PROCEEDINGS ICTESS UNISRI 2017 ISSN: 2549-094X Vol 1, Number 1, January 2017

The role of Arabs in the Trade and Economic Life in Society Surakarta

Retna Murtiningsih Sebelas Maret University Post Graduate Program of History Education

Abstract: The role of the Arab / Encik in the world economy has been felt since decades ago. This is closely related to the identity of an entrepreneur in the field of economy . In addition, the context of socio-cultural and political interactions participate cultivate an Arab identity/ Encik in Surakarta . It thus may be either positive or negative for a particular community. As an example application on ethnic interaction in Surakarta , completes this contextual thinking . Projections for overcoming the task together cover all aspects of the nation's economy between people and government . Keywords : trade , economic activities , market. Arab/Encik, Indigenous , globalization .

A. INTRODUCTION live in the archipelago mostly from Said Hamka (1961 ) that the Hadramaut , and some were from Arabs were the pioneers of Islam , they Maskat , the edge of the Persian Gulf , have come to the Malay states in the Yemen , Hijaz , or from the east VII century AD, or the first year of coast of Africa . They become Islam . Thus , the history of Islam to middlemen , small traders , , especially the history of its shopkeepers , market penetration and development is inseparable from the menyediaka goods and services that history of the influx of Arab are not carried immigrants from immigrants in Indonesia . These data Europe , also conducted lend money . also reinforce the notion that Islam in The Arab nomads began to Indonesia is not organized by a State or come en masse to the archipelago in official body of the country . The entry the last years of the 18th century , but of Islam voluntarily brought by traders , they began much settled on the island merchants who originally came to buy of Java after 1820. According to spices needed and will be sold . statistics in 1858 recorded a population Their livelihood as traders of Arab descent who lived in Indonesia carrying goods from Arab and as many as 1,662 , or about 30 % of the homecoming brings spice , Arabs who

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number of Arab communities who nobility and big traders would be very migrated in that year . proud if could take the law or the law Arab immigrants already living of the Arabs , especially from among in cities Maritim Indonesia since the Sayid . early years of the 19th century Step Generally they are traders. Muslim Arab scholars Hadramaut traders usually spend months to sell his services have played an important role wares to the end in order to purchase in the process and development of local merchandise and bring it back to Islam among the people of Surakarta , their respective countries. In addition, characterized spread their taklim the cruise they do to return to the assemblies that have been followed by country of origin depending on the indigenous communities ( Surakarta ) . season. The distance between Other services with the Arab people Indonesia and the Arabian Peninsula who settled in Surakarta Hadramaut takes a long time and is determined by assimilated and acculturated with local the weather. They migrated to culture that gave birth to the spirit Indonesia without bringing wives and Surakarta Islamic mosque building composed entirely of men, young and does have a strategic role, among old, and children. Usually they settled others, where the Muslims: worship in groups in a neighborhood near the and draw closer to Allah SWT, port city. Then the relationships beri'tikaf, self-cleaning, galvanizing between groups of Muslim merchants mind to build awareness and get the with indigenous communities gradual religious experience that has always realization. Such conditions cause the maintained the balance of body and Arab traders hold a kinship through soul and the wholeness of personality , marriage with the natives, breed and where deliberation of the Muslims in did not return to their homeland. order to solve the problems that arise in Whenever there are back home , society, consulted, filed difficulties, they simply visit their families . This ask for help and assistance, fostering a data shows the social relations between bond integrity and Gotong jama'ah the Arabs with the locals appear once royongan in realizing common in a marriage relationship , especially prosperity, a coaching and the indigenous population of the development kader- leadership cadres

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of the people, place settings and social 1. How does the influx of people / activities. Other acculturation pathway ethnic Arabs to the city of Surakarta ? is through religious rituals bring 2. Interchangeability of the ethos of together indigenous communities propaganda into Entrepreneurial around the Arab descent. As in the spirit . implementation of the Friday prayers 3. The role and influence of people / at the moment where this happens ethnic Arabs in the economy in fairly intensive assimilation by the two Surakarta . societies.culture , such as art, music B. DISCUSSION qosidah . A. The process of the influx of Culture Hadramaut more people / ethnic Arabs to the city of commonly used , especially in Surakarta religious rituals , namely the use of the After the great schism among abaya ( qamis ) in the form of long Muslims that led to the killing of the white robe with ( iqal ) Igal is also fourth Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib, start a white tied around the head . The use of movement (migration) mass of the language market ( suqiyah ) apart from offspring to various corners of the the Arab and Arabic grammar . world. When Imam Ahmad Al- Sometimes Indonesian in his talk Muhajir emigrated from Iraq to inserted Arabic , such as " Ente ( you ) Hadramaut province in Yemen about a want dibikinin gahwah ( qohwah ) thousand years ago, the descendants of coffee " , then the word " harim " to Ali bin Abi Talib and 70 people addressed to the nice lady who has brought family and followers. become a wife or not , the word " syahi Since then develops his descendants to " which means the tea into the be the largest tribes in Hadhramaut, language their daily conversation , and and from Hadramaut city is the main combined with the Java language . origin of the Arab colony that settled B. FORMULATION OF THE and mingled become citizens in PROBLEM Indonesia and countries Asialainnya. From the background of the Besides Indonesia, the Hadramaut is above problems , it can produce some also widely available in Oman, India, problems as follows : Pakistan, South Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore. There are also people

