DOCSLIB.ORG

Conditional Sentences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conditional Sentences A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentence is a sentence that contains a requirement. It’s always formed as compound sentences that consist of main clause and subordinate clause. Conditional sentence usually linked with if. Main clause is a part of compound sentence which can stand independently and also has a complete meaning even though it’s separated from another part of compound sentence. Meanwhile, Subordinate clause is a part of compound sentence which can’t stand independently if it’s separated from another part of compound sentence. In English, there are three types of conditional sentences as follows: • Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence • Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence • Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence 1. Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence Future conditional is a sentence that contains requirement that will happen in the future if one of the conditions is fulfilled. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Simple Future Tense in Main Clause • Simple Present Tense in Subordinate Clause Example: ) If it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting ) If he passes all his exams, he will graduate in June The word if that followed by negative subordinate clause not can be changed with unless. Example: ) I will come if I’m not busy ) I will come unless I’m busy (= except if I’m hurry) 1 But if the main clause is used for expressing something that permanent, the main clause or subordinate clause is simple present tense. Example: ) He can pass the exam if he study hard 2. Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence This form is used if we want to imagine something that contrary with the condition in the present time. In this case, the speaker is quite pessimist because the possibilities of this event is a little. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Simple Past in If Clause • Past Future Tense (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause Example: ) I would buy a new house if I got much money ) He would marry you if you loved him In this case, auxiliary BE in If Clause become WERE for all kinds of subject. Example: ) If I were you, I would leave college ) They would understand things better, if they were given laboratory experience 3. Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence This form is used if we want to imagine other possibilities from an event that have been happened in the past. In other words, this form can be used for expressing some conditions or events that contrary with the reality in the past. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Past Perfect in If Clause • Past Future Perfect (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause. 2 Example: ) She would have passed the exam if she had studied hard before ) If I had known it was going to rain, I would have taken my umbrella with me. Conditional without If Conditional sentence can also be used without using conjunction if. We can use these following words: Unless We often use unless in warning ) We’ll be late unless we hurry (= except if we hurry) ) Unless you work harder, you’re not going to pass the examination (= except if you work harder) As long as provided (that), providing (that) These expression mean but only if: ) You can use my car as long as you drive carefully (= but only if you drive carefully) ) Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park (= but only if you have somewhere to park) ) Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination (= but only if she studies hard). When you’re talking about the future, don’t uses will with unless, as long as, provided, providing. Use a present tense: ) We will be late unless we hurry (not unless we will hurry) Wish It is used to express improbable or impossible desire. (Expressing regret) Example: ) I wish I knew her address (= I don’t know her address) 3 ) I wish I had arrived at the station on time this morning (=I was late at the station this morning) If only It is used to express improbable or impossible desire, or strong regret. Example: ) If only I had more money, I could buy some clothes (= I don’t have money so I don’t buy clothes.) ) if only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. (= somebody didn’t tell us, we couldn’t warn you) The differences of the form and use between conditional sentences Type I, II, and Type III can be seen in the following table: Type I Type II Type III Simple present Simple past Past perfect Basic - will + infinitive - would + infinitive - would have + PP Pattern If he goes, we will give If he went, we would If he had gone, we give would have given The Future Present Past reference If he goes there, we If he went there, weIf he had gone there, will give a permit would give a permit we would have given Tomorrow Now Yesterday The use Open condition, or a Unreal present Unreal past real condition. To express possibility To express a wish To express a regret the event is possible to The event is not The event is not take place possible to take place possible to take place Special Use of were for all Inversion of subject characteristic subject and verb 4 EXERCISE: I. Choose the correct answer 1. My neighbors …………… if we’d invited them a. would come c. will have come b. would have come d. would have came 2. …………………., I would study hard. a. were I student c. was I student b. Am I student d. had I student 3. If he …... he would have gone abroad. a. has a rich man c. has been a rich man b. was a rich man d. had been a rich man 4. I’d have bought a car if I ………… much money a. had c. had been b. had had d. have had 5. ……... You’d have passed the exam. a. You had studied hard c. You have studied hard. b. Had you studied hard d. If had you studied hard. 6. If it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting a. I would not attended c. I would not attend. b. I will not attend d. I will not attended 7. I would buy a big car house if I got much money. It means that : a. I didn’t buy a big car c. I bought a big car b. I will by a big car later d. I will not buy a big car 8. If only I had much money, I could buy some clothes. It means that : a. I had much money c. I don’t buy clothes b. I will not have much money d. I will buy clothes 5 9. I was late at the station this morning. I wish …….at the station on time. a. I arrived c. I had arrived b. I arrive d. I have arrived 10. Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. It means that she will not pass the examination if ……. a. she studies hard c. she did not study hard b. she studied hard d. she does not study hard II. Change the following conditional sentence to other types He would marry you if you loved him Type I ……………………………………………………………….. Type III ……………………………………………………………….. III. What is the meaning or the real fact of the following sentences? 1. I wish I were a student ……………………………………………………………………….. 2. I could have attended the seminar if I had been invited ………………………………………………………………………. 6 B. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE a. Definition Active and Passive sentences ¾ Active sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Example: She drove a car ¾ Passive sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action. Example: A car was driven by her b. The Way to Form Active and Passive sentences ¾ Active sentences If we want to form an active sentence, we do not need any special regulations, because there is no special key. Just pay attention with the tenses. As we know that English has movement verb that we have to know well. Example: She goes to school She went to school yesterday ¾ Passive Sentences The passive sentence has special ways to form it. Beside we have to pay attention with movement of verbs, we have to give special attention with such thing. According to Mas’ud, there are four ways to form passive sentences. 1. Put an object of active sentence in the beginning of passive sentence (object of active sentence becomes subject in passive sentence). Example: He ate banana (active) Banana was eaten by him (passive) 7 2. If in the active sentences do not have auxiliary (to be), so just add to be that is suitable with the subject of passive sentence and the tenses. Example: Jojo invited them (active) They were invited by Jojo (passive) 3. Put the main verb from active sentences after auxiliary verb (to be) in past participle form. Example: My father is reading newspaper (active) Newspaper is being read by my father (passive) 4. Put the preposition By after the main verb before object in passive sentences. (in some cases, the preposition By can be omitted when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs the action). Example: This house was built in 1987 (By is omitted) The most important thing that you have to know well and remember in forming passive sentence is the general formula of passive sentences.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Information Status of English If-Clauses in Natural Discourse*
    The Information Status of English If-clauses in Natural Discourse* Chang-Bong Lee 1. Introduction Haiman (1978) once argued that conditionals are uniformly defined as topics. His argument had to suffer from some substantial problems both empirically and theoretically. Despite these problems, his paper was a trailblazing research that opened up the path for the study of conditionals from a discourse point of view. The present paper studies conditionals from a particular aspect of discourse functional perspective by analyzing the information structure of conditional sentences in natural discourse. Ford and Thompson (1986) studied the discourse function of conditionals in the similar vein through a corpus-based research. This paper also attempts to understand the discourse function of conditionals, but it does it under a rather different standpoint, under the framework of the so-called GIVEN-NEW taxonomy as presented in Prince (1992). In this paper, we focus on the definition of topic as an entity that represents the GIVEN or OLD information to be checked against the information in the preceding linguistic context. By analyzing the data of the English if-clauses in natural discourse both in oral and written contexts, we present sufficient evidence to show that conditionals are not simply topics (GIVEN information). It is revealed that the if-clauses *This research was supported by the faculty settlement research fund (Grant No. 20000005) from the Catholic University of Korea in the year of 2000. I wish to express gratitude to the Catholic University of Korea for their financial assistance. The earlier version of this paper was presented at the 6th academic conference organized by the Discourse and Cognitive Ilnguistics Society of Korea in June, 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Change Sentences Direct Into Indirect Speech
    Change Sentences Direct Into Indirect Speech WhichcarburiseFlickering Trevor soEdie binaurally. misrepresent mutiny punitively Main so and quarterly while huffing Abbey that Traver Lazaro always unswearing finalize cutinises her his his Rawlplugs?harpsichordists chronometers oppugnsginger distractingly, disserving all.he Lost his bike Indirect speech They show we simply going to running Direct speech They declare that. Reported Speech in English Grammar. What such a Jussive subjunctive Latin? Reported Speech Indirect Speech in English Summary. Ulysses asked the field is important to us consent, into direct speech change sentences indirect quote the benefits of speech rules in. Grammar Basics Direct and Indirect Speech Hitbullseye. Do not enclosed inside for change into past perfect as they do not track your team sports he was and what are transformed into the. 1 The Latin subjunctive is another mood of hypothetical verbal activity including ideas of uncertainty potential will shadow and refuse like. Direct to indirect speech General rules English Grammar. The subjunctive mainly expresses doubt or potential and what could have been whatever the indicative declares this happened or that happened the infantry is called 'jussive' which revenue from 'iubere' to command bid. Direct and Indirect Speech Verb Tense Changes with Rules. In the direct sentence the actual words of the speaker are quoted This is called Direct. Objective by the end leave the lesson the students should have able detect change where direct speech sentence into reported speech correctly Prerequisite match each. In direct speech the original words of stay are narrated no friend is made. Reported Speech English Grammar English Grammar Online.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 3: the Role of Tense-Aspect in Discourse Management
