Zero Conditionals

Check point Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The man may not be able to board the plane.

Express Check Match the if clauses with the result clauses. ------1. Lf you hate aeroplane food, a. They often get jet lag. ------2. You might not be able to board. b. You can order a special meal. ------3.if people travel a long distance. c. If you don’t check in at the gate.

Grammar Explanations Examples 1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general if clause result clause truths and scientific facts. • If it's noon in Lima, it' s 6:00 p.m. The if clause talks about the condition and in Rome. the result clause talks about what happens if clause result clause if the condition occurs. • If air expand s, it becomes Use the present simple in both clauses lighter. Note: If means when in these contexts.

2. You can 'also-use zero conditionals to talk if clause result clause about habits and recurring events (things • If Bill flies , he orders a special that happen again and again). meal. Use the present simple or present if clause result clause continuous in the if clause, Use the • If I’m travelling a long way, I present simple in the result clause. always fly.

3. You can also use modals in the result • If you practise your Chinese clause. every day, • you might learn more if you listen to Chinese CDs.

4. Use the imperative in the result clause to • If you want the seat to recline, give instructions, commands and press the button. invitations that depend on a certain • If the seat belt light is on, don’t condition. leave your seat. • If you come to Tokyo, stay with us.

5. You can begin conditional sentence with • If the light goes on , fasten your the if clause. The meaning is the same. seat belt. Use a comma between the two clauses only Or when the if clause comes first • Fasten your seat belt if the light goes on.

First conditionals

Check point Circle T (True) Of F (False). T F Baker is definitely going to raise taxes. T F Small businesses are definitely going to leave.

If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.

Conditionals - questions Result clause future If clause: Present What Will he do If he wins the election? Is he going to do Express Check Unscramble these words to form Q sentence. Add a comma if necessary. Fight• she • crime • she'll • If • wins Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use first conditional sentences to talk if clause result clause • about what will happen under certain If Baker wins, he’ll raise i1se conditions in the future. The if clause taxes. states the condition. The result clause (It's a real possibility that Baker will states the result. win.) • Use the present simple in the if clause. Use If Dent wins , she’ ll improve the future with will or be going to in the housing. • result clause, If Dent wins, she’s going to
BE CAREFUL: Even though the if clause improve housing. refers to the future, use the present simple • If you want to vote, you must register. • If you don't vote, you might regret it. • If she wins, she'll fight crime. NOT if she will win……

• 2. You can begin conditional sentence ; with If you vote for Dent ,you won’t the if clause or the result clause. The regret it. meaning is the same. Or • You won’t regret it if you vote Use a comma between the two clauses only for Dent. when the if clause comes first

3.If and unless can both be used in • If you vote, you'll have a say in conditional sentence but their meaning are the future of our country. very different. • Unless you vote, you won't have Use unless to state a negative condition. a say in the future of our Unless often has the same meaning as country. if………not. Or • If you don’t vote, you won't have a say in the future of our country Second Conditionals

Check Point Circle T (True) Of F (False). T F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy.

Express Check Circle the words to complete this question. What will/ would he do if / when he was / were a millionaire?

Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use second conditional sentences to talk if clause result clause about unreal, untrue, imagined or • if I loved him, I would marry him. impossible conditions and their results (But I don't love him 50 1 won't marry in the present. him.) The if clause presents the unreal if clause result clause condition. The result clause presents the • unreal result of that condition. if I had more time, I would travel. (But 1 haven't got time, so I don't travel.)

2. Use the past simple in the if clause use If clause result clause would +base form of the verb in the • If they had money, they wouldn’t result clause. live there.
BE CAREFUL!

a.The' if clause uses the past simple form • If I had more money now , I world go but the meaning is not past. on a trip round the world. b.Don't use would in the if clause in • present unreal conditional sentences. If she knew the answer, she would tell you. c.Use were for all subjects when the verb NOT if she would know the answer… in the if clause is a form of be. • If I were rich, I would travel round USAGE NOTE: You will sometimes hear the world. native speakers use was in the if clause. NOT if I was rich…. However, many people think that this is not correct.

