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And Its Genetic Diversity Sumita Nag1*, Jiban Mitra2 and P.G International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology Citation: IJAEB: 8(4): 805-817 December 2015 DOI Number: 10.5958/2230-732X.2015.00089.3 ©2015 New Delhi Publishers. All rights reserved Genetics and Plant Breeding An Overview on Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its Genetic Diversity Sumita Nag1*, Jiban Mitra2 and P.G. Karmakar2 1 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, West Bengal, India 2 Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Paper No.: 373 Received: 04 Jan 2015 Accepted: 08 Dec. 2015 Abstract Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual, self-pollinated species with a genome size of ~ 370 Mb. Flax provides raw materials for food, medicine and textiles and hence it has been of great importance to human culture and development. Linseed oil is well-known for its health benefits mainly attributed to its high content of omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (55-57%). Consumption of grounded seeds adds nutritional benefits because flax seeds are also a rich source of lignans, having anticancer properties. India contributes to almost 20% of world’s linseed production and governs linseed production among the Asian countries whereas, the scenario is just reverse in case of fibre flax. In the last decade, the fibre industry has devoted some effort to develop high-value products from linseed stems with applications in the pulp, technical fibre and biofuel industries. Therefore, understanding its genetic diversity is important for the continued improvement of this crop and as well as for its utilization as a truly dual purpose crop. Diversity analysis based on morphology alone has a significant limitation in the fact that it is highly influenced by the environment, to overcome this problem; molecular characterization can play an important role. However, systematic studies regarding the genetic diversity of flax in India are meagre. Hence, in-depth studies based on both morphological and molecular markers will help in better conceiving the genetic diversity of flax germplasm. Highlights • Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an ancient crop having diverse utility and importance. • Germplasm characterization is an important link between the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. • In-depth studies based on morphological and molecular markers will help in understanding the genetic diversity of germplasm. Keywords: Flax, genetic diversity, morphological marker, molecular marker Flax belongs to the genus Linum, one of the ten genera is an annual which grows to a height of 110-120 cm and in the family Linaceae. The genus encompasses more about 1.4-1.6 mm in diameter. In India flax is grown than hundred annual and perennial species. Cultivated predominantly for linseed oil for human consumption flax pertains to the species, Linum usitatissimum, having and commercially it is utilized for paint, varnish, two types: one is grown for oil (linseed) and the other for finished leather and printing ink. The history of flax fibre (fibre flax). Textile properties of flax fibre are dates back to 7000 BC when it was used by the superlative to cotton. Flax is the third largest natural Mesopotamians. Later on Egyptians, Babylonians, fibre crop and one of the five top oilseed crops in the Greeks, Romans and other civilizations cultivated flax World. It is a small size, self-pollinated herb that has for its fibre. During the middle ages, linen was the most been thought to be the best model fibre plant (Millam et indispensable textile product. Hence flax is one of the al. 2005). Flax is commonly also known as, tisi, kshuma, antique and most interesting plants cultivated. The art lin, llion, liner, linum, line, linen, lein and lan. The plant of weaving flax was so advanced that wearing of ‘linen Nag et al. cloth’ was considered to be a sign of aristocracy and for the purpose of oil and fibre for more than 6000 years, gleaming whiteness of linen as a symbol of purity. In and it is among the first plants to be domesticated. The fact, the word ‘candidate’ used for office seekers has its botanical name, Linum usitatissimum was given by origin from the latin word ‘candidus’ which means Linnaeus in his book “Species Plantarum” (Linnaeus, white linen. The Egyptian art of weaving flax was C. 1857). It was already cultivated in ancient Egypt and gradually introduced in India, where linen was worn Samaria 10,000 years ago (Zohary and Hopf, 2000) to by many cases before the use of cotton. Presently as provide both fiber and oil. Recently, 30,000-year old reported flax fibres producing countries are Belgium, processed and colored flax fiber was found, indicating Russia, Switzerland, Brazil, England, France and that early humans made fabric or threads from the flax Argentina. The chief producer of flax fibre is the erstwhile (Kvavadze et al. 2009). In ancient Egypt, linen was used Soviet Union, but the world’s best thread derives from for wrapping the royal mummies and additionally Belgium and adjoining countries. In India the