    CHAPTER 3: The Role of Tense-Aspect in Discourse Management 3.0 Introduction Tense-aspect plays an important discourse management role in the construction and organization of mental spaces (and meaning) built in the ongoing process of discourse interpretation. The purpose of this chapter is to lay out in a systematic way the components of the model of tense-aspect proposed here and to give an overview of how tense-aspect functions, in conjunction with a set of Discourse Organization Principles, to constrain the mental space configurations built during the interpretation of ongoing discourse. This chapter lays the theoretical foundation for the detailed analysis of language specific tense markers, of tense in embedded clauses, and of tense in discourse- narrative, treated in subsequent chapters. In this chapter, I will propose a model which is an extension of the approach and ideas of Fauconnier (1985, 1986a, 1986b, 1990, 1991, to appear) and Dinsmore (1991). The model, which is the basis for the account of tense presented in this dissertation, consists of: • the mental space format (space partitioning, cognitive links between elements in different spaces, etc...) and the general mental space principles of access, optimization, spreading, and matching, as proposed in Fauconnier (1985) and updated in more recent work. 67 68 •a set of conceptual, discourse primitives: {BASE, FOCUS, EVENT, and V- POINT}, which are distributed over the hierarchical configuration of spaces built as the discourse interpretation process unfolds. •a set of Discourse Organization Principles which operate on these conceptual primitives, determining the types of space configurations which are possible. •a distinction between the FACT and PREDICTION status assigned to spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Conditional Sentences
    GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS Understanding Conditional Sentences When a dependent or subordinate clause is introduced by words such as “if,” “when,” or “unless,” the complete sentence expresses a condition. The dependent or subordinate clause states a condition or cause and is joined with an independent clause, which states the result or effect. Conditional sentences can be factual, predictive, or speculative, which determines the form of the condition and the choice of verb tenses. TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Factual In a factual conditional sentence, the relationship between the dependent or subordinate clause and the independent clause describes a condition that is or was habitually true: if the condition applies, the independent clause states the result or effect. Both clauses use simple verb forms either in present or past tense. If you find a blue and white sweater, it belongs to me. When he plays his music too loud, the neighbors complain. Unless there is a question, the class is dismissed. Predictive In a predictive conditional sentence, the relationship between the two clauses is promised or possible but not certain. Use a present-tense verb in the dependent or subordinate clause, and in the independent clause use modal auxiliaries “will,” “can,” “may,” “should,” or “might” with the base form of the verb. If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go to the park. If your roommate decides not to come with us, we can go by ourselves. When the lease on the apartment ends, we may want to move to another building. When she misses one of the meetings, she should notify her supervisor.
    [Show full text]
  • Define an Independent Clause . . . Big Kid Comma Rules
    Jestice/English 2 Name: ________________________________________ Period: __________________ Date: ___________________ Grammar for Sophomores—40 points I. Commas Define an independent clause . __________________________________________________________ Big Kid Comma Rules . Rule #1: Use commas to separate items in a series. This independent clause forms a simple sentence. Examples: I love reading, writing, and hiking. I wrote a book, went hiking, and cooked dinner. Write two sentences, using the rule. 1. 2. Jestice/English 2 Rule #2: Use a comma after an introductory word group, which is called a dependent clause. This forms a complex sentence. Examples: After the school year finishes, I am going on vacation. Inside the cave, the mountain lion watches intruders. Write two sentences, using the rule. 3. 4. Rule #3: Use a comma to combine independent clauses BEFORE a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). This forms a compound sentence. Examples: The spaceship landed, and the alien opened the door. I liked the cake, but the icing was too sweet. Write two sentences, using the rule. 5. 6. Jestice/English 2 If you join independent clauses with only a comma, that is called a COMMA SPLICE!!!!!!!!! If you join independent clauses with only a conjunction, that is called a RUN-ON SENTENCE!!!!!!!! Rule #4: Use a comma between coordinating adjectives. Examples: Fitness instruction is a rewarding, fascinating career. The hot, sweet chocolate tasted delicious. Write two sentences, using the rule. 7. 8. Rule #5: Use a comma for extraneous or parenthetical information—an appositive. Examples: The new wafflespogger, a machine that spogs waffles, burned my finger. Mrs. Jestice, who enjoys silly verbiage, writes ridiculous sentences whenever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Conditionals in Political Texts
    JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Adnan Bujak Conditionals in political texts A corpus-based study Doctoral dissertation Advisor: Dr. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2014 CONTENTS Abstract ...........................................................................................................................3 List of tables ....................................................................................................................4 List of figures ..................................................................................................................5 List of charts....................................................................................................................6 Abbreviations, Symbols and Font Styles ..........................................................................7 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................9 1.1. The subject matter .........................................................................................9 1.2. Dissertation structure .....................................................................................10 1.3. Rationale .......................................................................................................11 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................12 2. Theoretical framework .................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Clauses Are Strong a Single Independent Clause Is the Same As a Simple Sentence
    Xu°ba lJll ege Writing& Language Development Center Clauses: Independent & Dependent A clause is a word group containing a subject and verb pair. If a clause can stand alone, it is independent. If a clause cannot stand alone, it is dependent. Independent clauses are strong A single independent clause is the same as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains at least one subject-verb pair, expresses a complete thought, and can be ended with a period: Bob and Marcie love Thai food. They eat there often and bring all their friends. Bowling is fun. Bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty. A single independent clause may have compound subjects (Bob and Marcie), compound verbs (eat and bring), compound adjectives (stinky and sweaty) or other compound elements. Joining independent clauses Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses. They are preceded by a comma when they join independent clauses (but not necessarily when they join other compound elements). Here are the coordinating conjunctions: ,for ,or ,and ,yet ,nor ,so ,but You may combine independent clauses with a semicolon or with a comma plus coordinating conjunction: Bob and Marcie love Thai food; they eat there often and bring all their friends. Bowling is fun, but bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty. You may join more than two independent clauses using the same methods: Bowling is fun, but bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty, so we always bring thick socks. When you combine independent clauses, you create a compound sentence. You may NOT try to join independent clauses with only a comma. This is an error called a comma splice.
    [Show full text]
  • Conditional Clause Definition Pdf Gadgets
    Conditional Clause Definition Pdf Betraying and whapping Stevie interplant her adamant solder or snoods sycophantically. Hard-bitten and dustier Wolfy repapers her mangle attenuated or soused subordinately. Walt articulates acutely if eleventh Cortese wash-up or build-up. Jane is talking about actions that a clause that include: what is a clause in the above. Argument with the main types of an adjective clause? Continuous in both clauses in place of israel to complete a zero conditionals. Computer in the main clause now opens the ideas are other hand of simple! Specified subject plus a condition had worked harder. Name for the color of subordinate clause when we rely on the time. Polite order of english, you could have a future situations: les bahasa inggris online exercises. Varying depending on a law of these sentences are various ways of conditional clauses are still important in. Things happen or the definition of the action in this is not be rush at an adverbial clause is a verb, the indicative example of occurring. Canal he was the conditional clause modifies how the examples and writing skills in new york, or not been a house. Agnostic about the clauses for beginner to a combination of conditional sentences are the english. Parallel those used in independent clause seemed to a difference. chase secured credit card requirements harlem Declined even conditional sentences are also offered conditional support to do? Numerous hurdles required to individual slots on the if i will hunt you take a condition had made to one. Ask that are used to a particular result, you confirm your dry cleaning.
    [Show full text]
  • PARASITIC MIRATIVITY of ENGLISH USE in COLIN TREVORROWS MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD” Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Th
    PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROWS MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD” Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar By MUJI RETNO Reg. No. 40300111080 ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2016 PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROW’S MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD” Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar By MUJI RETNO Reg. No. 40300111080 ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2016 i MOTTO “EDUCATION IS WHAT REMAINS AFTER ONE HAS FORGOTTEN WHAT ONE HAS LEARNED IN SCHOOL.” (Albert Eistein) “EDUCATION IS A PROGRESSIVE DISCOVERY OF OUR OWN IGNORENCE.” (Charlie Chaplin) “EVERY THE LAST STEP INEVITABLY HAS THE FIRST STEP” (Muji Retno) ii ACKNOWLEDGE All praises to Allah who has blessed, guided and given the health to the researcherduring writing this thesis. Then, the researcherr would like to send invocation and peace to Prophet Muhammad SAW peace be upon him, who has guided the people from the bad condition to the better life. The researcher realizes that in writing and finishing this thesis, there are many people that have provided their suggestion, advice, help and motivation. Therefore, the researcher would like to express thanks and highest appreciation to all of them. For the first, the researcher gives special gratitude to her parents, Masir Hadis and Jumariah Yaha who have given their loves, cares, supports and prayers in every single time.
