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Abdominal Cavity Part Sixth

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Abdominal Cavity Part Sixth Abdominopelvic cavity – sixth part Male urogenital system Hypogastric plexuses Internal iliac artery Testis An ovoid organ Is suspended (hangs) in the scrotum by the spermatic cord The left is suspended more inferiorly than the right Is covered with a tough fibrous coat – the tunica albuginea Produces sperms (spermatozoa; male germ cells) and hormones, principally testosterone Sperms (spermatozoa; male germ cells) Are formed in the long, convoluted seminiferous tubules that are joined by straight tubules to the rete testis The rete testis- a network of canals at the termination of the straight (seminiferous) tubules The efferent ductules transport the sperms from the rete testis to the epididymis where they are stored Tunica vaginalis A closed peritoneal sac partially surrounding the testis, which represents the closed-off distal part of the embryonic processus vaginalis Two layers: parietal and visceral The slitlike recess of its - the sinus of the epididymis - between the body of epididymis and the posterolateral surface of the testis Cavity of tunica vaginalis- with small amount of fluid allows the testis to move freely in the scrotum (hydrocele- an accumulation of fluid) The layers of tunica vaginalis The visceral layer covers the surface of each testis, except where the testis attaches to the epididymis and spermatic cord The visceral layer is closely applied to the testis, epididymis, and inferior part of the deferent duct The parietal layer adjacent the internal spermatic fascia is more extensive than the visceral layer and extends superiorly for a short distance into the distal part of the spermatic cord The testicular arteries Long and slender Arise from the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the renal arteries Pass retroperitoneally in an oblique direction, crossing over the ureters and the inferior parts of the external iliac arteries to reach the deep inguinal rings Enter the inguinal canals through the deep rings, pass through the canals and exit them through the superficial inguinal rings Enter the spermatic cords to supply the testes The pampiniform plexus A venous network Emerge from the testis and the epididymis Consists of 8 to 12 veins, lying anterior to the deferent duct and surrounds the testicular artery in the spermatic cord The part of the termoregulatory system of the testis Drains into the testicular vein The left testicular vein empties into the left renal vein (almost a 90° angle- varicoceles because of unfavorable angle- leads to decreased fertility) The right testicular vein enters the inferior vena cava The lymphatic drainage of the testis To the lumbar lymph nodes The nerves of the testis Arise as the testicular plexus of nerves on the testicular artery, which contains vagal parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers from the T7 segment of the spinal cord Epididymis The organ of storage and maturation for the spermatozoa Is formed by minute convolutions of the duct of the epididymis On the posterior surface of the testis The convoluted duct of the epididymis (epididymal duct) becomes progressively smaller as it passes from the head of its on the superior part of the testis to its tail The deferent duct begins at the tail of the epididymis The parts of the epididymis Head - the superior expanded part (composed of lobules formed by the coiled ends of 12 to 14 efferent ductules) Body - consists of the convoluted duct of the epididymis (the epididymal duct) Tail - continuous with the deferent duct (transports sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct for expulsion into the prostatic part of the urethra) Scrotum A cutaneous fibromuscular sac for testes and associated structures Is situated posteroinferior to the penis and inferior to the pubic symphysis The bilateral embryonic formation (labioscrotal swellings) of scrotum is indicated externally by the midline scrotal raphe, which is continuous on the ventral surface of the penis with the penile raphe and posteriorly along the median line of the perineum with the perineal raphe Scrotum Is divided internally by the septum of the scrotum into the right and left compartments Consists of two layers, heavily pigmented skin and the closely related dartos fascia Dartos fascia- a layer of smooth muscle fibers responsible for the rugose (wrinkled) appearance of the scrotum which is attached to the skin, its contraction helps to regulate the loss of heat through the skin of scrotum The superficial dartos fascia Scrotum of scrotum is devoid of fat Is continuous anteriorly with the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue (Scarpa’s fascia) of the anterolateral abdominal wall Posteriorly is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum (Colles’s fascia) The layers of scrotum and testis Are formed by the layers of the