linseed oil was used to embalm the bodies of deceased manufacturer of line fabrics, import the flax fibres from Pharaohs (Dewilde, 1983). European countries and does not utilize the flax In China and India domesticated flax was cultivated by produced in India. The reasons for this are, Indian flax at least 5,000 years ago (3,000 BCE). Portraits on tombs does not match with the quality standards of imported and temple walls at Thebes illustrate flowering flax flax. But now several dual purpose varieties released plants. The use of flax fibre in the manufacturing of cloth are competent for both oil and fibre purpose. Among the in northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times. In oilseed crops, flax is next to rapeseed and mustard. India Northern America, flax was first pioneered by the occupies 25% of world acreage and ranks first in the Puritans. For a long time flax has been cultivated as a area (4.368 lac ha), fourth in production (1.725 lac tonnes) dual-purpose crop, but now fibre flax and linseed and eighth in productivity (395.0 Kg/ha) of the flax crop. represent different gene pools. Fibre flax has been The yield of fibre flax is about 10-15 quintal/ha. In India, cultivated in the Netherlands and most likely in Belgium small farmers grow linseed mainly for local and Northern France since ancient times. The quality consumption. This crop is not only commercially very and fineness of the linen have been proven ever since. important, but for the rural poor, it is a necessary means of survival. In spite of flax value as a food source, research Taxonomy and Nomenclature directed toward the improvement of cultivated flax has been limited. Scientific Classification Therefore, germplasm characterization is an important Kingdom : Plantae link between the conservation and utilization of plant Division : Magnoliophyta genetic resources. The diversity among varieties may be Class : Magnoliopsida assessed based on morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. However, diversity analysis based Order : Malpighiales on morphology alone has a significant limitation in the Family : Linaceae fact that the environment highly influences it. To Genus : Linum overcome this problem, molecular characterization can play an important role. The development of molecular Species : L. usitatissimum and biochemical techniques help researchers not only More than 200 species present in the genus Linum are to identify genotypes but also in assessing and exploiting distributed worldwide divided into five subsections the genetic variability (Whitkus et al. 1994). However, (Tutin et al. 1968), of which subsection Linum contains systematic studies regarding the genetic diversity of flax the cultivated species Linum usitatissimum L. and the through DUS descriptors as well as molecular markers two ornamentals L. grandiflorum and L. perenne. Linum in India are inadequate. Hence, in-depth studies based is the largest genus within the family and is found both on morphological and molecular markers will help in in the Mediterranean region and the Americas. The two understanding the genetic diversity of germplasm for major user types are connected to morphotypes, broadly the analysis of population structure, identification, designed as oil (linseed; convar. mediterraneum), fiber conservation and utilization of authentic and superior crop materials. (flax; convar. elongatum), and intermediate (convar. usitatissimum) varieties, although this infra-specific Crop History grouping is not unified (Diederichsen and Fu, 2006). The chromosome number of Linum species show a wide Flax or linseed is among the oldest crop plants cultivated 806 An Overview on Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its Genetic Diversity range extending from 2n = 16 to 2n = 72 (Fedorov, 1974). Seeds are glossy brown and 4-7 mm long. The kernels L. usitatissimum and its wild relatives comprising 2n = have a crisp and chewy texture and a pleasant, nutty 30 chromosomes (Muravenko et al. 2003). The genome taste (Carter, 1993). It is a herbaceous plant with shallow size (1C) of cultivated flax is 686 Mbp (Bennett and taproot system that may extend to a depth of 92-122 cm Leitch, 2004). in the coarse textured soil. Origin Distribution and Domestication Growth Habit The cultivars grown with intention to make fibre are tall Centre of origin growing with straight culms and have fewer secondary The centre of origin of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is branches, and are conventionally grown in cool uncertain. It is considered that L. bienne as the progenitor temperate regions of the world, The cultivars grown of small seeded flax, originating from Kurdistan and primarily for seed/oil purpose are relatively short in Iran, whereas it is also sometimes considered that L. height and possess more secondary branches and seed angustifolium containing high oil content and seed bolls (seed capsule), and generally prefer the warmer weight, as progenitor, originating from the climates such as those in the Mediterranean area, India, Mediterranean region (Murre, 1955; Zeven and de Wet, Canada and USA.
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