PARASITIC MIRATIVITY of ENGLISH USE in COLIN TREVORROWS MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD” Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Th

Home , Affect (linguistics), Colin Trevorrow, Indirect speech

PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROWS

MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD”

Thesis

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty

of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar

MUJI RETNO Reg. No. 40300111080

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2016

PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROW’S

MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD”

Thesis

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty

of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar

MUJI RETNO Reg. No. 40300111080

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2016

MOTTO

“EDUCATION IS WHAT REMAINS AFTER ONE HAS FORGOTTEN WHAT ONE HAS LEARNED IN SCHOOL.” (Albert Eistein)

“EDUCATION IS A PROGRESSIVE DISCOVERY OF OUR OWN IGNORENCE.” (Charlie Chaplin)

“EVERY THE LAST STEP INEVITABLY HAS THE FIRST STEP” (Muji Retno)

ACKNOWLEDGE

All praises to Allah who has blessed, guided and given the health to the researcherduring writing this thesis. Then, the researcherr would like to send invocation and peace to Prophet Muhammad SAW peace be upon him, who has guided the people from the bad condition to the better life.

The researcher realizes that in writing and finishing this thesis, there are many people that have provided their suggestion, advice, help and motivation. Therefore, the researcher would like to express thanks and highest appreciation to all of them.

For the first, the researcher gives special gratitude to her parents, Masir Hadis and Jumariah Yaha who have given their loves, cares, supports and prayers in every single time. Then, the researcher gives thanks to her brotherHeldy Jusi S.Si., that have motivated and supported the researcher.

Secondly, the greatest thanks to the rector of Alauddin State Islamic

University of Makassar, Prof. Dr. Musafir Pababbari, M.Si., the dean of Adab and

Humanities Faculty, Dr. H. Barsihannor, M.Ag., all the vices of dean of Adab and

Humanities Faculty, Dr. H. Abd. Rachman R., M.Ag., Dr. Hj. Syamzan Syukur,

M.Ag., and Dr.Abd. Muin, M.Hum., the head and secretary of English and Literature

Department, Muhammad Nur Akbar Rasyid, M.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D., and Syahruni

Djunaid S.S., M.Pd., for their support, suggestion, help and administrative support.

vii

Thirdly, the researcher’s gratitude due to her first and second supervisors, Dr.

Abd. Muin, M.Hum. and FaidahYusuf, S.S., M.Pd.,for their guidance, support, advices and their precious time during writing this thesis. Furthermore, the researcher would like to express thank to her first examinerSyahruni Djunaid, S.S., M.Pd. and second examiner Nasrum Marjuni, S.Pd., M.A., for their guidance, correction, support and advices. Besides that the researcher does not forget to say a lot of thanks to all the lecturers of English and Literature Department Serliah Nur, S.Pd, M.Hum.,

M.Ed.,Sardian Maharani Asnur, S.Pd., M.Pd., Dr. Hj. Nur Emmiyati, M.Pd., Nur

Rachma Isnaeni Hamka, S.Pd., M.Pd., Muhammad Taufik, S.S., M.Hum., A.

Kamariah, S.Pd., M.Pd. for their patience in sharing knowledge to the research during academic years.

Next, the researcher gives the deep appreciation and sincere to heruncle, aunts, and cousins Rahmat Latif SH., Ayu Subaedah Yaha, Naning Widya Astuti SH.,

Dra. Nuraeni Yaha,Juwani Pratiwi Utami SE.,Tanti Rahmawni., Keihan Rahmat., for their support and prayer.

Besides that, the deepest appreciation individually and collectively thanks to students of English and Literature Department academic year 2011,specially, to her friends in AG. 3 and 4 for the togetherness that the researcher passed in university.

Furthermore, for dearest friends that always give support and help during writing this thesis,Mar’atun Mardiyah, Rahmaniar Baharuddin, Sulistriani, Ayuni Amaliah,

Rahmi Amaliah, Jaitun, Indriani, Nur Aliza, Aryana Nurul Qarimah, Awaluddin,

Baso Muammar, Sadaruddin Kahar, Zul Janwar, Hawani, Budiarto

viii

Lataf,Kurniawan.P, Andy Dandi Arsyadi Mirdad, Andi Tenri Padang, Nur Muttaqin,

Muhammad Muflih Mappaujungand all the friends that cannot be mentioned one by one.

The last but not least, the greatest thanks to Organization of Western English

(OWL), Eliots Letters and Cambridge English College (CEC) Makassar for the experience, knowledge, brotherhood, support and advice.

Finally, may Allah reward the good things to the researcher.The researcher realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect but researcher has tried to do her best.

Makassar, February25th 2016

Muji Retno

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

COVER PAGE ...... i

MOTTO ...... ii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI ...... iii

PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ...... iv

APPROVAL SHEET ...... v

PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ...... vi

ACKNOWLEDGE ...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x

LIST OF TABLES ...... xii

ABSTRACT ...... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background ...... 1

B. Problem Statements ...... 4

C. Objective of the Research ...... 4

D. Significance of Research ...... 4

E. Scope of the Research ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 6

A. Previous Findings ...... 6

B. What’s Mirativity ...... 8

C. The Characterizes of Mirativty ...... 12

D. Evidentiality ………………………………………………………………... 14

E. Epistemic Modality ………………………………………………………… 16

F. Parasitic and Non-Parasitic Mirativity …………………………………...… 19

G. Synopsis of “Jurassic World” Movie …………………………………….… 30

H. Biography of Colin Trevorrow …………………………………………….. 31

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH ...... 32

A. Method of the Research ……………...... 32

B. Population and Sample ...... 32

C. Instrument of the Research ...... 33

D. Procedures of Collecting Data ...... 33

E. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 34

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION ...... 35

A. Findings ...... 35

B. Discussion ...... 56

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 69

A. Conclusion...... 69

B. Suggestion ...... 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 71

AUTOBIGRAPHY ...... 73

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.a.1 Indirect speech acs...... 34

Table 1.a.1 Expressive ...... 40

Table 2.a.1 Wh-exclamative...... 42

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ABSTRACT

Name : Muji Retno NIM : 40300111080 Major : English Literature Department Faculty : Adab and Humanity Faculty Title : Parasitic Mirativity of English use in Colin Trevorrow’s Movie “Jurassic World”. Supervisor I : Abd. Muin. Supervisor II : Faidah Yusuf.

This study is about parasitic mirativity of English use in Colin Trevorrow’s movie “Jurassic World”. Objectives of the research are to find out the types of meaning and to find out the types of structure in parasitic mirativity. In this research, the researcher applied descriptive qualitative and took purposive sampling technique. The findings of the research, the researcher found the types of meaning were propositional and non-propositional but just non-propositional type that the researcher included in this research. The propositional type was divided into two sub types, there were indirect speech act and expressive. The types of structure were wh- exclamatives and other analytically marked structure. But in this research just include wh-exclamatives because in this research focus on english. Therefore, the researcher concluded that there was meaning and structure that exist in the movie. The characters of the movie often used these types. The result of this research showed that the types of meaning were very dominant than the types of structure.

Keywords: Mirativity, Parasitic, Propositional. .

xiii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts; there are background, problem statements,

objectives of the research, the significances of the research, and scope of the research.

A. Background

All of people in this world need language to communicate each other in every

social activity. Language is a prominent tool of communication, because without

language communication is nothing. Language can express feeling and mind because

language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,

emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Edward Sapir in

Das, 2006: 4).

As human, communication has important role in our life particularly in our

activities. In fact, people without communication will not be able to live properly. We

communicate to get much information about the world. The information can be

negative or positive content. So, with communication we can explore our thoughts,

feelings, ideas, knowledge and assumptions, so that without communication people

cannot survive in this world. As the definition below;

Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another. The word communication is derived from the Latin word, communist, which means common. The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the exchange of information, there is no communication (Cheney & Keylon in Lunenburg, 2010: 1-2).

Communication requires a sender, a message or an information and a recipient.

There are 3 important concepts are associated with psychological and social barriers; first, Fields of experience is including people's backgrounds, perceptions, values, biases, needs, and expectations. Senders can encode and receivers decode messages only in the context of their fields of experience. Second, Filtering means that more often than not we see and hear what we are emotionally tuned in to see and hear.

