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Chapter 25 Reproductive System

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Chapter 25 Reproductive System LECTURE OUTLINE CHAPTER 25 Marieb The Reproductive System Lecture Outline A. Testis - primary organ which produces gametes, i.e., the sperm. 1. descent -testes begin development high in the abdominal cavity and move/ descend during fetal development guided by the 2. gubernaculum testis - through the inguinal ring toward the scrotum, carrying all the associated ducts with them 3. spermatic cord - the composite of these ducts and can be palpated as it passes over the pubic brim. a. pampiniform plexus - spermatic vein b. spermatic artery c. ductus deferens (vas deferens) d. nerves-ilioinguinal and genitofemoral e. cremaster muscle - continuous with abdominal wall, elevates scrotum for temperature regulation B. Scrotum - two compartments 1. perineal raphe - center "seam" 2. scrotal cavity - lined by tunica vaginalis - parietal layer of serous peritoneum from abdominal cavity 3. scrotal walls a. dartos muscle - smooth muscle, gives wrinkled appearance b. cremaster muscle - (See spermatic cord) C. Anatomy of the testes 1. tunica albuginea - covers and divides the testes into lobules each of which contains 2. a seminiferous tubule - long coiled tubule leads to a. primary spermatocytes form the outer portion of the lumen wall and begin undergoing meiosis b. eventually resulting in 4 immature sperm, each of which is haploid ( contains half of the chromosomes) for each primary cell 3. straight tubule leads to 4. rete testis from which they are moved into 5. efferent ducts into the 6. epididymis where storage and maturation occurs before ejaculation. 7. interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone D. Spermatogenesis and Meiosis 1. process of sperm production - meiosis reduces chromosome number to haploid 1 a. primary spermatocyte - part of seminiferous tubules (see above), divides to form b. two secondary spermatocytes - which in turn divide to form c. four spermatids which mature to become d. four haploid sperm 2. sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) - a. suspend spermatids - blood-testis-barrier - protection from immune attack b. respond to FSH and testosterone c. promote spermatid development d. secrete inhibin - slows sperm production e. secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) 3. sperm anatomy a. head - acromsomal cap - contains enzymes b. neck to middle piece - nucleus and mitochondria c. tail - flagellum for movement E. Epididymis - long coiled tube attached to rete testis 1. structure a. head - superior, receives spermatozoa b. body - distal and inferior c. tail - reverse in direction, leads to ductus deferens 2. function a. monitors and adjusts tubular fluid b. recycles damaged spermatozoa c. stores sperm and facilitates maturation F. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 1. encircles pubic bone leading from 2. epididymis via spermatic cord through inguinal ring to 3. ampulla - enlargement just before meeting 4. seminal vesicles and 5. ejaculatory duct in prostate gland and becoming 6. urethra (see urinary system) a. prostatic b. membranous c. penile G. Pathway of sperm 1. seminiferous tubules 2. rete testis 3. epididymis 4. vas (ductus) deferens 5. ejaculatory duct 6. prostatic urethra 7. membranous urethra 8. penile (spongy) urethra III. Accessory glands 2 A. Seminal vesicles 1. paired, on back wall of urinary bladder 2. tubular 3. pseudostratified columnar epithelium 4. produce 60% of semen, hormones, fructose, etc. 5. activate sperm B. Prostate gland 1. produces 20-30% of semen volume 2. tubuloalveolar glands 3. prostatic fluid - mildly antibiotic C. Bulbourethral glands 1. paired, at base of penis 2. produces about 10% of semen - alkaline mucous 3. simple columnar epithelium IV. Semen A. two-five ml ejaculate 1. sperm - 20 - 100 million sperm/ ml 2. seminal fluid - see above glands 3. enzymes - proteases and seminalplasmin B. Emission - Sympathetic division induces peristalsis in tract C. Ejaculation - ejection of semen by pelvic floor and penile muscles V. Penis A. Root - fixed to ischial ramus B. Body 1. erectile tissue a. paired superior corpora cavernosa