3. You can also use a modal in the result • If I had time, I could read more. clause.

4. You can begin conditional sentence • If I had more money , I would move. with the clause or the result clause. Or The meaning is the same. • I would move if I had more money . Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if comes first.

Third Conditionals

Check Point Circle T (True) or F (False). T F George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.

Conditionals –questions Result clause If clause What would you have If you had money? done ? Express Check Complete this sentence with the correct form of the verb study. Add a comma if necessary. I ------if I had known about the test today. Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use third conditional sentences to talk clause result clause • about past conditions and results that If George had died young, he never happened. wouldn’t have had children. (But he didn't die young and he did have The if clause presents the unreal children.) condition. The result clause presents the If George hadn’t been born, many imagined result of that condition. people’s lives would have been worse. (But George was born 50 their lives were better.)

2. Use the past perfect in the if clause. If clause result clause • If the film had won an Oscar, it Use would have+ past participle in the would have become famous result clause. immediately.

• 3. You can also use modals in the result If George had gone to university, he clause. might have become an architect. • If George had become an architect, he could have designed bridges

• 4. You can begin conditional sentence with If he had won a million dollars , he the if clause or the result clause. The would have travelled to china. meaning is the same. Or • Use a comma between the two clauses He would have travelled to china if only when the if clause comes first. he had won a million dollars.

• 5. Third conditionals are often used to If I had known Mary was back, I express regrets on what happened in would have invited her to the party. the past. (I would have I didn’t invite her.)

Direct and indirect speech: Imperatives

Check Point Tick the doctor's exact words.  Eat a heavy meal before bed:  Don't eat a heavy meal before bed:  Not to eat a heavy meal before bed:

Express Check Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.  The doctor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night.  She said, “Don’t work / Not to work too hard.” Grammar Explanations Examples • 1. Direct speech is the exact word a speaker Come early and bring your national used. In writing, use quotation marks. Health card: said the doctor. Indirect speech reports what a speaker • The doctor told her to come early and said without. Using the exact words. bring her National Health card. There are no quotation marks.

2. The reporting verb (such as say or tell) is DIRECT SPEECH usually in the past simple for both direct and • Drink warm milk; he said. indirect speech. INDIRECT SPEECH BE CAREFUL! Put a personal direct object or someone’s name after tell . Do not put a • He told me to drink warm milk. personal direct object after say. • He said I should call him in the morning. NOT he told I should call him in the morning.

3. Imperatives in direct speech use the base Direct speech Indirect speech form of the verb. Imperatives in indirect Come early; he He said to come speech use the infinitive to report: said. early a. Instructions “Wait” He told me to b. Commands Could you wait c. Request please arrive by She asked him d. Invitations 8:00? to arrive by Could you join 8:00 us for lunch? She invited me to join them for lunch.

4. Use a negative infinitive (not + infinitive) Direct speech Indirect speech to report negative imperatives. “Don’t go” He told her not to go

• He said to Ann, “Tell me your 5. Indirect speech, make changes to keep the problem” speaker’s original meaning. • He told Ann to tell him her problem a. Change pronouns and possessives. • Call me tomorrow

b. Change the phrases. • She said to call her the next day.

c. • “Sign this form here” • She told him to sign that form there.

Indirect speech Statements (1)

Check Point Tick the man’s exact words

 It looks great on you!  It looked great on me!

Express Check Circle the correct words to complete this sentence.

She said/told the salesperson that she is/was going to buy the dress.

Grammar Explanations Examples 1. An indirect speech statement reports Direct speech what a speaker said without using the • It’s a great dress , he said. exact words. The word that can Indirect speech introduce the indirect statement but • He told her that it was a great dress. you can also leave it out. • He told her it was a great dress .