Filtering is caused by our own needs and interests, which guide our listening. Third,

Psychosocial barriers often involve a psychological distance between people that is similar to actual physical distance. For example, the school administrator talks down to a staff member, who resents this attitude, and this resentment separates them, thereby blocking opportunity for effective communication (Antos in Lunenburg,

2010: 5).

Communication occurs between the speaker and the addressee where can result a message and information from the sender to receiving. In here, what the speaker says will affect the addressee‟s knowledge. In conversation, the speaker has conceptualize object and topic when tell something to addressee. While, when the speakers change partners (addressee), they appear to adapt their conceptualizations (and the referring expression that mark them) using feedback from their new partners (addressee) (Lockridge & Brennan, 2002: 550).

The communication process will cause us to get much information about something even though we do not necessarily know whether the information is true or false. Broadly speaking, new information that is not easily assimilated by a speaker is often linguistically realized differently than information that falls in with the speaker‟s expectations. This linguistic realization often referred to in the descriptive 3

literature as mirativity. The impression one gets from a brief survey of the descriptive literature is that mirativity is primarily about surprise and senses related to surprise such as suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization (Peterson, 2012: 1).

The mirative as a conceptual category has different from but related to evidentiality and epistemic modality. Evidentiality is concerned with source of knowledge; epistemic modality encodes certainty of knowledge, while mirativity is concerned with expectations of knowledge. Dickinson (2000: 381) asserts that a

„mirative marker indicates psychological distancing, the speaker did not anticipate the event or state‟, which she contrasts with an inferential evidential marker, which

„indicates physical distancing from the event‟. Mirativity as „the status of the proposition with respect to the speaker‟s overall knowledge structure‟ (Dalancey,

2011: 33). Hyslop (2011: 625) says that “expectation of knowledge”. In Watters‟

(2002: 296) words, “mirativity makes no claims about the source of information. It occurs with ﬁrst-hand observation, inference, or hearsay”. A “mirative” meaning can be associated with information acquired through any means it “inferentially from observation” of the effects of the event.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher is really eager to analyze parasitic and non-parasitic mirativity in English used in the “Jurassic World” movie.

One of the interesting reason, the researcher chooses to analyze the movie because the movie is representation of the other real world. The conversation in the movie has 4

good pronunciation, articulation, and voicing to make an interaction between

characters and many expressions or utterances involve mirativity.

Based on the statement above, the researcher is interested in conducting a

research under the title; Parasitic Mirativity of English Use in Colin Trevorrow’s

Movie “Jurassic World”.

B. Problem Statements

Based on the background above, the researcher formulated research questions

as follows:

1. What are meaning of parasitic mirativity uttered in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie

“Jurassic World”?

2. What are structure of parasitic mirativity uttered in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie

“Jurassic World”?

C. Objective of the Research

Based on the research questions above, the researcher formulated the research

which aims at finding out the description of:

1. To find out the meaning of parasitic mirativity in the “Jurassic World” movie based

on the English using.

2. To find out the structure of parasitic mirativity in the “Jurassic World” movie based

on the English using.

D. The Significances of the Research

The outcomes of the study are expected to give contribution for:

1. For the readers; this research may give information to who want to improve their

knowledge about linguistics typology, especially regarding mirativity.

2. For the other researchers; this research can motivate them to do research with

mirativity so that the reader can know more about mirativity as one kind of linguistics

encoding. Also, this research can be a reference for other researchers.

3. For the literature students, this research will add their knowledge of various types and

styles in English. Also, it could encourage them to further learn and develop the

language.

E. Scope of the Research

The scope of this study was limited in finding out the types of parasitic

mirativity based on the English used in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie “Jurassic World”. It

is only included meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity of Peterson‟s theory. CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY

This chapter talks about the theory that using of this research and some

explanations related to the theory. There are previous finding, what is mirativity?, the

characterizes of mirativity, evidentiality, epistemic modality, the types of parasitic

mirativity, synopsis of “Jurassic World” movie, biography of Colin Trevorrow.

A. Previous Findings

The researcher found three previous findings which related and relevant with

this research, as follow:

Dickinson (2000) in his Dissertation, “Mirativity in Tsafiki”, He found the

mirative systems is included mirative markers in verb classes and evidential system is

included lexical evidential in Tsafiki. This study was a case study with methods used

included observation and focused on language used in daily life of the society.

Aleksova & Kim (2003) in their journal, “Mirativity in Korean and

Bulgarian”, they found that were; the first section, they examined the semantics of

the phenomenon and present briefly a few approaches to it. The part is an attempt at a

typological classification of languages on the grounds of the grammatical status of

mirative forms employed by the respective language(s). The third part focused on the

morphological patterns and types of marking specific for Bulgarian and Korean. It

contains an overview of the grammatical system of the languages and some particular

mirative uses.

Hyslop (2011) in her Journal, “Mirativity in Kurtop”, She found that a contrast in mirativity is grammatically encoded in Kurtop‟s copula, perfective and imperfective morphology. In perfective aspect the mirative perfective -na is one of possible forms that encode epistemic modality, evidentiality, and expectation of others‟ knowledge. In imperfective aspect only a two-way contrast is made: mirative clauses are contrasted with non-mirative clauses. In the aﬃrmative existential and equational copulas a four-way contrast is made between presumption, doubt, mirativity, and non-mirativity. That is, while mirativity is contrasted in perfective aspect, imperfective aspects, aﬃrmative copulas and negative copulas.

From the three previous findings before, the research has similarity and differences from those researches. The similarity of the researchers is looking for the grammatical or structure of each language. While, the differences of the researches are; the first research was focused on mirativity in Tsafiki include evidential system in mirativity. The second research was focused on mirativity in Korean and Bulgarian include semantics and morphological patterns in mirativity. The third research talked about mirativity in Kurtop include grammatical in mirativity. While, this research will focus on the Mirativity in language used in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie “Jurassic

World”. It will focus on mirativity in English used in this movie include parasitic and non-parasitic mirativity.

B. What is Mirativity?

The concept of “mirativity” is a relatively recent arrival on the typological

scene Language Typology. Language typology based on the assumption that “The

ways in which languages differ from each other are not entirely random, its

uniqueness and the unconditional or invariant features to be found in all languages”

(Greenberg in Malmkjaer, 2002: 320). The data provided by typological language

studies show the limits within which languages can vary, and in so doing provide

statements about the nature of language. Each language is not necessarily assigned to

one class only.

Greenberg (In Malmkjaer, 2002: 231) dates the ﬁrst use of the word

„typology‟ in linguistic literature to the theses presented by the Prague School

linguists to the First Congress of Slavonic Philologists held in 1928. Until then,

classification of languages was largely genetic; that is, it was based on the

development of languages from older source languages, and the only extensively used

typology was morphological classiﬁcation of languages as approximating towards

ideal types: isolating, agglutinating/agglutinative, inﬂecting/ﬂectional/fusional and

polysynthetic/incorporating.

DeLancey gives a definition of a category he calls mirativity, “The

operational definition of the category is that it marks both statements based on

inference and statements based on direct experience for which the speaker had no

psychological preparation, and in some languages hearsay data as well. What these

apparently disparate data sources have in common, is that the proposition is one which is new to the speaker, not yet integrated into his overall picture of the world”

(DeLancey, 1997: 35-36).

Rett and Murray (2013: 454) give definition that “Mirativity is linguistic encoding of exceeded expectation or surprise on the part of the speaker”. While,

Aikhenvald (2012: 435) defines mirativity as “Conveying information which new or unexpected to the speaker, with overtones of surprise”. Dickinson (2000: 381) asserts that a „mirative meaning indicates psychological distancing, the speaker did not anticipate the event or state‟, which she contrasts with an inferential evidential marker, which indicates physical distancing from the event.

This is the holy book Al-Qur‟an Kareem Surah Al-Kahfi Ayah 39, related to the discussion about mirativity:

It means, and why did you do not say when you entered your garden

"masyaallah, laa quwwata illaa billaah (indeed the will of God all of this to happen, there is no power except with God's help). If only you take me less than you in wealth and offspring (QS. Al-kahfi: 39).