b. single inferior corpus spongiosum containing urethra C. Glans – enlargement of corpus spongiosum 1. prepuce - foreskin – partially covers glans, may be removed in circumcision 2. surrounds external urethral meatus 3. preputial glands - produce smegma VI. Female reproductive system A. Ovaries - primary organs - produce gametes 1. suspended by ovarian ligament & 2. suspensory ligament 3. structure a. contain germinal epithelium - superficial to b. tunica albuginea 4. ovarian cycle and oogenesis a. ovarian follicles containing primary oocytes in b. egg nests c. present in fetal development, decrease in number by birth d. primary follicles - follicles enlarge , i. respond to FSH 3 ii. produce estrogens e. secondary follicles - i. few relative to number of primary follicles ii. produce follicular fluid iii. rapidly enlarges f. tertiary follicle (mature - Graffian) - i. oocyte divides into one secondary oocyte and one polar body ii. haploid with two identical sets of chromatids g. ovulation - i. oocyte and follicular cells shed into abdominal cavity, surrounding follicular cells become ii. corona radiata iii. corpus luteum - formed by empty follicle iv. progestins (progesterone) - hormones produced by corpus luteum v. corpus albicans - degenerated corpus luteum vi. gonadotropin- releasing hormone(GnRH) increases under low estrogen and progesterone levels h. aging and oogenesis - very few follicles left - atresia , therefore ovulation ceases i. menarche - beginning of ovulation and menstrual periods ii. menopause - cessation of menstrual periods with age B. Oviduct = uterine tube = Fallopian tube carries ovum from abdominal cavity to the uterus 1. structures a. infundibulum with ostium - funnel with opening b. fimbria - finger-like projections around ostium c. ampulla - enlargement near infundibulum d. isthmus - constriction near body of uterus 2. histology a. simple columnar epithelium , ciliated and non-ciliated b. outer layers of smooth muscle c. produces nutrients substances for sperm and oocyte d. periodic peristalsis C. Uterus – single, flexed over urinary bladder 1. structures a. suspended by uterosacral ligaments - from lateral edges to sacrum b. round ligaments - lateral edges to inguinal region c. lateral ligaments - base of uterus to lateral walls of pelvis d. fundus - bulges above openings of uterine tubes e. body 4 f. cervix - portion projecting into vagina - contains i. cervical canal ii. internal orifice - into uterus from canal iii. external orifice - from canal to vagina 2. histology a. myometrium - muscle portion of wall, blood supply from arcuate, radial, and straight arteries (to basilar area) and spiral arteries (to functionalis) b. endometrium - lining layers 1) functionalis - deciduum, that shed in menses, 2) basale - permanent layer, deep to functionalis c. serosa - incomplete , over superior surfaces 3. uterine cycle - menstrual cycle a. menstruation - flow sheds functionalis layer of endometrium b. proliferative phase - under influence of estrogen basal cells proliferate c. secretory phase - progesterone maintains functionalis d. decrease in both estrogen & progesterone causes functionalis to slough off in menstrual flow. D. Vagina 1. canal - connects between cervix and vestibule orifice 2. fornix - pocket surrounding uterine cervix 3. functions a. receptacle for intercourse b. passageway for menstrual products c. birth canal 4. histology a. stratified squamous epithelium b. smooth muscle walls - two layers, circular and longitudinal c. secretory epithelium d. elastic constriction - hymen e. vestibular bulbs - erectile tissue near opening E. External genitalia collectively = pudendum = vulva 1. vestibule - area around vaginal opening 2. labia minora - thin mucous membrane folds 3. labia majora - fatty external folds of vestibule 4. clitoris - erectile tissue, homologous to penis 5. hymen - epithelial fold near entrance to vagina 6. mons pubis - fatty pad over pubic bone 7. vestibular glands - lubricating glands VII. Mammary glands- produce milk A. Pectoral fat pad B. Nipple surrounded by areola C. Lobes - made up of 5 1. lactiferous ducts - which lead to 2. lactiferous sinus 3. supported by suspensory ligaments 6 .
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