The Biology and Ecology of Samson Fish Seriola Hippos

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The Biology and Ecology of Samson Fish Seriola Hippos The biology of Samson Fish Seriola hippos with emphasis on the sportfishery in Western Australia. By Andrew Jay Rowland This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University 2009 DECLARATION I declare that the information contained in this thesis is the result of my own research unless otherwise cited. ……………………………………………………. Andrew Jay Rowland 2 Abstract This thesis had two overriding aims. The first was to describe the biology of Samson Fish Seriola hippos and therefore extend the knowledge and understanding of the genus Seriola. The second was to uses these data to develop strategies to better manage the fishery and, if appropriate, develop catch-and-release protocols for the S. hippos sportfishery. Trends exhibited by marginal increment analysis in the opaque zones of sectioned S. hippos otoliths, together with an otolith of a recaptured calcein injected fish, demonstrated that these opaque zones represent annual features. Thus, as with some other members of the genus, the number of opaque zones in sectioned otoliths of S. hippos are appropriate for determining age and growth parameters of this species. Seriola hippos displayed similar growth trajectories to other members of the genus. Early growth in S. hippos is rapid with this species reaching minimum legal length for retention (MML) of 600mm TL within the second year of life. After the first 5 years of life growth rates of each sex differ, with females growing faster and reaching a larger size at age than males. Thus, by 10, 15 and 20 years of age, the predicted fork lengths (and weights) for females were 1088 (17 kg), 1221 (24 kg) and 1311 mm (30 kg), respectively, compared with 1035 (15 kg), 1124 (19 kg) and 1167 mm (21 kg), respectively for males. Despite these differences, female and male S. hippos attained similar maximum age, i.e. 29 (1470 mm FL) and 28 years (1280 mm FL), respectively. The maximum age determined for S. hippos is greater than that recorded for any other Seriola spp. The largest female and male S. hippos recorded during this study were encountered during the tagging component and had fork lengths of 1600 mm and 1380 mm, respectively. Seriola hippos has a protracted spawning period, ca four months, which starts in late spring and continues through summer into early autumn during which time many individuals engage in large spawning aggregations on the lower west coast of Australia. The length at which 50 % of the females in the population reached maturity was 831 mm FL (888 mm TL) and approximately 4 years of age, whilst all females over 950 mm FL were mature. Whilst aggregated for spawning S. hippos ceases feeding, however, during the non-spawning period this species can best be described as an opportunistic carnivore which feeds on a variety of pelagic and demersal prey. This study has greatly increased our understanding of S. hippos movement on the west and south coasts of Australia and has documented, for the first time, the migratory behaviour of a carangid in these waters. Many S. hippos individuals undertake long distance migrations to join spawning aggregation sites near Rottnest Island. Individuals 3 tagged at these aggregation sites where recaptured throughout this species distribution along the south coast of Australia, some after travelling distances of over 2400 km. Many S. hippos individuals displayed strong temporal and spatial spawning ground fidelity as numerous fish released at the spawning aggregations were recaptured at the exact same spawning site at similar times in subsequent years. Tagging data suggest that on the completion of spawning S. hippos individuals return to a resident location and remain in that general vicinity over the winter months. This study has developed a hypothesis describing larval dispersal associated with the S. hippos spawning behaviour exhibited near Rottnest Island. It is proposed that variations in the prevailing ocean currents, at this important spawning location throughout the protracted spawning period, leads to high intra and inter-annual variation in larval distribution and survival. The affect of this variation on the evolution of the spawning and migratory behaviour displayed by S. hippos is discussed. A recent increase in the popularity of S. hippos as a catch-and-release sportfish has led to concerns by some anglers about post release survival of this species, particularly due to the depth of capture. Short term mortality of S. hippos capture at the sportfishing sites was assessed by monitoring fish held within an enclosure near the site of capture for up to 31 hours post release. The total hooking mortality of S. hippos subjected to catch- and-release angling within the Rottnest Island sportfishery is approximately 8%. Most of this observed mortality is delayed and occurs sometime after release. Although best handling practises require ongoing development, the current level of mortality associated with this catch-and-release fishery is considered acceptable. Furthermore, this mortality is likely to have