    [Show full text]
  • ELC 231: Introduction to Language and Linguistics Semantics & Pragmatics: Ambiguity and Meaning As USE Vs TRUTH
    1 Introduction 2 Speech Acts 3 Gricean Maxims References r, e, b, f b, f, g, a V’ V’ PP [watch a movie]V’ [with a superhero]PP V NP with a superhero watch a movie ELC 231: Introduction to Language and Linguistics Semantics & Pragmatics: Ambiguity and Meaning as USE vs TRUTH Dr. Meagan Louie M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 1 / 112 1 Introduction 1.1 Compositionality and Structural Ambiguity 2 Speech Acts 1.2 Meaning as USE 3 Gricean Maxims 1.3 Investigating USE-CONDITIONS References Core Subdomains Linguistics: The study of Language Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 2 / 112 1 Introduction 1.1 Compositionality and Structural Ambiguity 2 Speech Acts 1.2 Meaning as USE 3 Gricean Maxims 1.3 Investigating USE-CONDITIONS References Core Subdomains: Last Week - Syntax and Semantics Linguistics: The study of Language Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 3 / 112 1 Introduction 1.1 Compositionality and Structural Ambiguity 2 Speech Acts 1.2 Meaning as USE 3 Gricean Maxims 1.3 Investigating USE-CONDITIONS References Core Subdomains: This Week - Semantics and Pragmatics Linguistics: The study of Language Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 4 / 112 1 Introduction 1.1 Compositionality and Structural Ambiguity 2 Speech Acts 1.2 Meaning as USE 3 Gricean Maxims 1.3 Investigating USE-CONDITIONS References Core Subdomains: Semantics • Semantics: The study of MEANING in language 1 Review: Meaning as Truth and reference 2 REVIEW: Compositionality 3 A Semantic Interpretation System for Language (i) The Model/Ontology (ii) Lexical Entries (iii) Compositional Rules (i.e., how to semantically interpret PSRs) M.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar Workshop Verb Tenses
    Grammar Workshop Verb Tenses* JOSEPHINE BOYLE WILLEM OPPERMAN ACADEMIC SUPPORT AND ACCESS CENTER AMERICAN UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 29, 2 0 1 6 *Sources consulted: Purdue OWL and Grammarly Handbook What is a Verb? Every basic sentence in the English language must have a noun and a verb. Verbs are action words. Verbs describe what the subject of the sentence is doing. Verbs can describe physical actions like movement, less concrete actions like thinking and feeling, and a state of being, as explained by the verb to be. What is a Verb? There are two specific uses for verbs: Put a motionless noun into motion, or to change its motion. If you can do it, its an action verb. (walk, run, study, learn) Link the subject of the sentence to something which describes the subject. If you can’t do it, it’s probably a linking verb. (am, is) Action Verbs: Susie ran a mile around the track. “Ran” gets Susie moving around the track. Bob went to the book store. “Went” gets Bob moving out the door and doing the shopping at the bookstore. Linking Verbs: I am bored. It’s difficult to “am,” so this is likely a linking verb. It’s connecting the subject “I” to the state of being bored. Verb Tenses Verb tenses are a way for the writer to express time in the English language. There are nine basic verb tenses: Simple Present: They talk Present Continuous: They are talking Present Perfect: They have talked Simple Past: They talked Past Continuous: They were talking Past Perfect: They had talked Future: They will talk Future Continuous: They will be talking Future Perfect: They will have talked Simple Present Tense Simple Present: Used to describe a general state or action that is repeated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relative Verb Forms of Cuwabo (Bantu P34) As Contextually Oriented Participles
    This is the pre-final version of a paper published in Linguistics 2020, 58(2), 463-491 The relative verb forms of Cuwabo (Bantu P34) as contextually oriented participles Rozenn Guérois Denis Creissels Ghent University University of Lyon Abstract. Cuwabo (Bantu P34, Mozambique) illustrates a relativization strategy, also attested in some North-Western and Central Bantu languages, whose most salient characteristics are that: (a) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement with the subject (as in independent clauses), but agreement with the head noun; (b) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement in person and number-gender (or class), but only in number-gender; (c) when a noun phrase other than the subject is relativized, the noun phrase encoded as the subject in the corresponding independent clause occurs in post-verbal position and does not control any agreement mechanism. In this article, we show that, in spite of the similarity between the relative verb forms of Cuwabo and the corresponding independent verb forms, and the impossibility of isolating a morphological element analyzable as a participial formative, the relative verb forms of Cuwabo are participles, with the following two particularities: they exhibit full contextual orientation, and they assign a specific grammatical role to the initial subject, whose encoding in relative clauses coincides neither with that of subjects of independent verb forms, nor with that of adnominal possessors. 1. Introduction In the languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, it is very common that the verb forms found in relative clauses are different from those found in the corresponding independent clauses.
    [Show full text]