Urban Movements in a Globalising World
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Urban Movements in a Globalising World Urban social movements have traditionally been seen as preoccupied with local issues and as a result have been marginalised in the wider study of social movements. However, the increasing global competition among cities, the international flows of people, money and policy, have meant that the local issues urban movements engage with are becoming less parochial. Due to global connectedness, while some public policies and decision-making processes have moved upwards to transnational and supranational levels, others have moved downwards to regional and local levels, bringing urban issues and urban citizenship anew on the agenda. This collection deals with the transformation of urban movements in these new social, economic and political environments. The book is divided into three sections. The first focuses on the new repertoire of collective action in different urban settings. In the second section the emphasis is on the economic impact of globalisation on social life and how urban movements have been trying to cope with these changes. The third section assesses the opportunities offered to movements by the economic and social transformations of globalisation. Urban Movements in a Globalising World will be essential reading for students and scholars of urban sociology and political economy, and will be of interest to those working in the areas of globalisation and of social movements generally. Pierre Hamel is Professor of Urban Planning and Sociology at Université de Montréal; Henri Lustiger-Thaler is Chair of the Sociology Department of Ramapo College, New Jersey; and Margit Mayer is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Sciences and The Institute of American Studies at the Free University of Berlin. Urban Movements in a Globalising World Edited by Pierre Hamel, Henri Lustiger-Thaler and Margit Mayer London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2000 Pierre Hamel, Henri Lustiger-Thaler and Margit Mayer All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Urban movements in a globalising world/edited by Pierre Hamel, Henri Lustiger-Thaler, and Margit Mayer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sociology, Urban. 2. Social movements. 3. Globalisation. I. Hamel, Pierre, 1947– II. Lustiger-Thaler, Henri, 1951– III. Mayer, Margit. HT119.U695 2001 307.76–dc21 00–055225 ISBN 0-203-36136-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-37392-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-24425-0 (Print Edition) Contents List of tables vi Notes on contributors vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: urban social movements—local thematics, global 1 spaces PIERRE HAMELHENRI LUSTIGER-THALERMARGIT MAYER PART I Urban social movements: global impacts and the new urban 23 citizenship 1 New social movements, poor people’s movements and the struggle 25 for social citizenship ROLAND ROTH 2 The miniaturisation of collective action: ghettos and global space 45 HENRI LUSTIGER-THALER 3 Marginalisation and political responses in the French context 59 SOPHIE BODY-GENDROT PART II The urban economy in global context 79 4 Globalisation, entrepreneurial cities and the social economy 81 BOB JESSOP 5 Local finance in a global economy: palliative or panacea? 101 MARGUERITE MENDELL 6 Workfare and community economic development in Montreal: 123 community and work in the late twentieth century ERIC SHRAGGE AND JEAN-MARC FONTAN PART III Urban social movements and the global future 139 7 Urban social movements in an era of globalisation 141 MARGIT MAYER v 8 The fragmentation of social movements and social justice: beyond 157 the traditional forms of localism PIERRE HAMEL 9 Local citizens’ initiatives during the (East) German 175 transformation DIETER RINK 10 The diversity of Eastern European social movements: urban 191 movements, new social movements and nationalist movements in post-socialist societies KATY PICKVANCE Index 211 Tables 9.1 Number of groups in some issue fields in East Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and 179 Halle, 1989 and 1993 9.2 Groups per 10,000 inhabitants in East Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Halle, 180 1989 and 1993 9.3 Financing of the groups, 1989 and 1993 (percentage) 180 9.4 Number and type of employed people in groups, 1989 and 1993 180 9.5 Governmental financing and structural characteristics of the groups, 1993 181 10.1 Rating economic systems past and present in several Eastern European 202 countries 10.2 Support for current political regime 202 10.3 Disapproval or strong disapproval of various political actions people can 204 undertake in order to put pressure on authorities in three Eastern European societies (percentage) 10.4 Approve or strongly approve participation in various social movements 204 (percentage) Contributors Sophie Body-Gendrot is a CNRS Researcher and Professor of Political Science and American Studies at the Sorbonne. Her research focuses on comparative public policy, urban violence, racial issues and citizen participation. Her latest books are The Urban Moment (edited with R. Beauregard, Sage 1999) and the The Social Control of Cities (Blackwell 2000). Jean-Marc Fontan is a Sociology Professor at Université du Québec à Montréal. He works mainly on questions related to metropolitan and local development, to social economy and poverty. He has co-published books on these topics and is member of a consortium of university researchers on the social economy. Pierre Hamel is Professor of Urban Planning and Sociology at Université de Montreal. He is also a member of the Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Social and Economic Regulations and Transformations. His research focuses on social movements, citizen involvement and urban governance. He is the author of Action collective et démocratie locale (Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal 1991) and co- editor of Action Collective et Enjeux Institutionnels (Université Laval 1999). Bob Jessop is Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University. He is best known for his contributions to state theory, Marxist political economy and the analysis of postwar Britain. His recent research has been concerned with four interrelated themes: globalisation, governance, entrepreneurial cities and welfare state restructuring. His book on The Future of the Capitalist State (Polity Press) is due for publication in 2001. Henri Lustiger-Thaler teaches Sociology at Ramapo College in New Jersey. He is the author of several books, chapters and articles on contemporary types of collective action. He is currently writing a book on new youth movements in the USA. Margit Mayer teaches Comparative and North American Politics at the Free University in Berlin. Her research focuses on comparative politics, urban and regional politics, and social movements. Current research compares third-sector groups in antipoverty programmes in Berlin and Los Angeles. Recent publications include Modernisierung der Kommunalpolitik. Neue Wege der Ressourcenmobilisierung (Leske+Budrich 1997), The German Greens: Paradox between Movement and Party (Temple University Press 1998), Jobwunder USA—Modell für Deutschland? (Westfälisches Dampfboot 1999). viii Marguerite Mendell has a doctorate in Economics from McGill University and is currently Vice-Principal of the School of Community and Public Affairs, Concordia University. She is also the co-director of the Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy, Concordia University. She has written on the social economy, alternative investment strategies and community economic development in Quebec and abroad. Katy Pickvance is a Research Fellow at the University of Kent at Canterbury and has worked on young people’s housing opportunities, environmental and housing movements, and environmental policy. She is co-editor of Environmental and Housing Movements: Grassroots Experience in Hungary, Russia and Estonia (Avebury 1997) and author of Democracy and Environmental Movements in Eastern Europe (Westview 1999). Dieter Rink studied Cultural Science and Humanities at the University of Leipzig and after his studies worked at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Leipzig. From 1991 to 1994 he participated in studies about social movements at the Science Centre, Berlin. Since 1994 he has been a member of the staff of the Environmental Science Centre, Leipzig-Halle. His main research topics are social segregation in East German cities and sustainable lifestyles. Roland Roth is Professor of Political Science at the University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg, working on the critical social theory and political sociology of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). His publications include Parliamentarian Ritual and Political Alternatives (Campus 1980), New Social Movements in the FRG (Campus 1987/