little effect on the S. hippos population due to the high abundance of this species and the fact that even the highest fishing effort yields a relatively low catch. Seriola hippos exhibits a typical teleost neuroendocrine stress response associated with catch-and-release. The physiological dysfunction associated with the stress of capture in this species does not appear to cause any post release mortality. Instead, most mortality was attributable to barotrauma, however, although mortality in S. hippos increases with capture depth, this species is much less susceptible to depth induced mortality than other commonly targeted species in which barotrauma has been observed. This study developed key handling protocols for fishers who catch-and-release S. hippos at the Rottnest Island aggregation sites. These protocols cover aspects of catch- and-release fishing such as hook type, water depth, time at surface, release method and shark predation. 4 Almost all S. hippos observed during capture from deep water released large quantities of gas from the opercular region, particularly during the last 10 to 20 m before reaching the surface. This phenomenon has also been witnessed by divers and fishers to occur under natural conditions. Investigations into this release of gas revealed this physoclistous species to exhibit unique swim bladder characteristics. Seriola hippos possess a membranous tube that connects the posterior-dorsal surface of the swim bladder internally to a region under each operculum externally. This connection, termed the swim bladder vent, allows the escape of expanding swim bladder gases on rapid ascent. The presence of the swim bladder vent provides an explanation as to why the incidence of external barotrauma symptoms in S. hippos captured from the deepwater was low. The ability to expel excess swim bladder gases during rapid ascent whilst retaining full swim bladder function is likely to offer this semi-pelagic species considerable advantages when hunting prey, avoiding predators and engaging in spawning activities. Preliminary estimates of total mortality indicated that S. hippos is not currently subjected to a high level of fishing pressure. However, managers must remain mindful of the fact that the size at which females reach sexual maturity, i.e. 888 mm TL, is greater than the current minimum legal length, i.e. 600 mm, and thus fishers are currently allowed to harvest sexually immature fish. Furthermore, the effectiveness of future conservation measures must consider the large scale migration and spawning strategy undertaken by this species in order to ensure its protection. The collaborative research approach undertaken during this study demonstrated that a high level of community engagement produced a large amount of research interest, increased stakeholder satisfaction from project input, improved understanding of research outcomes, and increased research uptake, all of which has led to increased stewardship and conservation of the S. hippos fishery and fisheries resources in general. Indeed, projects of this nature would not be possible without this type of approach. 5 Acknowledgements My greatest thanks must go to my supervisors Drs Howard Gill and Mike Mackie for their guidance, support and giving me the opportunity to undertake this research. I am very fortunate to have had two supervisors who took a great interest in this research. Thank you both for sharing your incredible knowledge and expertise, for guided research focus towards applicable outcomes and for you eagerness to assist in the field. Thanks Howard for your efforts spent catching and tagging these splendid yet formidable fish, and thanks Mike for also testing your stamina as well as expertly skippering the often mechanically challenged Snipe. Many thanks must also go to Paul Lewis for his tireless work during the Samson Science project and for his problem solving wizardry. Thank you also for compiling the commercial catch data for Samson Fish. I wish to express my utmost gratitude to Allan and Yvonne Bevan. This study was greatly improved with your assistance and support. Thanks Al for helping collect samples, sharing your vast knowledge of the ocean, for the many arm stretching days fishing followed by black cans and for your friendship. Your enthusiasm for all fish species, but Sambos in particular, inspired me greatly. My sincere thanks to Frank Prokop for your advice, encouragement and enormous support over a number of years, and for teaching me the true meaning of stakeholder engagement and research uptake. I would also like to thank Con Costa, Mark Pagano, Kane Moyle and the board members of Recfishwest for their support. Thanks must also go to Garry Lilley and Wally Parkin for sharing their passion for the marine environment and the many late night discussions on all things fish, you are true champions for the development and promotion of responsible attitudes towards recreational fishing. Thanks to all the members of Murdoch University’s Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research who assisted in various aspects of my research, in particular, Dr Dean Thorburn, Mike Taylor, Peter Coulson, Dr Alex Hesp, Prof.
