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Home , Bruguiera, Byrsonima, Dovyalis, Dovyalis hebecarpa, Euphorbia canariensis, Euphorbia corollata

• small, heterogeneous, novel group Diversity and of 6 families - character? Evolution of sorrels . . . violets, , and spurges . . .

Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher

Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels

6 genera, 770 in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 belong to (wood sorrel) belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel)

• are herbaceous creepers or woody Oxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel • typically 3-foliate vines (the real shamrock)

• leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels

CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers

Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • are 5 locular & Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & winged capsules or berries winged capsules or berries

• tristyly common (3 levels at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position) U U U

Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels

• common native and introduced wood-sorrels • tropical - carambola or star fruit: note 5 carpellate structure Oxalis stricta - Oxalis - tall wood-sorrel violet wood-sorrel Averrhoa carambola Oxalis acetosella - wood-sorrel * *Malpighiales • large and diverse group of 38 • unresolved! “novel” clade families - many of them • margin teeth contributing importantly to tropical • “Parietales” subclade (placentation) forest diversity • hosts for butterflies

*Malpighiales *Violaceae - violets • unusual life forms 23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and small (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets ().

Rafflesiaceae parasite Rafflesia mangle stream aquatic Podostemonaceae Viola tricolor - , jonny-jump-up Rinorea - tropical Podostemon *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets Viola have either basal leaves or cauline CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) leaves - cordate or palmately lobed or divided. • Flowers pollinated, guides, zygomorphic Stipules are well developed. • Perianth 5 merous

• Lower spurred, 2 lower have spurs going back into the petal spur

• 3 fused carpels

*Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3)

Pistil forms 3 parting Viola affinis - in chasmogamous sand violet flowers (open flowers) from out-crossing

Cleistogamous, or closed flowers, form small capsules via self- (note the parietal placentation in upper capsule) V. pedata Bird’s-foot violet V. pedatifida Prairie violet *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets

V. sororia - dooryard violet

Wisconsin state ! One of many stemless purple violets

V. macloskeyi Wild white violet A small white flowered violet V. pubescens - downy yellow violet V. canadensis - Canada white violet a stemmed yellow violet a stemmed white violet

*Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • tropical taxa of other genera and Viola are woody • from where did the 10 species in Hawaii come?

Hybanthus concolor - green violet Special concern, almost extripated *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets

• DNA places them within a • Beringian source is polyploid complex, amphi- rare, especially Beringian tundra species surprising with a group once considered tropical

• bird migration V. langsdorffi pathway from Beringia to Hawaii is common and potential mechanism of dispersal

Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) Stamens many, often grouped

• opposite leaved

• leaves are punctate - with clearly visible clear to black dots, these sometimes seen on as well

Hypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive] Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels carpels

• placentation either axile (then 3-5 • placentation either axile (then 3-5 locuoles) or parietal (as here) locuoles) or parietal

• fruit a capsule

Hypericum pyrimidatum Hypericum pyrimidatum great St. John’s wort great St. John’s wort

Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort * - willows, poplars Chemically defined by salicins (salicylic acid). Many • Hypericum common in high members of the tropical “” with showy flowers elevation regions of tropics also have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae

Hypericum in Costa Rican paramo

• Triadenum restricted to wetlands Triadenum virginicum marsh St. John’s wort hebecarpa *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars 55 genera, 1000+ species of shrubs/trees - 450 are willows Willows (Salix) are dioecious trees of temperate regions with (Salix), less numerous are poplars, aspens (). reduced flowers in aments - both insect and wind pollinated

female male

Populus deltoides - - Salix babylonica - American cottonwood weeping weeping willow

*Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars female male • nectar glands at base of allows insect as well as wind pollination • fruit is a capsule with cottony for wind dispersal

• many species are “precocious” - flower before leaves flush in spring Salix discolor - pussy willow *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Populus - poplars, cottonwood, aspens • species vary from large trees, shrubs, to tiny tundra male • flowers possess a disk • cottony seeds in capsule female

Populus deltoides Salix herbacea - Salix pedicellaris - - American cottonwood dwarf willow bog willow crack willow

*Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars

Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar, balm-of-gilead

P. tremuloides P. grandidentata trrembling aspen bigtooth aspen • aspens are clonal from sprouts, fast growing, light wooded, and important for Populus alba White poplar pulp in the paper industry Introduced from *Salicaceae - willows, poplars * - spurges Euphorbiaceae s.l. is polyphyletic and now broken into 3 families

Euphorbiaceae

Populus deltoides - American cottonwood

*Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges

• large cosmopolitan family of trees, CA 5 CO 0 A ∞ G 0 shrubs, and herbs of 222 genera and CA 5 CO 0 A 0 G (3) 6000 species Majority of the family has unisexual • latex bearing and filled with flowers, 5 , no petals, numerous nasty chemicals (source of stamens, 3 fused carpels, and capsules rubber, castor oil, tapioca, female poinsettia) Codianum male • leaves alternate, simple (often palmately lobed) or palmately compound

Ricinus - castor oil bean *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges

A quite different arrangement corollata - flowering spurge The “flower” of our of unisexual flowers is seen in flowering spurge is actually many of our spurges of the a highly modified genera Euphorbia and inflorescence = cyathium Chamaesyce.

Flower or inflorescence?

Shown here are 3 cyathia; the whole unit here is one cyathium

*Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Cyathium is composed of: Cyathium is composed of: glands glands appendages of glands *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Cyathium is composed of: Cyathium is composed of: glands glands appendages of glands appendages of glands ∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) ∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) 1 female flower (tricarpellate - 3 styles)

*Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges

Euphorbia pulcherrima - poinsettia

Euphorbia esula - leafy spurge

• one of several species labelled “obnoxious weed” by state law

Euphorbia canariensis Euphorbia dendroides Euphorbia is a “giant” (> 2,000 spp.) with some spectacular radiations - is the cyathium a “key innovation”? *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges • economically important members from Neotropics

Manihot esculenta - Hura - poison arrow manioc, cassava, tapioca Hevea - rubber

• besides Euphorbiaceae, with Hura crepitans - one of the most deadly arrow poisons known, what is another family of flowering plants with arrow poisons?

*Euphorbiaceae - spurges Passifloraceae - passion flower

Spectacular group of vines and trees in the parietal placentation pantropics - one ingrediant of Hawaiian punch

Passiflora

• besides its use as a poison, what other features does Hura crepitans possess that makes it a pretty nasty plant? fruit Passifloraceae - passion flower - Co-evolutionary relationships involving leaf shapes, Heliconid A small family of herbs most noted as the source of flax butterfly egg layers, extrafloral nectaries, and patrolling ants (linen), linseed oil, and base chemicals for linoleum.

Linum bienne

Linum sulcatum - grooved yellow flax

Rhizophoraceae - - malpighs Asian and tropical trees and Diverse woody family of pantropical region with distinctive Rhizophora - one widespread mangrove red mangrove clawed petals and floral nectaries.

Bruguiera

Byrsonima spicata Malpighia Hiptage