KRONFELD on GLIDING and SOARING a Sorvkxiu of Tin: ATTIIOK's VISITS to EXCI.AXD Left to Ri^Lit : Hcrr Rolu-Rt Kroni'cld (In the Machine) : Mr
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mX KRONFELD ON GLIDING AND SOARING A SorvKXiu OF Tin: ATTIIOK'S VISITS TO EXCI.AXD Left to Ri^lit : Hcrr Rolu-rt Kroni'cld (in the machine) : Mr. Ashwell Cookc (President of the London Gliding Clul)) ; H.R.H. The Prince of Wales ; Mr. Gordon England (President of the the British Gliding Association) Frontispiece KRONFELD ON GLIDING AND SOARING THE STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT By ROBERT KRONFELD Translated by J. MANCHOT PREFACE by COLONEL THE MASTER OF SEMPILL PUBLISHERS JOHN HAMILTON, LTD LONDON Made and Printed in Great Britain by the KEMP HALL PRESS, LTD. in the City of Oxford CONTENTS page THE STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT . i THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT . -17 TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER ..... 25 SPEEDIER PROGRESS ...... 33 THE WRIGHTS ....... 40 FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES ..... 45 FRANCE ....... 46 ENGLAND ....... 49 BACK TO GERMANY. ..... 52 TEN YEARS OF COMPETITION TEN YEARS OF EXPERI ENCE ....... 54 THE ROUSSEAU OF FLYING . -55 RECORDS ........ 62 THE LEAN YEARS ....... 70 ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING ... 79 OUR EFFORTS REWARDED ..... 90 THE FIRST SIXTY-MILE SOARING FLIGHT. 97 SOARING PILOTS REPORT . .106 NEHRING TELLS THE TALE I . .106 NEHRING TELLS THE TALE II . 108 LIEUTENANT DINORT REPORTS . in OUR FIRST SOARING FLIGHT IN AMERICA BY P. LAUBENTHAL . .114 vi CONTENTS page A RECORD FLIGHT ABOVE THE CLOUDS AND OVER THE SEA BY WOLFRAM HIRTH . .120 ABOVE THE RHON AS A PASSENGER IN A MOTORLESS PLANE BY DR. ALFRED DETIG . .121 SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN . 131 I MY RIDE WITH THE THUNDERSTORM . -131 II A BLIND FLIGHT IN A SOARING PLANE . 135 III SIXTY MILES ALONG THE TEUTOBURGER WALD 140 IV SOARING IN A SNOWSTORM . 145 THE GLIDING AND SOARING SCHOOL . .148 ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST .... 168 THE SOARING COURSE . .178 HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS . .187 LONG-DlSTANCE SOARING . .198 CLOUD-SOARING AND THUNDERSTORM-SOARING. 210 AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING .... 227 THE AUTO-TOWED START .... 234 SOME RULES FOR INSTRUCTION IN TOWED FLIGHT 241 WINDLASS STARTS ...... 244 AEROPLANE TOWING (1) THE AEROPLANE. .... 246 (2) THE TOWED GLIDER .... 248 THE CONSTRUCTION OF GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 253 WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS .... 290 THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT .... 306 THE PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ....... 317 THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT .... 341 MY SOARING FLIGHTS OVER LONDON . 348 MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND . 352 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A SOUVENIR OF THE AUTHOR'S VISITS TO ENGLAND Frontispiece No. Plate facing page 1. AN EVENING FLIGHT OVER THE DUNES OF ROSSITTEN 4 2. A " ZOGLING " STARTING OFF .... 5 3. THE " CHARLOTTE," A TAILLESS SOARER . 16 4. THE RHON-ROSSITTEN COMPANY'S TAILLESS SOARER, THE " STORCH " . 17 5. THE COMPETITION IN 1920, FOR WHICH MANY HANGING GLIDERS WERE ENTERED . 17 6. OTTO LlLIENTHAL, THE " FATHER OF SOARING FLIGHT " . .26 7. ONE OF THE NUMEROUS HANGING GLIDERS BUILT BY LlLIENTHAL ...... 