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of Arab descent who hails from the Muhammad Sahib Mirbath of country of the Middle East and Africa Hadramaut . It besama sons preach in Indonesia, misalnyadari Egypt, much to all corners of Southeast Asia Saudi Arabia, Sudan or Morocco; but to the archipelago with the main fewer than those from Hadramaut. strategy to spread Islam through The arrival of the Arab colony marriage with locals mainly from the of Hadramaut to Indonesia is Hindu palaces . estimated to occur in 3 main wave , as Ages 17-19 AD follows : This century is marked by the 1. Ages 9-11 AD last wave of mass migration of the The historical record is the Hadramaut Ba'alawi Sada who spread oldest royal establishment Perlak I Islam while trade in the archipelago. ( East ) on the 1st of Muharram 225 H Immigrants latter can be marked ( 840 AD) . Only two centuries after descendants until now because, unlike the death of the Prophet , one of the its predecessor, does not do a lot of descendants of Sayyid Ali bin interbreeding with the native Muhammad bin Ja'far Sadiq Dibaj population. Moreover, it can be emigrated to the government Perlak . marked with the clan that we know He later married the younger brother of today as Alatas, Assegaf Al Jufri, King Perlak Syahir Nuwi From this Alaydrus, Shihab, Syahab, and others. marriage was born Abdul Aziz Shah This is understandable because the Sultan ( Raja Islam ) Perlak ] The clans have recently formed. Recorded historical record is officially owned by in the history of Hadramaut, is the the Council of Regency of East Aceh oldest clan As Saqqaf (Assegaf), which and amplified in the seminar as the became the title for Sheikh papers ' History Log and development Abdurrahman bin Mohammed Al of Islam in Aceh ' July 10, 1978 by ( the Mauladdawilah after his death in 731 late) Professor Ali Hasymi . H or 14-15 century AD While other 2. Century AD 12-15 clans to form even more recent, This time is the time of arrival of generally at 16 pabad usually the clan the mayor of Amanah spearheaded by name is taken from the title of a highly Sheikh Jamaluddin Akbar large family respected local imam. Based on of Gujarat , was a descendant of Sheikh estimates in 1366 H (or about 57 years

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ago), their numbers are now no less In 1870 the Suez Canal was than 70 thousand inhabitants. It opened , so that the ships from Europe consists of approximately 200 genera. to the East Indies included can be 3. Ages 17-19 AD directly through the Suez . Then the This century is marked by the port of Tanjung Priok was built in 1877 last wave of mass migration of the in a modern, next KPM ( Koninklijke Hadramaut Ba'alawi Sada who spread Paketvaart Maatschappij ) , a Dutch Islam while trade in the archipelago. shipping company operated in 1888 The last newcomer is able to defeat with the Europe- Indies , thus allowing marked his descendants until now the Marga Arab Hadramaut or because, unlike its predecessor, does Egyptian Arabic come to the Indies , not do a lot of interbreeding with the and gradually began in 1870 until after native population. Moreover, it can be the 1888 migration of Arabs and Egypt marked with the clan that we know to the Indies , climb aboard the fire of today as Alatas, Assegaf Al Jufri, Suez , they do not bring the family Alaydrus, Shihab, Syahab, and others. according to Arab custom that women This is understandable because the should not be traveling especially as clans have recently formed. Recorded far as the aboard for in the history of Hadramaut, is the days , The first offspring , of course oldest clan As Saqqaf (Assegaf), which with the Indonesian mother , who was became the title for Sheikh born in the Dutch East Indies for Abdurrahman bin Mohammed Al example, was born Mauladdawilah after his death in 731 Abdurrahman Baswedan 1908 H or 14-15 century AD While other (grandfather Dr. Anis Baswedan ) , clans to form even more recent, Syech Albar Surabaya born in 1914 generally at 16 pabad usually the clan ( father Ahmad Albar ) . name is taken from the title of a highly Currently, an estimated number respected local imam. Based on of Arab descent Hadramaut in estimates in 1366 H (or about 57 years Indonesia is greater than the amount ago), their numbers are now no less they have in place their own ancestors . than 70 thousand inhabitants. It Hadramaut residents own only about consists of approximately 200 genera. 1.8 million . Even a number of clans in From 1870 to after 1888 Hadramaut itself already extinct , like