Based on the verse above has a meaning that related to this research. The verse implies encouragements and commands that is why when you entered your garden and you feel amazed with it when you see you do not praise God for the blessings that have been bestowed unto you, is given unto you in an unprecedented amount given to other people. Then do not you say that all is the will of God, there is no power except with Allah‟s help. That‟s why some Salaf (earlier) it was said that whoever was in awe of something out of the situation or his property or his son, let him say, “masyaallah, laa quwwata illaa billaah.” It is inferred from the meaning contained in this verse.

Ekman (In Mocini, 2014: 136) claims that surprise is one of the basic universal emotions, and only the basic emotions are the real emotions. Therefore,

“mirativity is primarily about surprise and senses related to surprise such as suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization” and “the primary meaning of mirativity is to register the surprise of the speaker” (Peterson, 2013: 3). While in speech mirativity is expressed mainly through a specific intonation contour with the rising tone of the voice, in writing there are a number of ways for the construal of surprise.

What these descriptions from various languages and studies suggest is that mirativity, as a conceptual category at least, may be universal: it is a plausible claim that all languages have the means to encode an event or state as occurring outside normal expectations. In order to deepen our understanding of mirativity, and to draw

these descriptions together into a more cohesive and focus on picture, it is useful to examine the systematic relationship mirativity has with the better understood categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. Mirativity forms a conceptual natural class with evidentiality and epistemic modality as these three categories express something about a speaker‟s physical, psychological and temporal orientation to events and states (DeLancey, 2001:379). The summary in outlines this connection:

1. Epistemic modality marking: encodes the speaker‟s attitude towards the

proposition in terms of certainty or probability.

2. Evidential marking: encodes the source of the speaker‟s knowledge.

3. Mirative marking: encodes the relationship between the proposition and the

speaker‟s overall expectations and assumptions in a given context.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that mirativity is a phenomena in linguistics which is part of language typology. However, Mirativity is expression that marks speaker's surprise due to new and unexpected information.

Mirativity related to the senses of surprise such as unexpectedness, suddenness, immediate realization, and unprepared mind. The meaning of mirativity can relate to the unprepared psychology, intonation, prospects, evidentiality, epistemic modality, and hearsay of the speaker.

C. The Characterizes of Mirativity

1. If a speaker has indirect knowledge of Kemal's arrival then the speaker uses a

sentence is marked with the inferential evidential -mi_s.

a. Turkish (Hyslop, 2011: 3).

Kemal gel-mi‟s

Kemal come -Past

`Kemal came.'

There are three contexts listed that mark mirative meaning;

1) Inference: The speaker sees Kemal‟s coat hanging in the front hall,

but has not yet seen Kemal.

2) Hearsay: The speaker has been told that Kemal has arrived, but

has not yet seen Kemal.

3) Surprise: The speaker hears someone approach, opens the door, and

sees Kemal. A totally unexpected visitor.

In Psychological terms, If a speaker has direct knowledge of Kemal's

arrival, mi‟s can be still be used, but it expresses another meaning: it is an

experience for which the speaker lacks `premonitory awareness' (Slobin and Aksu,

1982: 196).

2. We can take the semantic contrast between English (a) and (b) conditioned by

intonation – to be all and only one of mirativity.

a. John arrived on time.

b. (Wow,) John arrived on time!

c. I am surprised that John arrived on time

Rett and Murray (2013: 455) assume that the mirative component of (b) is an

expression of speaker surprise. It is distinct from assertions of speaker surprise, as

in (c), because it is undeniable in discourse. (b) Shows that this mirative marker –

English exclamation intonation.

3. Linguistic mirativity as a label is defined by a constellation of descriptors:

a. `Non-expected' information (Egerod in Peterson, 2012: 30).

b. `Surprise at unexpected new information based on immediate observation'

(Friedman, 2003: 197-200).

c. `New knowledge' (DeLancey, 2001: 369).

d. `Immediate meaning' (Nichols in Peterson, 2012: 31).

4. Mirativity involve two components concerning how speaker‟s mental state is

conditioned by either their immediate experience of an event, or by previous

experiences and expectations (Peterson, 2013: 8).

a. The speaker's past experiences of similar situations and his general knowledge.

This set of assumptions can range from knowledge about purely physical

interactions to assumptions based on cultural and social norms

b. The speaker's immediate experience of an event or state.

5. Mirativity constructs in the psychological orientation of the speaker, both in terms

of their individual knowledge (their personal experiences and fixed assumptions

about the way the world works), and their knowledge of the context (their

immediate experience of a state, event, or action) (Peterson, 2013: 9).

6. Two categories status of mirativity are the first, it comes from the studies of

surprise in psychology, and the cognitive science. Description of mirativity is the

“notion” of “surprise”. From a psychologist, surprise is one of the core human

emotions, along with happiness, sadness, disgust, contempt, and fear. From a

cognitive perspective, surprise has been used in the literature on mirativity, is just

a handle for what is essentially a single mental event (in a series of events) that

occurs when a speaker encounters new information that they were mentally

unprepared for. The second, the categorical status of mirativity is the fact that

many languages have lexemes whose primary meaning is to encode surprise

(Peterson, 2013; 12)

D. Evidentiality

The primary function of an evidential is to give a speaker a way of talking

about events they haven‟t personally seen, heard, or otherwise taken part in. So,

Evidentiality is grammatical marking of the nature of the information source, the way

in which information was obtaining (Aikhenvald, 2012: 436). In the Gitksan example

in (1), an evidential nakw is used to encode that a speaker has sensory evidence for an

event that they have not witnessed directly (Peterson, 2010:135):

1. Gitksan

‟nakw=hl se-hon (t)=s Bob

EVID=CND CAUS-ﬁsh-3=CND Bob

“Bob must be smoking ﬁsh”

“Looks like Bob is smoking ﬁsh”

Context (sensory evidence): You get to Bob’s place and you can smell or see

smoke.

At an intuitive level, an event that witnessed is more certain than one that occur sight unseen, and an event that is witnessed from beginning to end is less surprising than one that is only inferred or deduced from its results. If we adjust the context slightly to include not only the sensory evidence, but the speaker actually witnessing the event of Bob smoking ﬁsh, (1) is still felicitous. However, (1) carries an additional meaning: the speaker is surprised or otherwise unprepared for the fact that Bob is smoking ﬁsh. This additional meaning of an evidential characterizes the mirative use of an evidential, and illustrates the notion of the „unprepared mind‟

(DeLancey 199: 38), an evidential event is may be perceived to be out of one‟s control, unexpected, and thus surprising to the speaker if they either experience that event, or come into contact with the results of the event.

The extended meaning of an evidential to convey a sense of surprise presents us with a potential contradiction: the use of ‟nakw when the speaker actually witnesses the event they have evidence for in (1), would appear to undermine its evidential meaning: Grecian considerations would compel a speaker to simply assert

“Bob is smoking ﬁsh” if the speaker did indeed witness the event of Bob smoking

ﬁsh. However, we can draw these two interpretations of ‟nakw together if we view this in terms of distancing: whereas evidentiality indicates physical distancing from an event, mirativity meaning includes indicates psychological distancing (Dickinson

2000: 392).

However, the distinction between witnessing the event and witnessing the

results of the event can be subtle. We saw how the inferential evidential sufﬁx ‟nakw

in Gitksan in conveying both evidentiality and mirativity. English also lacks lexical

evidentials, although a mirative meaning can be attributed to evidential verbs when

these are used in the context of witnessing the actual event. Example (2) uses the

same context as the Gitksan example in (1) with ‟nakw: evidential verbs such as

looks like and see are felicitous when the speaker observes the event embedded under

the evidential verb. This expresses the mirative (Peterson, 2010; 137):

2. “Looks like Bob is smoking ﬁsh!”

“I see Bob is smoking ﬁsh!”

Mirative evidentials can mark mirativity in a context regardless of what type

of evidence the speaker has for the at-issue proposition p. Their mirative use is

characterized as indicating that the speaker had no “premonitory awareness” that p

(Slobin & Aksu, 1982: 196); as signaling “unanticipated/novel information” or an

“unprepared mind” (Peterson, 2010: 138); or as marking “a more or less spontaneous

reaction to a new, salient, often surprising event” (Aikhenvald, 2004: 197).