anterior abdominal wall during developmental descent of the testis As the testis descends it carries with it a finger-shaped process of peritoneum (vaginal process) through the inguinal canal The vaginal process becomes obliterated and separated from the peritoneal cavity at the internal (deep) inguinal ring Tunica vaginalis- a closed sac within the scrotum which is formed by the peritoneum The layers of scrotum and testis Tunica albuginea Tunica vaginalis Internal spermatic fascia Cremasteric fascia Cremaster muscle External spermatic fascia Subcutaneous tissue (dartos fascia) and dartos muscle Skin The arterial supply and venous drainage of the scrotum Arteries: Posterior scrotal arteries from perineal branch of the internal pudendal artery Anterior scrotal arteries from external pudendal branches of the femoral artery Cremasteric branch of the inferior epigastric artery Veins: Accompany the arteries Lymphatic drainage of the scrotum Lymphatic vessels Drain into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes The nerves of the scrotum Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1,L2), supplying the anterolateral surface Anterior scrotal nerves-branches of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1), supplying the anterior surface Posterior scrotal nerves-branches of the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2 through S4)- supplying the posterior surface Perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S2,S3) supplying the inferior surface Spermatic cord Suspends the testis in the scrotum Contains structures running to and from the testis Begins at the deep inguinal ring Passes through the inguinal canal Exits at the superficial inguinal ring Ends in the scrotum at the posterior border of the testis Is surrounded by fascial coverings derived from the anterolateral abdominal wall during prenatal development The coverings of the spermatic cord Internal spermatic fascia- derived from the transversalis fascia Cremasteric fascia-derived from the fascia of the superficial and deep surfaces of the internal oblique muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, contains loops of the cremaster muscle (draws the testis superiorly) External spermatic fascia derived from the external oblique aponeurosis The constituents of the spermatic cord Deferent duct (ductus deferens) Testicular artery Artery of the deferent duct (from the inferior vesical artery) Cremasteric artery (from the inferior epigastric artery) Pampiniform plexus Sympathetic nerve fibers on arteries and sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers on the ductus deferens Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve Lymphatic vessels Ductus deferens (deferent duct) A muscular tube approximately 45 cm long Transports sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation The continuation of the duct of the epididymis Passes lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels- this relationship should be noted in operations on the inguinal ring Crosses over the external iliac vessels and enters the pelvis Passes along the lateral wall of the pelvis, external to the parietal peritoneum Ductus deferens (deferent duct) Crosses superior to the ureter near the posterolateral angle of the bladder, running between ureter and the peritoneum to reach the fundus of the bladder Posterior to the bladder at first lies superior to the seminal vesicle, then descends medial to the ureter and the seminal vesicle Enlarges to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens Narrows and joins the excretory duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct The nerves of the deferent duct Derived from the inferior hypogastric plexus Sympathetic nerve fibers richly innervate the smooth- muscle fibers of the duct thereby facilitating its rapid contraction for expulsion of sperms during ejaculation Seminal vesicle An elongated structure, approximately 5 cm long Between the fundus of the bladder and the rectum, superior to the prostate Does not store sperms! Secretes a slightly alkaline fluid (makes up 70% of the volume of the ejaculate) and is very high in fructose that mixes with the sperms The excretory duct joins the deferent duct to form the ejaculatory duct Seminal vesicles Posterior to the ureters Peritoneum of the rectovesical pouch separates superior ends from rectum Inferior ends are closely related to the rectum and are separated from rectum only by the rectovesical septum (membranous partition) Enlarged can be palpated during a rectal examination Ejaculatory ducts The union of the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle with the deferent duct Approximately 2.5 cm long Pass anteroinferiorly through the posterior part of the prostate and along the sides of the prostatic utricle Converge to open on the seminal colliculus or just within the opening of the prostatic utricle Prostate The firm, walnut-sized Approximately
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