27 8. OTTO LlLIENTHAL*S LAST MACHINE, IN WHICH HE CRASHED TO HIS DEATH IN 1896 ... 34 9. A WRIGHT GLIDER OF 1902 . -35 10. A VIEW OF THE WORKSHOP OF ETRICH AND WELS . 46 n. MARTENS IN THE " MORITZ," AND THE DOUBLE- SEATER OF THE DARMSTADT FLYING GROUP . 47 12. THE MACHINE BUILT BY KLEMPERER FOR THE AACHEN FLYING CLUB .... 54 13. " KONSUL," THE MACHINE BELONGING TO THE DARMSTADT ACADEMIC FLYING GROUP . 55 14. THE TAILLESS MACHINE IN WHICH LEUSCH CRASHED TO HIS DEATH. -55 15. The " ESPENLAUB 5 " IN FLIGHT ... 70 16. FERDINAND SCHULZ IN HIS " BROOMSTICK " . 71 vn viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plate facing page 17. THE QUICK RELEASE OF ESPENLAUB'S SOARING PLANE ....... 74 18. A RUSSIAN SOARER ON THE RHON IN THE 1925 MEETING ....... 75 19. THE FAMOUS AIRCRAFT DESIGNER, FOKKER . 82 20. SOLDENHOFF'S TAILLESS MOTOR-PLANE . 82 21. THE WASSERKUPPE DURING THE 1926 COMPETITION 83 22. NEHRING, A VERITABLE MASTER IN THE ART OF SLOPE-SOARING ...... 86 23. THE DARMSTADT ACADEMIC FLYING GROUP 's D. 18 87 24. THE DARMSTADT ACADEMIC FLYING GROUP'S " MOHAMED " . -87 25. THE " RAPACE," A FRENCH SOARER ... 94 26. THE " DUCK " ...... 95 27. A TAILLESS ROCKET MODEL TAKING OFF . 95 28. THE AUTHOR'S RETURN FROM HIS FIRST CLOUD FLIGHT ....... 98 29. A GROUP OF SOARING FLYERS AT THE RHON IN 1928 ........ 99 30. THE " RHONGEIST " BEING PREPARED FOR A FLIGHT . .102 31. KRONFELD IN THE " WIEN " . .103 32. KRONFELD's RECORD FLIGHT BY THE HELP OF CLOUD SOARING ....... 104 33. LIGHT WIND SOARER IN WHICH LIEUTENANT DlNORT ACCOMPLISHED HIS FAMOUS DURATION FLIGHT . .105 34. CUMULUS SEEN FROM ABOVE .... 105 35. THE PILOT'S SEAT IN THE " WIEN " . 134 36. PUPILS PRACTISING OVER LEVEL GROUND . 135 37. THE PLANE IN FLIGHT, SKETCH A . .150 3^- » » » » B 150 39- » » » C . 151 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix No. Plate facing page 40. THE PLANE IN FLIGHT, SKETCH D . 151 41 - » » » » E . 154 42- F 154 43. GLIDING FOR A STALL . 155 44. STALLING : THE MOST DANGEROUS FAULT COM MITTED BY BEGINNERS . .162 45. THE FUSELAGE OF THE MUNICH ACADEMIC FLYING GROUP'S " KAKADU " . 163 46. CLIMBING FLIGHT OF A SOARING PLANE . .166 47. AN OBSTACLE IN THE COURSE OF FLIGHT . .167 48. CURVES CAUSED BY WIND PRESSURE . .182 49. NORMAL SOARING FLIGHT ON SLOPE . .183 50. TURNING CURVE IN A STRONG WIND . .186 51. TURNING CURVE IN A CALM . .187 52. LANDING UPHILL WITH THE WIND BEHIND . 194 53. PLANE ON A SLOPE IN A FRESH BREEZE . 195 54. PLANE ON A SLOPE IN A GENTLE BREEZE . .198 55. CLOUD SOARING ...... 199 56. ATTEMPT TO SOAR WITH THE CLOUDS . 214 57. CLOUD SOARING . 215 58. DISTANCE FLIGHT TO A FIXED POINT, WITH RE TURN TO STARTING POINT BY CLOUD SOARING 216 59. DISTANCE FLIGHT TO A FIXED POINT, WITH RETURN TO STARTING POINT BY SLOPE FLYING 2l8 60. DISTANCE FLIGHT ABOVE CLOUDS . 230 61. FLYING ALONG A THUNDERSTORM FRONT . 231 62. ESPENLAUB'S GLIDER THAT WAS TOWED BY A MOTOR-PLANE ...... 234 63. THE AUTO-TOWED START .... 235 64. NORMAL AUTO-TOWED START .... 246 65. AUTO-TOWED START IN DEAD CALM AND IN GALE 247 66. STATIONARY MOTOR-WINDLASS. , 250 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plate facing page 67. AEROPLANE Tow START . .251 68. TURNS IN AN AEROPLANE Tow START . -254 69. THE EARLY DAYS OF GLIDING . -255 70. A DIFFICULT LANDING IN A HANGING GLIDER . 255 71. A " Z6GLING " IN THE AlR .... 258 72. THREE LATTICED TAILS IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUC TION FOR " ZOGLING " MACHINES . 259 73. THE FUSELAGE OF A LIGHT WIND MACHINE . 