E. Epistemic Modality

There is also a relation between epistemic modality marking and mirativity.

Epistemic modality is concerned with the speaker‟s attitude towards the proposition

in terms of certainty or probability (Peterson, 2010: 134). As with evidential-marked

miratives, a mirative reading of an epistemic modal in English is mostly clearly

obtained where a speaker is surprised at the results of a previous event. In the context

given in example (1), a mirative interpretation can be expressed using either the strong epistemic modal must in (a), or a plain assertion in (b). A mirative interpretation is less felicitous with the weak epistemic modal might, as in (c):

1. a. “I must‟ve fallen asleep!”

b. ? “I fell asleep!”

c. # “I might‟ve fallen asleep!”

Context: Said upon awakening over one’s books after a long night studying

(context adapted from Slobin Aksu, 1986: 160).

It is beyond the scope of this paper to examine in more detail the mirative use in epistemic modals in languages such as English. However, there are two points worth making. The ﬁrst point regards the use of modal force: in (1), the strong modal must is used to convey mirativity over both the weaker modal might and a plain assertion. Because modals don‟t overtly encode an evidence source/type, they may reveal something different of the nature of mirativity than we ﬁnd with evidentials. It seems natural that, in encoding a speaker‟s state of surprise, the „strongest‟ lexical item would be used. However, there are other distinctions to be found: mirativity is not exclusive to strong modals. In example (2), the weaker modal might is used to convey a speaker‟s unprepared state, not upon encountering any kind of evidence as in (1), but at the possibility of winning:

2. a. “I might‟ve won!”

b. # “I must‟ve won!”

c. # “I won!”

Context: Your husband tells you that he thinks you’re lucky numbers came up

on the weekly lotto (Peterson, 2010:139).

This is entirely expected, as when a speaker is surprised at a possibility, a possibility modal is naturally. However, intonation is carrying the mirative contribution in (2), as the possibility is actually part of the proposition a speaker is surprised at. This is different from example (1), where the proposition a speaker is surprised at is the plain one without any modal. It is in those cases where the strong modal must be used for the mirative.

Secondly, a mirative use of an epistemic modal in English is infelicitous in a context where the speaker actually witnesses the event, as in (3):

3. a. “You‟re here!”

b. # “You must be here!”

c. # “You might be here!”

Context: A friend unexpectedly shows up a party.

This restriction likely follows from the fact that epistemic modals are propositional operators. However, in (2) the proposition a speaker is surprised at is the plain one with a weak modal. This shows that if one is really surprised at a necessity statement, must would be felicitous in a mirative. As in (2), if you see some evidence that you‟ve won, for example, if there is a person walking towards you holding out the trophy, then you „I must‟ve won!‟ would be felicitous. However, it is not the modal that‟s conveying mirativity, but the intonation (Peterson. 2010: 140).

F. Parasitic Mirativity

Parasitic Mirativity is that mirative meaning can be implicated

independently of linguistic, semantic, or grammatical categories (Peterson, 2013:

16). Parasitic Miratives are dependent either on the meanings of certain

morphemes, words, or utterances (the MEANING node), or they can be dependent

on certain language-specific analytical structures (the STRUCTURE node)

(Peterson, 2013: 18). These are two types of parasitic miratives:

a. Meaning

The division of Meaning, see figure 1 (Peterson, 2013: 19):

(Figure 1)

1) Miratives that are parasitic on propositional meanings.

The meaning of an evidential is information it carries about the type

of evidence a speaker has for a statement they make; and the meaning of

control marking is the degree of volition or intention an agent exercises over

the state, event, or action expressed by a sentence. Mirative meaning is not

an inherent part of the semantics of either evidentiality or control. Rather,

mirative meaning is parasitic on some aspect of the meanings of evidentiality

and control. (Peterson, 2013: 20).

2) Miratives that are parasitic on non-propositional meanings.

Parasitic miratives of the non-propositional variety make up a large

proportion of miratives that are used in everyday speech in English. There

are two major types of non-propositional parasitic miratives: surprise that is

either implicated through indirect speech acts and expressive (Peterson,

2013: 28). It is assumed that languages often have a correspondence between

the structure of an utterance and its function within a linguistic exchange, or

clause types. For example, English has three main clause types, as illustrated

in (a):

a) (1) DECLARATIVE: „The gun is loaded.‟

(2) INTERROGATIVE: „Is the gun loaded?‟

(3) IMPERATIVE: „Load the gun.‟

Within most linguistic exchanges, the speaker of a sentence normally

expects that her communicative intention will be recognized and understood

by her interlocutors. This is usually fairly transparent: declarative sentences make certain commitments regarding the speaker‟s belief in the truth of a proposition; interrogative clauses are requests for information, while imperative clauses place demands or obligations on the other interlocutors in a speech context. However, often the circumstances or context surrounding the utterance provide non-linguistic cues as to how an utterance is interpreted within a speech event, giving rise to indirect speech acts.

This sentence and contexts given in (b) illustrate how surprise is another indirect speech act that can often be associated with declarative sentences. b) „The tea is really cold‟ (Yule, 1996: 83).

(1) Context A: On a wintry day, the speaker reaches for a cup of tea,

believing that it has been freshly made, takes a sip, and produces the

utterance in (b) as a complaint.

(2) Context B: On a really hot summer‟s day the speaker is being given a

glass of iced tea, takes a sip, and produces the utterance in (b) as

praise.

The utterance of (b) in either Context A or Context B implicates

surprise: it is parasitic on the indirect speech acts of complaining and

praise. As with other kinds of parasitic mirativity, there is nothing in any of

the elements in the sentence in (b) that entail the speakers surprise at the

temperature of the tea. Rather, it is implicated through the use of a

declarative clause in a particular speech context. (Peterson, 2013: 29).

Finally, surprise is often associated with another kind of non-

propositional meaning: expressives. Consider the sentence in (c): c) That idiot John is late for the meeting.

The expressive that idiot reﬂects something of the speaker‟s attitude towards John, in this case frustration. Crucially, expressives are not a part of the descriptive (asserted) content of an utterance, rather expressives are non- propositional (Potts, 2005: 125, as illustrated in (d): d) (1) Descriptive content: John is late for the meeting

(2) Expressive content: John is an idiot in the speaker‟s opinion

Languages vary in the extent they grammaticalize expressive meanings. In the survey of the literature, it was unable to ﬁnd grammatical expressives that have surprise as a primary meaning. However, it suggest that, as with the indirect speech acts, it is not surprising that we ﬁnd mirative overtones with expressives.

b. Structure

Mirativity can be implicated through different kinds of (morpho) syntactic structures. The division are given in ﬁgure 2 (Peterson, 2013: 29-30).

(Figure 2)

Wh-exclamatives are abound in everyday speech. Examples are given:

1) a) How tall you‟ve grown!

b) What a nice guy he is!

Wh-exclamatives are the product of the interaction of lexical, syntactic, and semantic elements, which resemble interrogatives. In (1a) the wh-exclamative consists of the interaction between the question-element „what‟, and the adjective

„nice‟.

The justiﬁcation for giving wh-exclamatives its own node in the typology comes from the fact that they are commonly use to implicate surprise in the many unrelated languages that have wh-exclamative constructions. There is a considerable amount of literature on the description and analysis of the syntax and semantics of exclamatives but the relevant observation here is that surprise is only implicated by a

wh-exclamative – they do not on their own entail surprise, as the dialogue in (2) shows:

2) a: „John offered to ﬁll in again for me at work.‟

b: „What a nice guy he is, not that I‟m surprised he offered.‟

Embedded exclamatives also lack a mirative reading. (3) Is B‟s alternative response to the conversation in (2):

3) b: „I know what a nice guy John is, that‟s why I‟m not surprised he offered.‟

Our intuitions tell us that the speaker/subject cannot be surprised at the state, event or action denoted by the complement clause of the attitude verb know. Thus, mirativity is parasitic on wh-exclamatives (Peterson, 2013: 31).

A parallel in English can be found in construction involving the particle up in

(4a) that has a touch of surprise or unexpectedness that is lacking with the light verb went in (4b);

4) a) She up and let him.

b) She went and left him.

