Indirect Speech, Only the Subject and the Verb Are Changed - the Rest of the Sentence Remains Unchanged

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Indirect Speech, Only the Subject and the Verb Are Changed - the Rest of the Sentence Remains Unchanged

INDIRECT STATEMENT (ORATIO OBLIQUA) General: The statement “He scatters dragon’s teeth on the land” is a direct statement (ōrātiō recta): Dentēs dracōnis in terrā spargit. But after words of saying, denying, announcing, telling, showing, knowing, not knowing, believing, thinking, hearing, seeing, feeling, hoping, fearing, and the like, we are able to express statements indirectly (ōrātiō oblīqua): He says that he scatters the dragon’s teeth on the land. He hopes that he scatters the dragon’s teeth on the land. Formation: In English indirect statements are introduced by a subordinating conjunction that, which has no equivalent in classical Latin. Instead, a subject accusative + infinitive is used. The subject of the old direct statement (he) is made accusative (eum) and the verb (scatters) is put into its infinitive form (spargere). This usage also may be found in English (though less commonly than the subordinate clause with that): I believe him (subject accusative) to be (infinitive) a good man. When dealing with indirect speech, only the subject and the verb are changed - the rest of the sentence remains unchanged. Direct Statement: Dentēs dracōnis in terrā spargit. Indirect Statement: Dīcō eum dentēs dracōnis in terrā spargere. Reflexive in Indirect Statement: If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the subject of the main (introducing) verb, the reflexive pronoun is used: Dīcit sē dracōnis dentēs in terrā spargere. He says that he (himself) scatters the dragon’s teeth on the land. Dīcunt sē dracōnis dentēs in terrā sparsūros esse. They say that they (themselves) will scatter the dragon’s teeth on the land. FORMS FOR INFINITIVES: Each verb has six infinitive forms, five of which are in common use and must be learned: Active Pres. laudāre monēre dūcere audīre Perf. laudāvisse monuisse dūxisse audīvisse Fut. laudātūrus esse monitūrus esse ductūrus esse auditūrus esse Passive Pres. laudārī monērī dūcī audīrī Perf. laudātus esse monitus esse ductus esse audītus esse Fut. laudātum īrī monitum īrī ductum īrī audītum īrī The future passive infinitive is rare. .

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