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1 Copyright © the Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Urinary bladder Rectum Pubic symphysis Ampulla of ductus deferens Root of Seminal vesicle penis Ejaculatory duct Ductus (vas) deferens Prostate gland Bulbourethral Shaft of penis gland Bulbospongiosus Corpus cavernosum muscle Corpus spongiosum Urethra Epididymis Glans of penis Prepuce Testis Scrotum 1 (a) Sagittal section 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location of pubic symphysis Perineal raphe Urogenital triangle Location of Location of ischial coccyx tuberosity Anal triangle Anus 3 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spermatic Spermatic cord cord Blood vessels Ductus deferens and nerves Head of Head of epididymis epididymis Ductus deferens Efferent Seminiferous ductule tubule Septum Rete testis Testis, covered Body of Lobule by tunica epididymis albuginea Tunica vaginalis Tail of epididymis Scrotum Tunica (folded down) albuginea Tail of epididymis (a) 2 cm (b) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer 5 6 7 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pelvic cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 37°C Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus External inguinal ring Spermatic cord: Blood flow Blood flow Cremaster muscle Testicular artery Fascia of spermatic cord Superficial fascia of penis Ductus deferens Deep fascia of penis Heat transfer Pampiniform plexus Prepuce (foreskin) Epididymis Glans Arterial blood cools Venous blood carries Tunica vaginalis Median septum of scrotum as it descends away heat as it ascends Testis Cremaster muscle Dartos muscle Scrotal skin Key 35°C Warmest Coolest blood blood Testis 9 10 11 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + Hypothalamus Libido + Secondary sex organs 1 GnRH Secondary sex characteristics + 1 GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates the + anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. 5 Testosterone also stimulates the Pituitary gland libido and the development of 5 secondary sex organs and characteristics. 6 6 Testosterone has negative 2 FSH stimulates sustentacular feedback effects that reduce GnRH 7 cells to secrete androgen-binding secretion and pituitary sensitivity protein (ABP). LH FSH Inhibin to GnRH. 7 Sustentacular cells also secrete inhibin, which selectively inhibits FSH secretion and thus reduces sperm production without reducing 3 LH stimulates interstitial cells to testosterone secretion. secrete testosterone (androgen). 2 + Key Sustentacular Stimulation Testis + 4 In the presence of ABP, cells Testosterone testosterone stimulates 4 Inhibition spermatogenesis. + ABP + Spermatogenesis Interstitial + cells 3 13 14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimulation of genital V isual, region, mental, especially and other glans stimuli Excitement Internal pudendal Deep artery of penis dilates; erectile nerve tissues engorge with blood; penis becomes erect Pelvic nerve Trabecular muscle of erectile tissues relaxes; allows engorgement of erectile tissues; penis become erect Uterine tube Efferent parasympathetic Bulbourethral gland secretes Spinal cord (sacral) signals bulbourethral fluid Fimbriae Ovary Orgasm— emission stage Vesicouterine Ductus deferens exhibits peristalsis; pouch sperm are moved into ampulla; ampulla Round ligament contracts; sperm are moved into urethra Uterus Rectouterine Prostate secretes components of the seminal fluid pouch Peritoneum Efferent Seminal vesicles secrete components of Posterior fornix the seminal fluid Spinal cord (L1–L2) sympathetic Urinary bladder signals Cervix of uterus Pubic symphysis Semen in urethra Anterior fornix Mons pubis Afferent signals Rectum Urethra Orgasm — expulsion stage Efferent Clitoris Anus sympathetic Prostate releases additional secretion signals Seminal vesicles release additional Prepuce secretion Vaginal rugae Internal urethral sphincter contracts; Labium minus urine is retained in bladder Vaginal orifice Efferent Spinal cord (L1–S4) Labium majus somatic Bulbocavernosus muscle contracts, and rhythmically compresses bulb and root of signals penis; semen is expelled (ejaculation occurs) Resolution Internal pudendal artery constricts; reduces blood flow into penis Trabecular muscles contract; squeeze blood from erectile tissues Efferent sympathetic Penis becomes flaccid (detumescent) Spinal cord (L1–L2) signals 15 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Primordial Primary Secondary Mature Oocyte Suspensory ligament follicles follicles follicle follicle and blood vessels Mesosalpinx Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Fundus Body Ovarian Uterine ligament tube Ovarian artery Ovarian Ovarian vein ligament Suspensory ligament Medulla Ovary Cortex Fimbriae Tunica Myometrium Mesometrium albuginea Endometrium Corpus Internal os Round albicans ligament Cervical canal Corpus luteum Cardinal Ovulated Lateral fornix ligament Fimbriae oocyte Uterosacral of uterine Cervix ligament tube External os Vagina (a) 17 18 19 20 21 22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glans Pubic symphysis Clitoris Crus Ramus of pubis Urethral orifice Vestibular bulb Paraurethral gland Vaginal orifice Greater vestibular Ischial gland tuberosity Anus (b) 23 24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adipose tissue Suspensory ligaments Lobe Lobules Areolar glands Areola Nipple Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous ducts (a) Anterior view (b) Breast of cadaver Rib Intercostal muscles Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Fascia Suspensory ligament Lobules Lobe Adipose tissue Nipple Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct (c) Sagittal section 25 26 b: From Anatomy & Physiology Revealed, © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./The University of Toledo, photography and dissection Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Ovarian cycle LH Gonadotropin secretion FSH Developing follicles Tertiary Ovulation Corpus luteum Involution Corpus Secondary albicans Primary New primordial follicles Ovarian events Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1 Follicular phase Luteal phase (b) Menstrual cycle Progesterone Estradiol Ovarian hormone secretion Menstrual fluid Thickness of endometrium Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1 27 28 Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Premenstrual phase 29 30 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Labia minora Urinary bladder Uterus Excitement Unstimulated Uterus stands more superiorly; inner end Uterus tilts forward over urinary of vagina dilates; labia minora become bladder; vagina relatively narrow; vasocongested, may extend beyond labia labia minora retracted majora; labia minora and vaginal mucosa become red to violet due to hyperemia; vaginal transudate moistens vagina and vestibule Resolution Plateau Uterus returns to original position; orgasmic Uterus is tented (erected) and cervix is platform relaxes; inner end of vagina withdrawn from vagina; orgasmic platform constricts and returns to original dimensions (lower one-third) of vagina constricts penis; clitoris is engorged and its glans is withdrawn beneath prepuce; labia are bright red or violet Orgasm Orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically; cervix may dip into pool of semen; uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions; anal and urinary sphincters constrict 31 32 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 33 34 © D. Van Rossum/Photo Researchers, Inc. .
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