It is important to note that the mirativity implicated through structures such as wh-exclamatives, pseudo-coordinations, verb particles or auxiliary constructions still relies on the semantics of these constructions to some extent, and not simply the structures themselves. For example, wh-exclamatives involve degrees along some scale of evaluation, and the surprise implicated by wh-exclamatives involves not only the context, but also the degrees themselves in terms of the speaker‟s expectations.

Based on the explanation before, I restrict parasitic mirativity in English that

in my research. English are used in the “Jurasic world Movie”.

G. Synopsis of ‘Jurassic World” Movie

The island of Isla Nublar was located in Central America eventually becoming

Dinosaur Park which called Jurassic World (World of Dinosaurs). It was owned by

Simon Masrani. The company's scientists succeeded in creating new types of

dinosaur through genetic engineering. This invention was made to invite more

visitors. Grady Owen did not agree with it, who worked as staff at the Dinosaur Park.

He questioned the new findings to Claire Dearing, the operations manager at the same

time Masrani Corporation scientists who discovered the species hybrid.

Zach and Gray was the niece‟s Claire who will invite the Jurassic World.

They entered the gates of Jurassic World by train. Hundreds of visitors thronged the

park, up the jeep, canoe, trains and various other security vehicles to see many

attractions.

Nascent strangeness, where Owen found a giant scratch marks, workers

disappeared, damaged vehicles, and ultimately, hybrid rampaging dinosaurs. Incident

took place, the hybrid dinosaurs escaped from its cage, and then triggers release of

clutter and other dinosaurs of the park. Zach and Gray trapped in deadly chaos. It is

the responsibility of Owen and security team to control the situation, before the

dinosaur inflicts greater damage. Ultimately, the dinosaur could be conquered then

Zach and Gray could be saved.

H. Biography of Colin Trevorrow

Colin Trevorrow was born in San Francisco, California on September 13,

1976. He is an American film director, screenwriter and co-writer, known as the

director of Safety Not Guaranteed (2012) and the Jurassic Park, Jurassic World

(2015) movie. He was raised in Piedmont, California, a wealthy suburb of Oakland

and graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1999. He

lived with his wife and two children in Vermont.

In 2002, he wrote and directed his first short film, Home Base; since then it

has received over 20 million hits online. He continued working as a screenwriter, his

first spec script titled Tester to DreamWorks (2006). In 2008, he paired up with

Derek Connolly, ten years after they had first met as NYU students while working as

interns on Saturday Night Live, to write film script called Cocked and Loaded. In

2012, He directed a film “Safety Not Guaranteed”. The film got a nomination for him

to the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature. After the release it, He and

Connolly were hired by the Walt Disney Company to write a remake of the film

Flight of the Navigator (1986). He directed Jurassic World (2015) where the script

based on an earlier draft by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

This chapter explains about how to use the methodology of this research.

There are five parts that include in this chapter; Method of the research, source of

data, instrument of the research, procedures of collecting data, and technique of data

analysis.

A. Method of the Research

This research used descriptive qualitative method in answering the research

questions. Qualitative research was descriptive in that the researcher was interested in

processing, meaning, and understanding gained through words or utterances.

According to Moleong (2005: 3), qualitative research is a research which does not

deal with numbers but in written and oral words from the object of the study, so that

the researcher concluded that this study is as a descriptive qualitative research.

This research aimed to describe and to identify meaning and structure in

parasitic mirativity of English use in Coiln Trevorroow’s movie “Jurassic World”.

B. Source of Data

The researcher took data from the “Jurassic World” movie which was

published in 2015 where the movie has one hour fifty minutes thirty six seconds

duration and sixty one pages of the script. On this research, the researcher looked for

English use in this movie where contained parasitic mirativity in Colin Trevorrow’s

movie “Jurassic World”.

C. Instrument of the Research

This research used note taking as instrument. Note taking has function to

write down the words or statements where contains mirativity in the Colin

Trevorrow’s movie “Jurassic World”. Ray (2005: 2) says that “an important aspect of

good note taking skills knows what to write down in the notes”. Distinguishing

important and unimportant information is a skill that improves with practice. Being

able to identify the key words and key points helped to determine what should be

recorded. Note taking was a kind of technique would be done by researcher to find

mirativity.

D. Procedures of Collecting Data

The following procedures of collecting data were be used by the researcher:

1. The researcher watched the movie by using computer while checked the script

carefully in order to understand the content of the movie.

2. The researcher identified parasitic mirativity in the movie “Jurassic World” by

Colin Trevorrow.

3. The researcher took note cards; there was 2 cards namely white card and yellow

card. White card for meaning of parasitic mirativity and yellow card for structure

of parasitic mirativity.

4. The researcher wrote down some notes in the card.

5. The researcher classified the data with the theory of Tyler Peterson.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing data from observation sheet, the researcher used Peterson’s

theory (2013). As Peterson explains that parasitic mirativity has two sub classes, there

are meaning and structure.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists of two sections, findings and discussions. The findings

present all the data that have found in “Jurassic World” Movie, while the discussion

provides further explanation about meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity by

using Peterson’s theory in that movie.

A. Findings

In the findings of the research, the researcher focused on two research

questions. They included: the first are the types of meaning and the second are the

types of structure in parasitic mirativity where uttered by the characters. After

analyzing meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity of that movie directed by

Colin Trevorrow 2015, these are the data that the researcher got.

Before the researcher presents the data in table form, the researcher used some

symbols to make easy to understand the explanation of data, as follows;

D : Datum

RT : Running Time

PS : Page of Script

The researcher found some utterances that appear on the movie that include in

parasitic mirativity. Parasitic mirativity are divided into two parts; (1) meaning, there

are two general types of meaning; propositional and non-propositional. Because the

researcher only focus on mirativity in English, therefore the researcher only include

non-propositional where divided into two sub types; Indirect speech acts and

expressives (2) structure, there are two general types of structure; wh-exclamatives and other analytically marked structure. Same with the meaning, the researcher only include wh-exclamatives in this research.

1. Meaning

There are two types of meaning; Propositional and non-propositional but the researcher only includes non-propositional as the type that suitable of this research based on Peterson’s theory. Non-propositional are divided into two sub types there are indirect speech acts and expressives.

a. Indirect Speech Acts

Indirect speech acts in category of mirativity often given the circumstances or context surrounding the utterance provide non-linguistic cues as to how an utterance is interpreted within a speech context or event. Declarative, interrogative, and imperative used to the speaker in their communication to intend the interlocutors will be recognized and understood the utterances. They are clause types usually used in indirect speech acts.

Declarative sentences make certain commitments regarding the speaker’s belief in the truth of a proposition. Interrogative sentences are requests for information, while imperative sentences place demands or obligations on the other interlocutors in speech contexts. The researcher had found 33 data in indirect speech acts.

Table 1.a.1 indirect speech acts

NO CONVERSATION PICTURE 1 Claire: (CELL PHONE BEEPS) Okay, so I will see you tonight at 6:00. (walk to go) Zara: No, don't forget you have the... Claire: Right, of course. I will see you tonight at 8:00. (D.1/PS.7/ RT.00:10:41) 2 Vivian: Did you close the deal? Claire: Looks like it. Verizon Wireless presents the Indominus rex. Lowery: Ugh, that is so terrible. Why not just go the distance, Claire and just let these corporations name the dinosaurs? They've got all the ballparks. (D.2/PS.8/ RT.00:11:54) 3 In helicopter Masrani: Okay. Now show me my new dinosaur. Beside the dinosaur’s cage Masrani: (GROWLING) It's white. You never told me it was white. Claire: Think it will scare the kids? Masrani: The kids? This will give the parents nightmares. Claire: Is that good? Masrani: It's fantastic. (D.3/PS.11/ RT.00:16:59) 4 Lowery: It's in the cage. Claire: No, that's impossible. I was just there. Lowery: Claire, I'm telling you, she's in the cage. (D.4/PS.25/RT.00:36:23) 5 Owen: You need to call this mission off right now. Lowery: They're right on top of it. Owen: Call it off right now. Claire: You are not in control here. (D.5/PS.30/RT.00:45:11) 6 Vivian: They said we had to evacuate. There's a boat. You coming? Lowery: (SIGHS) someone has to stay behind. Vivian: Oh, no. I have a boyfriend. (D.6/PS.57/ RT.01:40:31)

