Conditional Sentences
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A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentence is a sentence that contains a requirement. It’s always formed as compound sentences that consist of main clause and subordinate clause. Conditional sentence usually linked with if. Main clause is a part of compound sentence which can stand independently and also has a complete meaning even though it’s separated from another part of compound sentence. Meanwhile, Subordinate clause is a part of compound sentence which can’t stand independently if it’s separated from another part of compound sentence. In English, there are three types of conditional sentences as follows: • Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence • Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence • Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence 1. Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence Future conditional is a sentence that contains requirement that will happen in the future if one of the conditions is fulfilled. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Simple Future Tense in Main Clause • Simple Present Tense in Subordinate Clause Example: ) If it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting ) If he passes all his exams, he will graduate in June The word if that followed by negative subordinate clause not can be changed with unless. Example: ) I will come if I’m not busy ) I will come unless I’m busy (= except if I’m hurry) 1 But if the main clause is used for expressing something that permanent, the main clause or subordinate clause is simple present tense. Example: ) He can pass the exam if he study hard 2. Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence This form is used if we want to imagine something that contrary with the condition in the present time. In this case, the speaker is quite pessimist because the possibilities of this event is a little. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Simple Past in If Clause • Past Future Tense (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause Example: ) I would buy a new house if I got much money ) He would marry you if you loved him In this case, auxiliary BE in If Clause become WERE for all kinds of subject. Example: ) If I were you, I would leave college ) They would understand things better, if they were given laboratory experience 3. Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence This form is used if we want to imagine other possibilities from an event that have been happened in the past. In other words, this form can be used for expressing some conditions or events that contrary with the reality in the past. The tenses that used in this sentence are: • Past Perfect in If Clause • Past Future Perfect (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause. 2 Example: ) She would have passed the exam if she had studied hard before ) If I had known it was going to rain, I would have taken my umbrella with me. Conditional without If Conditional sentence can also be used without using conjunction if. We can use these following words: Unless We often use unless in warning ) We’ll be late unless we hurry (= except if we hurry) ) Unless you work harder, you’re not going to pass the examination (= except if you work harder) As long as provided (that), providing (that) These expression mean but only if: ) You can use my car as long as you drive carefully (= but only if you drive carefully) ) Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park (= but only if you have somewhere to park) ) Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination (= but only if she studies hard). When you’re talking about the future, don’t uses will with unless, as long as, provided, providing. Use a present tense: ) We will be late unless we hurry (not unless we will hurry) Wish It is used to express improbable or impossible desire. (Expressing regret) Example: ) I wish I knew her address (= I don’t know her address) 3 ) I wish I had arrived at the station on time this morning (=I was late at the station this morning) If only It is used to express improbable or impossible desire, or strong regret. Example: ) If only I had more money, I could buy some clothes (= I don’t have money so I don’t buy clothes.) ) if only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. (= somebody didn’t tell us, we couldn’t warn you) The differences of the form and use between conditional sentences Type I, II, and Type III can be seen in the following table: Type I Type II Type III Simple present Simple past Past perfect Basic - will + infinitive - would + infinitive - would have + PP Pattern If he goes, we will give If he went, we would If he had gone, we give would have given The Future Present Past reference If he goes there, we If he went there, weIf he had gone there, will give a permit would give a permit we would have given Tomorrow Now Yesterday The use Open condition, or a Unreal present Unreal past real condition. To express possibility To express a wish To express a regret the event is possible to The event is not The event is not take place possible to take place possible to take place Special Use of were for all Inversion of subject characteristic subject and verb 4 EXERCISE: I. Choose the correct answer 1. My neighbors …………… if we’d invited them a. would come c. will have come b. would have come d. would have came 2. …………………., I would study hard. a. were I student c. was I student b. Am I student d. had I student 3. If he …... he would have gone abroad. a. has a rich man c. has been a rich man b. was a rich man d. had been a rich man 4. I’d have bought a car if I ………… much money a. had c. had been b. had had d. have had 5. ……... You’d have passed the exam. a. You had studied hard c. You have studied hard. b. Had you studied hard d. If had you studied hard. 6. If it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting a. I would not attended c. I would not attend. b. I will not attend d. I will not attended 7. I would buy a big car house if I got much money. It means that : a. I didn’t buy a big car c. I bought a big car b. I will by a big car later d. I will not buy a big car 8. If only I had much money, I could buy some clothes. It means that : a. I had much money c. I don’t buy clothes b. I will not have much money d. I will buy clothes 5 9. I was late at the station this morning. I wish …….at the station on time. a. I arrived c. I had arrived b. I arrive d. I have arrived 10. Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. It means that she will not pass the examination if ……. a. she studies hard c. she did not study hard b. she studied hard d. she does not study hard II. Change the following conditional sentence to other types He would marry you if you loved him Type I ……………………………………………………………….. Type III ……………………………………………………………….. III. What is the meaning or the real fact of the following sentences? 1. I wish I were a student ……………………………………………………………………….. 2. I could have attended the seminar if I had been invited ………………………………………………………………………. 6 B. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE a. Definition Active and Passive sentences ¾ Active sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Example: She drove a car ¾ Passive sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action. Example: A car was driven by her b. The Way to Form Active and Passive sentences ¾ Active sentences If we want to form an active sentence, we do not need any special regulations, because there is no special key. Just pay attention with the tenses. As we know that English has movement verb that we have to know well. Example: She goes to school She went to school yesterday ¾ Passive Sentences The passive sentence has special ways to form it. Beside we have to pay attention with movement of verbs, we have to give special attention with such thing. According to Mas’ud, there are four ways to form passive sentences. 1. Put an object of active sentence in the beginning of passive sentence (object of active sentence becomes subject in passive sentence). Example: He ate banana (active) Banana was eaten by him (passive) 7 2. If in the active sentences do not have auxiliary (to be), so just add to be that is suitable with the subject of passive sentence and the tenses. Example: Jojo invited them (active) They were invited by Jojo (passive) 3. Put the main verb from active sentences after auxiliary verb (to be) in past participle form. Example: My father is reading newspaper (active) Newspaper is being read by my father (passive) 4. Put the preposition By after the main verb before object in passive sentences. (in some cases, the preposition By can be omitted when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs the action). Example: This house was built in 1987 (By is omitted) The most important thing that you have to know well and remember in forming passive sentence is the general formula of passive sentences.