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  • The Evolutionary History of the Genus Seriola and the Phylogeography and Genetic Diversity of S. Lalandi (Yellowtail) Across
    The evolutionary history of the genus Seriola and the phylogeography and genetic diversity of S. lalandi (yellowtail) across its distribution range By Belinda Louisa Swart Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Genetics at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Rouvay Roodt-Wilding Co-supervisor: Dr. Aletta E. Bester-van der Merwe Dr. Sophie von der Heyden April 2014 1 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. April 2014 Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved 1 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The genus Seriola includes several important commercial fish species, yet the phylogenetic relationships between species have not been fully investigated to date. This study reports the first molecular phylogeny for this genus based on two mitochondrial (Cytb and COI) and two nuclear gene (RAG1 and Rhod) fragments for all extant Seriola species (nine species, n = 27). The phylogenetic patterns resolved three main lineages: a ((S. fasciata and S. peruana), S. carpenteri) clade, a (S. dumerili and S. rivoliana) clade and a (S. lalandi and S. quinqueradiata) clade. The closure of the Tethys Sea (12 - 20 MYA) coincides with divergence of the ((S. fasciata and S.
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  • The Sandgroper : a Sometimes Not-So-Friendly Western Australian
    Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 21 Number 2 1980 Article 7 1-1-1980 The sandgroper : a sometimes not-so-friendly Western Australian K T. Richards Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Recommended Citation Richards, K T. (1980) "The sandgroper : a sometimes not-so-friendly Western Australian," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 21 : No. 2 , Article 7. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol21/iss2/7 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The sandgroper — a sometimes not-so-friendly Western Australian By K.T. Richards * The Sandgroper, Cylindracheta spa., is usually pictured as a rather affectionate, harmless little character which has become an unofficial emblem of Western Australia. Its habit of spending its life burrowing and digging in the sandy soils of our coastal areas has been responsible for the name "sandgropers" to describe West Australians. However, in the Gingin, Dandaragin, Badgingarra and other coastal areas, sandgropers have damaged crops of barley, sweet lupins and wheat in the last few years, in some cases causing Adult sandgroper. Note tougheneii front section of body and long, slender shape. considerable damage. Oats and sandplain lupins appear to be less affected. Description The sandgroper is a remarkable insect, highly adaptable to its underground < *m environment.
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  • Dimorphisme Sexuel Et Caractérisation Biométrique De La Sériole
    Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 15(2): 728-736, April 2021 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Dimorphisme sexuel et caractérisation biométrique de la Sériole guinéenne, Seriola carpenteri, (Mather 1971) échantillonné dans la Zone Economique Exclusive (ZEE) de la Côte d’Ivoire Laizih Yves-Armand ATTEMENE 1*, Yao Laurent ALLA2, Jean Noel YAPI1, Melecony Célestin BLE2 et Kouakou YAO1 1 Laboratoire de Biologie et Cytologie Animales, UFR-SN, Université Nangui Abrogoua (Ex-Université d’Abobo- Adjamé), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire. 2 Centre de Recherches Océanologiques, Département Aquaculture, BP V 18 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. * Auteur correspondant ; E-mail : [email protected] Received: 24-01-2021 Accepted: 25-04-2021 Published: 30-04-2021 RESUME La reproduction artificielle des poissons en captivité nécessite la connaissance de leur dimorphisme sexuel. La détermination du dimorphisme sexuel de la Sériole Guinéenne, Seriola carpenteri est difficile à travers l'examen de l'orifice urogénital. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer le dimorphisme sexuel et les caractéristiques biométriques chez Seriola carpenteri (Mather, 1971) échantillonnée dans la Zone Économique Exclusive (ZEE) ivoirienne, dans le Golfe de guinée. Ainsi, un échantillonnage de 360 spécimens de Seriola carpenteri (Mather, 1971) encore appelé Sériole guinéenne a été effectué en raison de 30 individus par mois pendant la période allant d’août 2017 à juillet 2018. Le poids et la longueur standard des spécimens variaient respectivement de 300,2 g à 935 g et de 22,8 cm à 36,2 cm.
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