7 Claire: CRYING) Oh, my God, it's your parents. It's your parents. Come on, come on. Karen: Are you okay? Oh, baby. Claire: I'm so sorry. (SHUSHING) (D.7/PS.60/ RT.01:53:44) 8 In airport Scott: Did you call your sister? Karen: Straight to voice-mail. Scott: It'll be fine. She handles 20,000 people a day, right? Karen: She can handle two more. Arrive in island Gray: Where's Aunt Claire? Zara: Your aunt arranged to greet you at 1:00. (D.8/PS.3/ RT.00:05:08) 9 Claire: Gray, is that you? Gray: Aunt Claire. Claire: Okay, yeah. No, I'm gonna have to go. My nephews are here.(ON PHONE) Gray: Hi. Claire: Oh. (CHUCKLES) Claire: Oh, my gosh, you're so sweet. (D.9/PS.6/RT.00:09:48) 10 Claire: Zara here is going to take great care of you until I'm done working tonight, okay? Gray: You're not coming with us? Claire: Oh... I really wish that I could, but tomorrow I can take you into the control room, show you behind the scenes and all of that. That's gonna be cool, right? (CELL PHONE BEEPS) (D.10/PS.6/ RT.00:10:21) 11 Claire: Any incidents? Lowery: Yes. Six kids in the Lost and Found, 28 down with heatstroke... Claire: Where did you get that? Lowery: Oh, this? I got it on eBay. Yeah, it's pretty amazing. I got it for $150, but the mint condition one goes for $300... Claire: Didn't occur to you maybe that's in poor taste? Lowery: The shirt? Yeah, no, it did. I understand people died. It was terrible, but that first park was

legit. I have a lot of respect for it. They didn't need these genetic hybrids. They just needed dinosaurs, real dinosaurs. Claire: Okay, please don't wear it again. That's kind of enough. Lowery: Yeah, I wasn't gonna. (D.11/PS.7/ RT.00:11:22) 12 Claire: Why are the West Plains closed? Vivian: Another Pachy roaming outside his zone. But he's fully sedated and ready for relocation. Lowery: Pepsi-saurus or Tostito-don. Claire: Security said the invisible fences were a no- fail. That is the second time this month. Vivian: Well, the Pachys short out their implants when they butt heads. Claire: How much longer until they get it out of there? Vivian: He just got five milligrams of carfentanil. (D.12/PS.8/ RT.00:12:03) 13 n helicopter Masrani: Now, please, we're flying. Breathe. Get off from helicopter Claire: Is he okay? Are you okay? Masrani: He's just being dramatic. (D.13/PS.10/ RT.00:15:45) 14 In helicopter: Claire: We don't have a way to measure the animals' emotional experience. Masrani: Sure you do. You can see in their eyes. Right? Claire: Of course. (CHUCKLES) Masrani: Okay. Now show me my new dinosaur. Arrive in the dinosaur’s cage Masrani: She's intelligent then? Claire: For a dinosaur. Masrani: And that? Claire: It tried to break the glass. Masrani: I like her spirit. (D.14/PS.11/ RT.00:16:26) 15 Owen: What do you need, buddy?| Hoskins: A field test. Look at these creatures. They've got millions of years of instinct in their

cells, instinct that we can program. Their loyalty cannot be bought. These guys are gonna run straight into the enemy's teeth and eat them, belt buckle and all. Barry: What if they decide they wanna be in control? Hoskins: Well, then we remind them who is. We terminate the rogues. Promote only loyal bloodlines. Barry: (SCOFFS) (LAUGH) Hoskins: What? What's so funny? Owen: I don't know. You come here and you don't learn anything about these animals except what you want to know. (D.15/PS.15/RT.00:21:47) 16 Hoskins: Since the day we hired you out of the Navy. You knew the end game. These animals can replace thousands of boots on the ground. How many lives would that save? (BUZZES) War is part of nature. Look around, Owen. Every living thing in this jungle is trying to murder the other. Mother Nature's way of testing her creations. Refining the pecking order. War is a struggle. Struggle breeds greatness. Without that, we end up with places like this, charge seven bucks a soda. Owen: Do you hear your self ? when you talk? Hoskins: This is gonna happen. With or without you boys. Progress always wins, man. Owen: Maybe progress should lose for once. (D.16/PS/16/ RT.00:23:05) 17 In the cage Owen: Close the gate.(GROWLING) Out the cage Barry: Are you crazy? In the cage Owen: Just trust me.(D.17/PS.17/ RT.00:24:30) 18 Gray: Wanna go on the spinning dinosaur eggs? Zach: Nope. Cover up your dork pouch. (ZARA IS TALKING ON PHONE) Scatter. Gray: What? Zach: Go. Run. Go. (PULLING GRAY’S HAND) (D.18/PS.18/ RT.00:26:20)

19 Karen: Are you having fun? Zach: Yeah, I guess. Aunt Claire gave us passes, so we don't have to wait in line. Karen: Wait, she's not with you? (D.19/PS.18/ RT.00:27:17) 20 Karen: (ON PHONE) Hi, Claire. How's it going? Claire: Yeah, everything's great. The boys are having fun. Everyone's... Yeah, everyone's good. Karen: Really? Because I just hung up with Zach, and he said that you weren't even with them. Claire: (SIGHS) Yeah, look. Today turned out to be a really bad day for me. They're in great hands.They're with my assistant. She's British, so they invented nannies. Wait, are you crying? Karen: This was supposed to be a family weekend, Claire. You haven't seen the boys in forever. And I know how Zach will treat Gray if they're by themselves. And he can just be so mean. Claire: Okay, I'm sorry. Tomorrow, I'm gonna spend the entire day with them. I'm going to take off work, and I will not leave their side. I promise. (D.20/PS.19/RT.00:27:49). 21 Claire: Tomorrow, I'm gonna spend the entire day with them. I'm going to take off work, and I will not leave their side. I promise. Karen: Well, a promise tomorrow is worth a lot less than trying today. Claire: Ew! You're using Mom's lines now? Karen: Oh, my God. I am using Mom's lines. I'm sorry, but you know, I have to tell you, they work. You'll see when you have kids. (D.21/PS.19/RT.00:28:18) 22 Claire: Where is it? Owen: is it in the basement? Is there a downstairs? Maybe it’s in the rec room. Claire: it was just here. We were just here. (BUZZING). (D.22/PS.2/RT.00:34:22) 23 Claire: (on phone) Lowery. Get me coordinates on the Indominus. Lowery: Okay, yeah. I'm doing it right now. Wait, what the hell? (BEEPING) It's in the cage. Claire: No, that's impossible. I was just there.

Lowery: Claire, I'm telling you, she's in the cage. (S.23/PS.25/RT.00:36:22) 24 Gray: I googled. They're divorce lawyers. Zach: All right, whatever. You know what? It doesn't matter, okay? I'm gonna be gone in two years anyway. I mean, all my friends' parents are divorced. Gray: (CRYING SOFTLY) Gray: Hey, knock it off. You're gonna cry? Look. You're gonna get two of everything, right? You're gonna get two birthdays, two Thanksgivings, two... Gray: I don't want two of everything. (D.24/PS.29/ RT.00:43:23) 25 Man: Blood's not clotted yet. It's close. Masrani: What is that? Owen: That's her tracking implant. She clawed it out. (D.25/PS.30/RT.00:45:50)