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Basyeiban and Haneman in Indonesia especially convalescents , the hospital are still quite a lot . Many Arab villages was named Kustati . scattered in various cities in Indonesia , land where the establishment of this such as ( Pekojan ) , Bogor hospital gift of Pakubowono X to a ( dam ) and Surakarta ( Market cleric named Kustati . POND ) . In this region there is also a Sometimes nothing to spring named the depths of the Bride . distinguish between groups that are These springs have a very important generally followers Ba'alawi Sada function for the people of Surakarta , Kheir Jamiatal organizations , groups especially for those who want to hold a or Masyaikh Sheikh commonly also wedding ceremony . Water depths in called Irsyadi or organization al - terms of completeness dgunakan Irsyad followers . Hadramaut Arabs Bridal wedding ceremony . who came in the 18th century and later, In addition to being the name of the not a lot of marriages with the natives village , Pasar Kliwon also be the name as earlier waves of arrivals . They of the District with the area covering come already carrying the name of the the village Bathangan , Pasar Kliwon , clans that formed later (about 16-17 Kedunglumbu , clover , Gajahan , centuries ) . Descendants of Arabs who Kauman , Jayasuran , Sangkrah , came later Hadramaut , still easily Lojiwetan and Ivory . With Pepatih recognizable by its distinctive names Dalem Decree dated 18 September of their clans . Arab - Indonesia until 1939 , No 18 / 5C / 5 / I Ex . Ivory put now actively involved in the field of Kel region . Clover , leaving nine Islamic religious and various other wards. Lojiwurung included in areas of life in Indonesia . Sangkrah village . Since the Market Pond stood Kustati Proclamation of Indonesian Hospital , one of the well-known Independence , Loji Wurung later by hospital in Surakarta . According to the Solo City Government was renamed story , the land for the hospital building Kampung Baru . is a gift from PB X to an Arab who had In Pond Market is famous as the been a tutor and heal the sick daughter center of culinary mutton . Some are named sunan Kustati . Therefore , in already well known namely satay Hj . order to honor her daughter's Sunan Bejo behind Flexible Lojiwetan

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famous satay buntelnya , or it could human life . Although at the same time also try the satay Pak Min Sinthong in remain monodualistik , but between front of the Mosque of Riyadh . Next the general and the specific things for mace pinchers southern part , you can each other . In terms of human taste the Ice Plengeh or simply conscience as human beings tend to be recreation in the afternoon at South very general . But specifically human Square . If there be some sort of market form of concrete and specific . tiban afternoon filled with a variety of Arab tribes - Indonesia is snack vending . Indonesia's population had ethnic Arab A. Interchangeability of Ethos descent and indigenous ethnic Propagation Become Indonesia . At first they generally live Entrepreneurial spirit in Arab villages are scattered in Changes based on modernism various cities in Indonesia . In the with a base such propaganda Dutch colonial era , they are regarded interesting to be analyzed further . as foreign Asian nation along with According Suryadinata this develops ethnic Chinese and ethnic Indian - when the current entrepreneurs . That Indonesia - Indonesia . But as the said, the first POND Market is selling ethnic Chinese and Indians , not a few a goat were crowded every day POND of the Arab - Indonesia are struggling market . This market is located in the to help the Indonesian independence . village of Arabic , which is a special Pond market is a district in the place to stay for the Arabs in the Dutch southeastern city of Surakarta . Pond colonial era . Through the policy market known as the township wijken stelsel , Arabs are categorized residents Arabic - Indonesian descent . East Foreign population in the colonial The residents are used to living with social structure , required to live in a the sale of textiles , and the market is special place that has been determined close to Pasar Klewer Pond which is and led by a captain . The aim is that the central market of Batik in they do not endanger and easily Indonesia . Keraton Surakarta is also monitored by the Dutch government here . that fears of Islam and Arab descent . The village market Pond also The trend nowadays is towards there are many mosques and historic modernism and globalism . Similarly, buildings is a silent witness the

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emergence of the city of Surakarta . contact is not direct where the Formerly Village Market Pond This is relationship between the three the abode of the clerk of Surakarta . b. Individuals through an Therefore no writing style Java script intermediary (communication is referred to as a style " Market Pond device) that is the purpose / " . visit the village to see the charm of message of individual A to the Village Market Pond see the individual B and C. Each building , the Palace and in Klewer individual delivered through hunt for souvenirs in the form of Batik . social processes that embody B. Participation Influence People / certain dynamics and depending Ethnic Arabs in Economy In on the conditions and situations Surakarta as well as the time of covering the 1. Social Interaction entire dynamics of the Social interaction can occur if it community. Perubahandan social fulfills two aspects: their social processes as the development of contacts and communication. A social community life has its communications take place preceded peculiarities and kunikan by social contact, whereas in the social tertentu.Di POND Market area contact is not necessarily going social there are various tribes of unique communication. Social contacts can be and has a special characteristic of either primary or secondary. Primary each. contacts where individuals involved in In public schools , you can see direct contact (face to face), while the the many school children are the secondary nature of the relationship in majority of Indonesian people native which individuals do require an ( indigenous ) . Meanwhile , in private intermediary or specific schools such as Catholic or Christian , communication tools. Secondary the majority Chinese ethnic school contact is two secondary contact children . During this time , seldom directly where the relationship really there is such a community whose between the two contents dominant school of Arab a. Individuals through an descent or whose content is of Arab intermediary (communication descent . So Arab descent , face and device) while the secondary

