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University of Groningen the Hadrami Arabs of Ambon Istiqomah, I University of Groningen The Hadrami Arabs of Ambon Istiqomah, I. DOI: 10.33612/diss.108467449 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2020 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Istiqomah, I. (2020). The Hadrami Arabs of Ambon: an Ethnographic Study of Diasporic Identity Construction in Everyday Life Practices. University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.108467449 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 09-10-2021 The Hadrami Arabs of Ambon © Istiqomah, 2019 ISBN: 978-94-034-2275-6 (print) ISBN: 978-94-034-2276-3 (e-book) Cover layout: Liviawaty Hendranata Cover photo: Indonesian pilgrims of Hadrami and non-Hadrami origin praying next to the wooden covered grave of a saint in the Region of Hadramaut in Yemen. Photo taken by the author. Print: Ipskamp Printing The Hadrami Arabs of Ambon An Ethnographic Study of Diasporic Identity Construction in Everyday Life Practices PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Magnificus Prof. C. Wijmenga and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Thursday 9 January 2020 at 12.45 hours by Istiqomah born on 24 October 1980 in Kudus, Indonesia Supervisors Prof. M.W. Buitelaar Dr. K.E. Knibbe Assessment committee Prof. R.L. Holzhacker Prof. J.T. Sunier Prof. H.L. Beck To Bapak-Ibuk in rememberance of your love, wisdom, and strength Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... vii Note on transliteration of Arabic and Indonesian terms ........................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review .............................................................................................................................................. 4 3. Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 4. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Diaspora: Meanings and Elements ................................................................................................ 10 4.2 Identity as Identification .................................................................................................................... 15 4.3 Ethnicity .................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Multiple Social Identities and Intersectionality ....................................................................... 17 5. Research Question(s) .................................................................................................................................... 18 6. Research Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 18 7. The Structure of this Study ......................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: History and the Hadrami Migration to Ambon in Collective Memory ..................... 25 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 2. The Hadrami Migration to Ambon .......................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Hadramaut: Social Structure, Political Unrest and Economic Scarcity ........................ 27 2.2 Ambon as a Trade Hub in Colonial Times .................................................................................. 30 2.3 Patterns of Hadrami Migration: Occupation, Origin, Social Class, and Gender .......... 34 3. Colonial Rule and Its Impact on Hadramis .......................................................................................... 36 3.1 Religious Segregation and Discrimination ................................................................................. 38 3.2 Colonial Policies and Arab Identity ............................................................................................... 39 4. Collective Memories of the Hadrami Migration ................................................................................ 42 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3: A Survey of the Present-Day Hadrami Arab Descendants in Ambon ....................... 50 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 2. Social Groups within the Community of Hadrami Descendants ................................................ 51 2.1 The Sada and non-Sada Distinction .............................................................................................. 51 2.2 Clan, Family and Generation ............................................................................................................ 55 3. Spatial Distribution ........................................................................................................................................ 59 3.1 Old Settlements ...................................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 New Settlements in Post-Conflicts Ambon ................................................................................ 61 4. Economic Positions and Activities .......................................................................................................... 66 4.1 From Commerce to Other Sectors of the Labor Market ....................................................... 66 4.2 Commerce: Kinship-Based Economic Networks ..................................................................... 69 4.3 Commerce: Economic and Religious Motives ........................................................................... 72 4.4 Hadrami Women and their Participation in the Workforce ............................................... 74 iv 5. Political Engagement ..................................................................................................................................... 80 5.1 The Politics of Hadramis in Indonesia: Adaptability and Heterogeneity ...................... 80 5.2 The Hadramis and Politics in Ambon ........................................................................................... 81 5.3 Politics and Alliances ........................................................................................................................... 97 6. Every Day Life Practices: Language, Food, and Dress ..................................................................... 99 7. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 105 Chapter 4: Kinship, Marriage, and Gender ............................................................................................... 107 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 107 2. A Kinship System among the Hadrami Community of Ambon ................................................. 107 2.1 Patrilineal Descent and Kin Terms ............................................................................................. 109 2.2 Patrilineal Descent and Naming
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