26 Zara: Hello? Zara. I need you to bring the boys back to the hotel right away. Zara: I don't know... I've been looking everywhere for them. It's just been quite a while. Claire: Slow down. I can't hear you. Zara: Zach and Gray, they've run off. Claire: They what? (D.26/PS.36/RT.00:54:56) 27 Claire: Lowery, we found her. South of the Gyrosphere Valley, between the old park and the Aviary. Lowery: Wait, are you following the dinosaur? Claire: Yes. Get ACU out here. Real guns this time. Lowery: ACU is airborne. They took the helicopter. Claire: Who's flying it?(D.27/PS.45/RT.01:15:24) 28 Zach: Aunt Claire! Gray: Go, go! Zach: Claire! Owen: No! Hold your...(GROANS) (SQUEALS) Zach: Is that Aunt Claire?(D.28/PS.48/RT.01: 23:28) 29 Zach: Is that aunt Claire? Claire: It's them! Zach! Gray! Oh, my God! Thank God! Thank God! What happened? What is this? Are you okay? Where did you go? Why didn't

you come back? I was so worried about you. (D.29/PS.48/RT.01:23:35) 30 Zach: Who's that? Claire: We work together. Owen: Hey. We gotta go. Claire: Okay. Come on, come on. (D.30/PS.49/RT.01:23:38) 31 Claire: (ON PHONE) Lowery, are you still there? Claire: Hey, where are you? Claire: I need you to open Paddock 9. Lowery: Paddock 9? (SEE THE MONITOR) You kidding? (GROWLING) Claire: Damn it, Lowery, be a man and do something for once in your life. (D.31/PS.60/ RT.01:47:46) 32 Vivian: This is Control. Put out a park-wide alert.(TALKING TO SOMEONE ON PHONE) Masrani: Hang up that damn phone, please. Vivian: (ON PHONE) Sorry, I'm getting new information. Everything's fine. MAsrani: Let Asset Containment capture it quietly.The very existence of this park is predicated on our ability to handle incidents like this. |It was an eventuality, okay? (D.32/PS.26/RT.00:40:01) 33 Hoskins: (GROWLING) Oh, shit! Easy. Easy, boy. Easy. Hey, hey. We're on the same side, right? Right? Easy. I'm on your side. (SCREAMING)| Claire: (RUNNING) No, boys. Boys, this way. Come on. Owen: Come on. Come on. (D.33/PS.59/ RT.01:43:58)

b. Expressives

Surprise is often associated with another kind of non-propositional

meaning; expressive. The expressive reflects something of the speaker’s attitude

towards someone. Language vary in the extent they grammaticalize expressive

meaning. In survey of the literature, it was unable to find grammatical expressive

that have surprise as a primary meaning. However, as with the indirect speech acts,

it is not surprising that we find mirative overtones with expressive. The researcher

had found 6 data in expressive sentences.

Table 1.b.1 Mirativity in expressives.

NO CONVERSATION PUCTURE 1 Out of the triangular building Gray: Come on! Zach: Relax. Gray: Come on. Zach: Dude, chill. In the triangular building Gray: Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine, the same four things in everything that ever lived. Zach: Hey, don't wander off, all right? Mom's not paying me for babysitting. (D.34/PS.6/ RT.00:09:43) 2 Masrani: There's an American Navy man here. Part of a research program one of my companies is running. Owen Grady. Claire: I know who he is. Masrani: His animals often try to escape. They are smart. He has to be smarter. Claire: He only thinks he's smarter. (D.35/PS.12/ RT.00:18:18) 3 Gray: Lift me up. I can't see. Zach: I'm not Dad. And you're not five. (CELL PHONE BEEPS). Gray: I can still ride the Triceratops, I'm 47-and-a- half inches. Zach: This place is for little kids. Gray: Yeah I know (D.36/PS.17/ RT.00:25:10) 4 Claire: Zach! Gray! (SHOUTING) Owen: (PULLING) (SHUSHING) Claire: Hey, I am not one of your damn animals. Owen: (IN SOFT VOICE) Listen, those kids are still alive, but you and I will not be if\~you continue to scream like that.

(D.37/PS.41/RT.01:05:31) 5 Hoskins: (VEHICLE APPROACHING) (BRAKES SCREECHING) The mother hen has finally arrived. (BEATING UP) Gray and Zach: Oh! Owen: Get the hell out of here and stay away from my animals.(D.38/PS.50/ RT.01:26:29) 6 Man: Here we go. (BUZZING) Zach: Your boyfriend's a badass. (SEE THE MONITOR) (D.39/PS.53/ RT.01:32:01)

2. Structure

Structure are divided into two sub types, there are wh-exclamatives and

other analytically marked structures. Because this research only focus in English

so only find mirativity in wh-exclamatives type.

a. Wh-Exclamatives

Wh-exclamatives are the product of the interaction of lexical, syntactic, and

semantic elements, which resemble interrogatives. It minimally consist of a

question element and a degree element. The researcher had found 1 datum in wh-

exclamative sentences.

Table 2.a.1 Mirativity in wh-exclamative sentence

NO CONVERSATION PICTURE 1 Gray: How big is the island! Zach: Big. Gray: But how many pounds? Zach: That doesn't make sense. (D.40/PS.3/RT.00:04:21)

B. Discussions

In this section, the researcher explained the data which were taken from the movie “Jurassic World” movie by Colin Trevorrow 2015 by using Peterson’s theory as technique of data analysis. Mirativity is primarily about surprise and sense related surprise such as suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization. The

Researcher restricted her explanation of this research only focused on mirativity in

English are of course adjusted by Peterson's theory.

The researchers found utterances that appear on the movie. Parasitic mirativity are divided into two parts; (1) meaning, there are two general types of meaning; propositional and non-propositional. Because the researcher only focus on mirativity in English, therefore the researcher only include non-propositional where divided into two sub types; Indirect speech acts and expressives (2) structure, there are two general types of structure; wh-exclamatives and other analytically marked structure.

Same with the meaning, the researcher only include wh-exclamatives in this research.

This type only focused on the implicated of mirative meaning in that movie. To know how the utterances to the sentences include mirative meaning. We can see from the context or event or state where influence the speaker’s knowledge.

1. Meaning

These data of meaning provide the utterances or the sentences. Those are used by the characters to express their feeling.

a. Indirect speech acts

This sub type has some forms of the sentences such as declarative,

interrogative, and imperative. The sentences express their surprise about

something or someone.

In datum 1, when phone’s Claire was ringing and wanted to go, suddenly

Zara was pointing Claire and reminding her about something. When Zara was

saying something when Claire wanted to walk away but before Zara finished

saying everything, Claire has been interrupted. In datum 2, when Claire was

saying that there will be a new type of dinosaur called Indominus Rex. Suddenly,

Lowery bowed his head and with a weak voice saying those words. Lowery was

not eager to hear the new dinosaur that was created. He did not wish the new

discovery of the dinosaur again. In datum 3, when a new type of dinosaur that

comes out of hiding and growling, with opening mouth and staring at the face of

the new dinosaur without turning his head at all, Mr.Masrani surprised to see it

because of the color of the new dinosaur different from other kinds of dinosaurs,

and this is the first time he saw a white dinosaur.

In datum 4, Claire shocked when Lowery said that the Indominus Rex was in the cage whereas she was there and did not see the dinosaur. By lifting and advancing her head when she said those words unequivocally. In datum 5, Claire was upset with Owen wants to organize a mission to the problem of loss of indominus rex. With the face of a very upset and raised her hands and then he said that sentence firmly. In datum 6, when Vivian wanted to get away from the control room and invite Lowery but he chose to stay in the control room. At the time, when Lowery approached her and wanted to kiss her, Suddenly Vivian moved back and hold his with her right hand to not kiss her. And In datum 7, by surprised to see the arrival of Zach and Gray’s parents, Claire suddenly opened her mouth, woken Gray up and pinched Zach then told them about the arrival of their parents.

In datum 1, 3, 6, and 7, the mirative meaning influences the context or event around the characters. While In datum 2, 4, and 5, the mirative meaning comes from the state that anticipated by the speaker. The sentences contain surprise toward something that new by the speaker and make certain commitments regarding the speaker’s belief in the truth. The sentences include in declarative form of indirect speech.

In datum 8, Gray and Zach arrived on the island, with puzzled face, they saw someone lift rides her gadget with their name and their saw it was not his aunt but others that he did not know before. Even though, his mother had informed him

that his aunt who would take care them of while there. In Datum 9, Claire was talking to someone on the phone, she passed a crowded place, accidentally, Claire saw a little boy from side who very resemble with her nephew and then she called him with smiling face. In datum 10, Gray heard that Claire was very busy with her work. With eyes that glared at Claire and face full of disappointment, he uttered the words because he expected she could accompany him go around in the

Jurassic World.