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identity you would look striking in the method Batik is divided into two , majority . namely : Just like the Chinese in a. Batik is a batik motif drawn by the Surakarta that most do not like the term craftsman , then for artisans always " China " . People of Arab descent in create different motives ( exclusive ) Surakarta also less like to be called " price of batik is more expensive than Arab / Encik " . They prefer to be batik cap. called " Arabs " or " the people of b . Batik Cap Batik which manufacture Indonesia " . Because , they are the is used as a motif stamp , then paint it people of Indonesia as well , like the with coloring materials , and dried . others . They were born in Indonesia , Batik Cap cheaper price compared to speak Indonesian , likes to eat Batik Indonesian food , and schools in 2.Trade Indonesia . Because many industries in As Chinese people are not Surakarta , so many trades that necessarily all of them speak occurred in Surakarta . One of them is Mandarin . Similarly, the Arab descent the batik industry . Centers of batik and in Indonesia . His name also was born batik among others trading in Laweyan and lived in Indonesia , so their native and Kauman . Klewer Market as well language is Indonesian . Usually , they as some other traditional batik markets are of Arab descent to learn Arabic into one trading center of batik in because pengin deepen religion . So Indonesia . Trading in Solo under the that they understand the scriptures and auspices of the Department of Industry ideas related to Arabic . Arab ethnic and Trade . Besides batik trade , in heritage is a wealth of cultural heritage , Surakarta there are also other markets the peculiarities of the character of the such as Pasar Gedhe ( selling food ) , community , especially the warmth and Triwindu Market ( selling antiques and friendliness, as well as the strength of crafts ) and others . the tradition of trade and industry are tough in Surakarta . 3.Tourism Batik industry in particular . Surakarta is known for its Batik industry is the largest industry in tourism , such as Surakarta , Tirtamaya Surakarta . Based on the processing Park , Kampung Batik Kauman Batik

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Village Laweyan , Sriwedari Cultural influence in sustaining and advancing Park , and others . the economic activity, both in the Conclusions world of trade and tourism, particularly 1. The majority of Arab descent in in the Batik industry entrepreneurs and Indonesia comes from Hadramaut, Confections. Yemen. Minorities of the Middle East B. Suggestions or North Africa more. 1. Let's uphold cultural diversity , 2. They come in the Dutch colonial ethnic, warnakulit , religion and so period, came to Indonesia as well as forth . traders spread Islam by any other 2. Avoiding social discrimination , means that the marriage so that because we are all equal , Allah 's offspring who are Muslims according creatures , made ethnic diversity as a to the religion of his father. form of power of Allah . 3. The arrival of the Arab colony of 3. With the attitude of empathy and Hadramaut to Indonesia is estimated friendliness to support the to occur in three main waves, namely: establishment of the unity and integrity a. 9-11 century AD of Indonesia , thereby facilitating the b. 12-15 century AD creation of national life , in a fair and c. 17-19 century AD. prosperous state . Hadramaut Arab descent in Indonesia, References such as his home country of Yemen, comprising two large groups: group Affandi Bisri , 1999. Shaykh Ahmad Syurkati ( 1874-1943 ) Updates & Alawi, and the group Qabili. In Refining Islam in Indonesia . Jakarta : Indonesia, there is sometimes the Al Kauthar . Noer , 1995 , the Modern Movement difference between Islam in Indonesia from 1900 to kelompokAlawiyyin are generally 1942 . Jakarta : PT . Reader LP3ES . Hamka , 1961. The history of followers of Al-Kheir Jami'at Muslims . Bukit Tinggi - Jakarta : organizations, groups or Masyaikh NV archipelago. Noerman , Moehammad , 1971. Sheikh commonly also called Irsyadi Cultural History . London : Library or followers of Al-Irsyad organization. Saadiyah . Pijper , G.F. , 1984. Some Studies 1. Citizens of Arab descent / Encik History of Islam in Indonesia : 1900- active role in economic activities in the 1950 . Translator : Tudjimah & Jessy Agustin . Jakarta : UI Press city of Surakarta. Even had a strong

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