259 74. THE ELEVATOR ...... 262 75. FITTING THE RIBS ON TO A ONE-SPARRED WING 262 76. WING STRUCTURE OF A PRIMARY MACHINE . 263 77. A SCHOOL DOUBLE-SEATER IN FLIGHT . 263 78. THE " RHONADLER " . 278 79. THE " ELIDA " ...... 279 80. THE "KAKADU " FUSELAGE ON THE SLIPS . 286 81. THE TRIPARTITE, ONE-SPARRED WING OF A HIGH-EFFICIENCY MACHINE . 286 82. A COMPETITION ON THE WASSERKUPPE . 287 83. THE " FAFNIR," FLOWN BY GUNTER GROENHOFF 318 84. THE " FAFNIR " TAKING OFF . 319 85. THE R.F.D. " DAGLING .... 326 86. THE " SCUD." A BRITISH INTERMEDIATE SOARING GLIDER . -327 87. THE R.F.D. SAILPLANE ..... 342 THE SOARING PLANE " AUSTRIA " IN FLIGHT . 343 A MOTH FITTED FOR TOWING GLIDERS . 346 90. HERR KRONFELD AND Miss SUSIE LIPPENS AT HANWORTH PARK ..... 347 91. HERR KRONFELD's "AUSTRIA" AT HANWORTH PARK 354 92. THE " AUSTRIA " VIEWED FROM BELOW . -355 93. DRAWING OF KRONFELD'S " AUSTRIA " IN FLIGHT 355 LIST OF DIAGRAMS page BAROGRAM OF KRONFELD'S RECORD FLIGHT BY THE HELP OF THUNDERSTORM SOARING . 101 BAROGRAM OF KRONFELD'S RECORD FLIGHT BY THE HELP OF CLOUD SOARING . .104 ZOGLING ....... 258 PRUFLING . .261 HOLS DER TEUFEL ...... 264 FALKE ........ 262 MECKLENBURG M. Ill . 267 HERCULES ........ 268 BLAUE MAUS . .271 VAMPYR ........ 272 WESTPREUSSEN ....... 274 LORE ......... 275 STARKENBURG ....... 277 LUFTIKUS ........ 279 PROFESSOR ........ 280 KRONFELD'S WIEN ...... 282 FAFNIR ........ 283 KASSEL 25 ........ 285 COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WELL-KNOWN SAILPLANES . 287 KRONFELD'S GIANT SAILPLANE " AUSTRIA " . 288 THERMAL UP AND DOWN CURRENTS . .291 SMOKE FROM A CHIMNEY SHOWS THE TURBULENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE ..... 292 CURRENTS ON DETACHED ELEVATION . 293 xi xii LIST OF DIAGRAMS page CURRENTS ON HILLSIDE ..... 294 STREAM OF CURRENTS ON SLOPES .... 296 CUMULUS PRODUCED BY WIND EDDIES . 298 THE Two FRONTS AND THE WARM SECTION IN AN AREA OF Low PRESSURE ...... 303 BIORKNES IDEALIZED CYCLONE .... 304 BAROGRAM OF FIRST LONG DISTANCE FLIGHT UNDER TAKEN IN ENGLAND . -358 HANGWIND ....... 359 AACHEN Mi ....... 369 ANFANGER ....... 370 FOREWORD THOUGH great strides have been made in the development of motorless flying in Germany, during A the past ten years very little has been done until quite recently in this country. There was a very short spell of activity in 1922-23 which terminated in the birth of the light aeroplane as we know it to-day. From then until 1930 no progress was made here ; in fact, little interest was shown, except by a few, in the remarkable advances that were being made in Germany under the energetic direction of the Rhon-Rossitten Gesellschaft (the German Gliding Association) assisted by the Government of the Reich and municipal and other bodies. In 1930 a few enthusiasts showed their faith in the future possibilities of motorless flying by founding the British Gliding Association. From the outset they realized that the only method of getting the movement on its feet would be by arranging for a series of practical demonstrations by a sailplane pilot with an international reputation. The pilot kindly lent for this purpose by the Rhon-Rossitten- Gesellschaft was the author of this book and we are indebted to him for the splendid demonstrations that he gave in 1930 and 1931 of the practical uses of a sailplane for scientific and sporting purposes. The machine on which these demonstrations were given was the famous " Wien " a gift to Herr Kronfeld from the citizens of his native town.