In datum 11, with eyes bulged and forehead wrinkle, Claire surprised to see the Lowery’s shirt. She felt strange with the shirt. In datum 12, when Claire saw the control screen suddenly he saw something that very strange happened in this park. With mouth opening, eyes bulging, and pointing the screen, she uttered the words. In datum 13, Claire got out of the helicopter, she saw the man beside

Mr.Masrani in helicopter raced toward a place full of saw grass and vomiting. She asked with a worried face about his condition. In datum 14, suddenly Mr.Masrani saw a crack at the glass of dinosaur pen. He surprised to see it because the glass made strongly and specifically. With eyes glaring and pointing toward the cracked glass, he asked Claire why it can happened.

In datum 15, Hoskins was Speaking seriously about his planning suddenly

Barry was laugh with his planning. Therefore, Hoskins was upset about it, with bulging eyes and follow where Barry walk, he uttered the words. In datum 16,

Owen was annoyed with the progress that will be made by Hoskins on his beloved

animals. With upset face, Owen uttered the words. In datum, 17, Owen asked

Barry to close the gate while Owen was still in the cage, thereforeto, with raise the size of his eyes, raised his eyebrows, and a face that fear, he uttered the words. In datum 18, when Zara was talking with someone on the phone suddenly Zach uttered something and wanted escape from the custody of her. Gray was in front of

Zach suddenly turned and said "What" to Zach because surprised to hear the word.

In datum 19, Karen was shocked to hear that Claire did not accompany his sons because Karen had entrusted her sons to Claire but Claire was not with them.

With frowning and bewildered face, she uttered the words. In datum 20, Claire was busy talking on the phone with Karen suddenly Karen crying. With opening mouth and forehead wrinkle, Claire was surprise to hear the cries of Karen. In datum 21, surprised to hear the words of Karen, Suddenly Claire mocked Karen.

In datum 22, Claire did feed the Indominus Rex but already a few minutes after it the dinosaurs did not appear to eat the food. Normally, any given food always ate quickly. With anxious face, Claire asked “where is it?”. In datum 23, On the way went to control room Claire called up and asked Lowery who served as an officer in the control room to re-examine the existence of Indominus Rex in the cage because Claire felt not save and scare if it escaped from the cage because it did not eat its food and there was a scratches in the wall of the cage. With a face full of amazement because it was in the cage even though Claire said that it escaped.

In datum 24, Zach was surprised to hear crying of Gray. Suddenly, He turned his face to Gray with a worried face he said the words. In datum 25,

Mr.Masrani surprised to see something that showed by a man in control screen.

With a surprised face she asked. In datum 26, Claire shocked to hear that Zach and Gray ran away and disappeared from Zara supervision. With a face that fear because Zach and Gray was not with Zara. In datum 27, when Claire was running suddenly stopped because she surprised to hear there was a helicopter that is assigned to kill Indominus Rex and bring the ACU by a fear face. Because this is can be danger if there is helicopter. In datum 28, When Zach and Gray was running suddenly stopped and looked from a distance there was a woman like

Claire and later she ran over and saw Claire clothes torn and face were so dirty.

With shocked face, he was asked Gray.

In datum 29, When Claire saw Zach and Gray stood in a place not far from where he was standing, she suddenly ran and with full face fears, she asked their condition. In datum 30, Zach was surprised to see Owen kissing his aunt and did not know the man before, therefore with confusion face, he asked Claire who the man was. In datum 31, when Claire asks Lowery opened Paddock 9, suddenly face down Lowery becomes erect and surprised.

Datum 8 until 31 above include in interrogative form where the speaker was requesting for information by the interlocutor. The sentences or the utterances from each the data contain suddenness because there is not anticipated by the

speaker of the context, or event or the state. The surprise meaning is implicated by the sentences or the utterances and we can see from the physical of the characters..

In datum 32, Mr.Masrani did not want the news of the success of the

Indominus Rex known by all parties. He just wants this problem can be overcome by certain parties. When Vivian being called several other parties suddenly

Mr.Masrani showed Vivian and snapped the angry face and ordered her to turn off the phone. And In datum 33, Zach and Gray passed the wrong way and suddenly

Claire attract them and ask them to switch to the other one.

Datum 32 and 33 include in imperative form because the sentences or the utterances contain demand of the speaker toward the interlocutor. The sentences or the utterances expressed mirative meaning because surrounding by the context or circumstances above. The speaker has not expected toward the accident. b. Expressives

In datum 34, Zach was dizzy looking for Gay who was wandering somewhere in the triangular building which turned out to be Gray are having fun playing a game. With a face that upset to see his brother’s attitude, he had said those words. Particularly, the word babysitting expressed his feeling toward Gray.

In datum 35, Claire who did not much like Owen suddenly Mr.Masrani praised

Owen therefore a low tone, mocking and upset face, Claire uttered the words.

Particularly, the word only thinks describe her upset about Owen. In datum 36,

Zach very bored with the situation because around him many little kids and their parents and suddenly Gray asked him to be appointed as the dinosaur pen was surrounded by many people. Zach was annoyed because he was not someone guard the children and he did not like the place. With upset face he rejected the demand of Gray. The words dad and five expressed his feeling toward Gray.

In datum 37, When Claire shouted, suddenly Owen shut her up and Claire was annoyed treatment like that. The words damn animals expressed her upset feeling toward Owen. In datum 38, Hoskins was annoyed by the arrival of Owen since the arrival of Owen would cancel his plans that have been prepared. With an irritated face while advancing toward Owen, he said the words. The word mother hen expressed his feeling toward Owen. In datum 39, Zach was amazed to see how Owen rides the motorcycle that is similar to how dinosaurs ran. With a face that amazed about the attitude of Owen, he uttered the words. Particularly, the word badass expressed his feeling about Owen.

The words are babysitting, only thinks, I’m not dad, damn animals, mother hen, and badass reflects something of the speaker’s attitude toward someone. The sentences or the utterances express their feeling suddenly appropriate with the context or event that happened around them and what they think and feel at the moment.

2. Structure

This datum of structure provides the utterance and sentence. Those are used by the characters to express their feeling. This type expresses mirative meaning grammatically.

a. Wh.exclamatives

In datum 40, this implicates surprise meaning of Gray. When Gray got on

the gangplank where he used to arrive on the island to get to the Jurassic world,

he was looking at the island from the height so he can see widely. With a smiling

face and did not think, looking at the island, he was unexpected about it. It was

the first experience of him. The sentence is not overtone when he uttered it.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter explains two parts, there are conclusions and suggestions.

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, it is important to conclude what elaborated before.

So, the researcher gets two conclusions, as follows;

1. In “Jurassic World” movie by Colin Trevorrow in 2015, the researcher found

the types of meaning of parasitic mirativity. Those are indirect speech and

expressives. Meaning used by the characters in that movie based on the

context or event or state that used to determine the meaning of an utterance.

Based on above, the researcher concluded that indirect speech acts in

interrogative clause type was dominantly used by the characters in his

utterance. While, expressives is seldom used by the characters in that movie.

2. The researcher also found utterances of types of structure in parasitic

mirativity. The researcher found 1 type of structure. Those is Wh-

exclamatives. The researcher only found one wh-exclamative in that movie.

B. Suggestions

Based on the analysis and conclusions before, the researcher would like to

give some suggestions as follows:

1. For further researchers, the researcher suggested to learn more about types of

parasitic mirativity which used in language however we mostly can find the

utterance about it in our daily life. The researcher also suggested finding other

theories in analyzing mirativity because this theory stills a little we can find.

The theories can make the researches more recognize about it and more

develop than this research.

2. For the readers, the researcher suggested to improve their comprehension or

understanding about parasitic mirativity of language in literary works because

different language will make the word or words of utterance looks like he

uttered differently.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Mujiretno or usually called Muji was born on July 24th 1993, in Ujung Pandang. She is the youngest daughter from the marriage of her father Masir Hadis and her mother Jumariah Yaha. The only broher that she has namely Heldy Jusi, S.Si.

In 2000, Muji started her elementary school at SDN. Sudirman 2 in Makassar city. In the same year, she registered herself as a student of SMPN. 7, Makassar and then continue to the senior high school of SMAN. 16, Makassar. She graduated in 2011 then directly registered as a student at English Literature Department of Adab and Humanity Faculty.

For the readers who are interested in this thesis, please contact the researcher’s email address at [email protected] or facebook on Mujiretno.