BE CAREFUL !use say as the reporting • He said that it was a great dress verb when the listener is not mentioned. Do NOT he told that it was a great dress. not use tell.

2. When the reporting verb is in the past simple, the verb in the indirect speech statement is usually in a different tense from the verb in the direct speech statement. Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech He said, “it’ s lovely” He said it was lovely Present simple


past simple “I’m leaving ” She said she was Present


past continuous leaving. continuous “I did it” He said that he had Past simple


past perfect done it. Present perfect


past perfect He said to her, ”I’ve He told her that he never lied” had never lied.

3. In indirect speech the change of the A: what did you just say? verb tense is optional when B: I said I ’m tired. Or I said I was tired. reporting: • Rick said the bank wants a cheque. a. Something someone has just said. • Rick said the bank wanted a cheque. b. Something that is still true • She said that everyone lies sometime. c. A general truth or scientific law . • She said that everyone lied sometime

• “I run a mile every day” 4. When the reporting verb is in the • She says that she runs a mile every day. present simple do not change the verb tense in indirect speech

Indirect Speech: Statement (2)

Check Point Tick the weather forecaster's exact words.

 “It would be windy.”  “It will be windy.”

Express Check Read Jim's words. Tick the sentence that correctly reports what he said.

JIM: “I may move soon.”  Jim said that I may move soon.  Jim said that he might move soon.

Grammar Explanations Examples 1. As you learned in unit (indirect speech statement 1), when the reporting verb Direct speech Indirect speech is in the past simple, the verb tense She said, “it’ s windy” She said it was usually changes in the indirect speech windy. statement.

Modals often change in the indirect speech, too.

Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech will


would I said,” the wind will be I said the wind Can


could strong” would be strong. May


might They told us, “you can They told us we stay with us” could stay with must


had to them. He said, “the storm He said that the may last all night” storm might last all night. She told us, “ you must She told us we had to leave” leave .

2. Some verb do not change in indirect speech. Direct speech Indirect speech a. Do not change should, could, might and “You should listen to He told us that we ought to in indirect speech. the weather report” he should listen to the b. Do not change the past perfect in told us. weather report. indirect speech. “I had just moved here She said she had just c. Do not change verbs in the second and a week before,” she moved there a week third conditional sentences in indirect said. before. speech. d. Do not change past modals in indirect “If I knew , I would tell Jim said if he knew, you” he would tell me. speech. “If 1 had known, I He said if he had

would have told you,” known, he would said Jim. have told me, “I should have left ” He said that he should have left.

Indirect Questions

The stress interview. Check Point Tick Ms Bentley's exact words.  “Why were you still single?”  “Why are you still single?”

Express Check Unscramble these words to complete the indirect question. Why • he • job • his • left • had He asked him………………………………………………………… Grammar Explanations Examples 1. Use if, whether or whether or not to Direct speech form indirect yes/no questions. • “Can you type ?” she asked. USAGE NOT: whether is more formal than Indirect speech if. • She asked if I could type. • She asked whether (or not) I could type.

2. In indirect yes / no questions , the Direct Speech subject comes before the verb, the same • “Can I start tomorrow?” word order as in statements. Indirect Speech • He asked if he could start tomorrow. NOT he asked could he start tomorrow . Direct speech • “does the job proverbs benefits” Indirect speech • He asked if the job provided benefits. NOT he asked does the job provide benefits.

3. Use questions words to form indirect Direct speech Wh-questions. • “Where is you office?” I asked. Indirect speech • I asked where his office was.

4. In indirect wh-questions, the subject Direct Speech also comes before the verb as in • “Why did you leave you job?” statement, and you do not use do, does Indirect speech • or did . She asked me why I had left my job. NOT she asked me why did l leave my job. In indirect wh-questions about the subject, Direct speech the question word is the subject and the • Bob asked, “Who got the job?” verb follows as in statement word order. Indirect speech • Bob asked who had got the job.