelligence test) BT Mountains—Pakistan Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere (N.Z.) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Karakoram Range USE Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine K-B Bridge (Palau) K2 (Drug) Hukatere (N.Z.) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Synthetic marijuana Ka-taw K-BIT (Intelligence test) K3 (Pakistan and China : Mountain) USE Takraw USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test USE Broad Peak (Pakistan and China) Ka Tawng Luang (Southeast Asian people) K. -
STRATEGIES for NAMING TOURIST SITES in BOTSWANA Ethelbert Emmanuel Kari & Budzani Mogara* Abstract Keywords
STRATEGIES FOR NAMING TOURIST SITES IN BOTSWANA Ethelbert Emmanuel Kari & Budzani Mogara Abstract This paper aims at establishing and discussing the strategies for naming tourist sites in the languages of Botswana using a descriptive approach. In addition, the paper attempts a classification of these tourist sites in respect of personalities or objects after which these sites are named. The data for this paper are largely drawn from publications by the Botswana Tourist Board, Botswana Tourism Organization and Internet resources. Preliminary investigation reveals that different word formation strategies, such as affixation, compounding, reduplication, and borrowing are employed by the speakers of the languages of Botswana in the naming of tourist sites. Of particular interest is the fact that these tourist sites are named after important personalities, rivers, villages, famous trees, vegetation and hills, among others. Also of interest is the observation that the processes of affixation, compounding and reduplication show the large extent to which the speakers of the indigenous languages of Botswana use internal linguistic resources to preserve their languages. Finally, the paper notes that the naming of tourist sites after prominent persons and villages and natural objects found within the country is a deliberate and great way through which the cultural heritage of Botswana has been preserved. Keywords: tourist sites, strategies naming, affixation, cultural heritage, Botswana, borrowing 1. Introduction This paper is not concerned with onomastics in general but with place names. 1 As far as we know, there are not many works on place names in Botswana. The works we found in the course of writing this paper are Bennett (n.d.), Botswana Place Names Commission (1989) and Phalaagae (2011). -
Xhosa-Level-1V12-A5manual-2019
MASIFUNDE isiXHOSA KUNYE LET’S LEARN XHOSA TOGETHER LEVEL 1: Confident Beginners (V12) This manual and accompanying Audio material (CDs or mp3’s) can be used to teach oneself at home or as part of an UBuntu Bridge facilitated “Confident Beginners” Conversational Language course. Connecting Cultures * Learning together * Bridging gaps [email protected] * www.learnxhosa.co.za This manual where possible is produced with the environment in mind. Please reduce, re-use, recycle. Let’s Learn Xhosa with UBuntu Bridge Level 1 Page 1 Table of Contents: Level 1 Masifunde isiXhosa / Let’s Learn Xhosa 1 Introduction and Intentions 4 Notes on so-called Cultural ‘insights’: 11 Some Basic History: 12 Origin: 12 Expansion of the Nguni: 13 Clicks: 13 Tribes: 14 Most Common Languages in SA: 14 Lesson 1: Pronunciation and Greeting 16 Hello [9] 16 Rhythm and Tempo [10] 16 Pronunciation [11] 17 Vowels [12] 17 Consonants [13] 18 The Clicks [14] 18 Writing the Clicks [15] 19 X ‘Sideways’ click [16] 20 C Click ‘Tongue in front’ [17] 20 Q Click ‘Tongue top middle’ [18] 21 Agglutination [19] 21 Greetings [20] 21 Excuse Me [22] 24 Vocab recap [23] 24 Lesson 1 Conversation - Greeting and Good-bye [24-25] 25 Lesson 1 Essentials and HW test: [26] 26 CULTURE Insight - Handshakes: [27] 28 Lesson 2: Introduction to Verbs and Prefixes 30 Verbs [29] 30 Speaking Commands to a Group [30] 31 Beginners Trick: Cheating with Nouns [31] 32 © UBuntu Bridge 2018 www.learnxhosa.co.za Let’s Learn Xhosa with UBuntu Bridge Level 1 Page 2 Combination of prefix and verb [33] 33 The ‘ya’ rule [34] 34 Note: Ya does not translate as ‘am’/’are’/’is’.