Oxalidales • small, heterogeneous, novel group Diversity and of 6 families - seed character? Oxalidaceae Evolution of Rosids Wood sorrels . violets, willows, and spurges . Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher plant Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) • plants are herbaceous creepers or woody Oxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel • typically 3-foliate vines leaves (the real shamrock) • leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & winged capsules or berries winged capsules or berries • tristyly common (3 levels at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position) U U U Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels • common native and introduced wood-sorrels • tropical fruit - carambola or star fruit: note 5 carpellate structure Oxalis stricta - Oxalis violaceae - tall wood-sorrel violet wood-sorrel Averrhoa carambola Oxalis acetosella - wood-sorrel *Malpighiales *Malpighiales • large and diverse group of 38 • unresolved! “novel” clade families - many of them • leaf margin teeth contributing importantly to tropical • “Parietales” subclade (placentation) forest diversity • hosts for Cymothoe butterflies *Malpighiales *Violaceae - violets • unusual life forms 23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and small trees (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets (Viola). Rafflesiaceae parasite Rhizophoraceae Rafflesia Rhizophora mangle mangrove stream aquatic Podostemonaceae Viola tricolor - pansy, jonny-jump-up Rinorea - tropical shrub Podostemon *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets Viola have either basal leaves or cauline CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) leaves - cordate or palmately lobed or divided. • Flowers insect pollinated, nectar guides, zygomorphic Stipules are well developed. • Perianth 5 merous • Lower petal spurred, 2 lower stamens have spurs going back into the petal spur • 3 fused carpels *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3) Pistil forms 3 parting Viola affinis - capsule in chasmogamous sand violet flowers (open flowers) from out-crossing Cleistogamous, or closed flowers, form small capsules via self-pollination (note the parietal placentation in upper capsule) V. pedata Bird’s-foot violet V. pedatifida Prairie violet *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets V. sororia - dooryard violet Wisconsin state flower! One of many stemless purple violets V. macloskeyi Wild white violet A small white flowered violet V. pubescens - downy yellow violet V. canadensis - Canada white violet a stemmed yellow violet a stemmed white violet *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • tropical taxa of other genera and Viola are woody • from where did the 10 species in Hawaii come? Hybanthus concolor - green violet Special concern, almost extripated *Violaceae - violets *Violaceae - violets • DNA places them within a • Beringian source is polyploid complex, amphi- rare, especially Beringian tundra species surprising with a group once considered tropical • bird migration V. langsdorffi pathway from Beringia to Hawaii is common and potential mechanism of dispersal Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort 9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) Stamens many, often grouped • opposite leaved • leaves are punctate - with clearly visible clear to black dots, these sometimes seen on petals as well Hypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive] Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) • pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels carpels • placentation either axile (then 3-5 • placentation either axile (then 3-5 locuoles) or parietal (as here) locuoles) or parietal • fruit a capsule Hypericum pyrimidatum Hypericum pyrimidatum great St. John’s wort great St. John’s wort Hypericaceae - St. John’s wort *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Chemically defined by salicins (salicylic acid). Many • Hypericum common in high members of the tropical “Flacourtiaceae” with showy flowers elevation regions of tropics also have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae Hypericum in Costa Rican paramo • Triadenum restricted to wetlands Triadenum virginicum marsh St. John’s wort Dovyalis hebecarpa Oncoba spinosa *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars 55 genera, 1000+ species of shrubs/trees - 450 are willows Willows (Salix) are dioecious trees of temperate regions with (Salix), less numerous are poplars, aspens (Populus). reduced flowers in aments - both insect and wind pollinated female male Populus deltoides - Salix babylonica - Salix babylonica - American cottonwood weeping willow weeping willow *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars female male • nectar glands at base of bract allows insect as well as wind pollination • fruit is a capsule with cottony seeds for wind dispersal • many species are “precocious” - flower before leaves flush in spring Salix discolor - pussy willow *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Populus - poplars, cottonwood, aspens • species vary from large trees, shrubs, to tiny tundra male subshrubs • flowers possess a disk • cottony seeds in capsule female Populus deltoides Salix herbacea - Salix pedicellaris - Salix fragilis - American cottonwood dwarf willow bog willow crack willow *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar, balm-of-gilead P. tremuloides P. grandidentata trrembling aspen bigtooth aspen • aspens are clonal from root sprouts, fast growing, light wooded, and important for Populus alba White poplar pulp in the paper industry Introduced from Europe *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Euphorbiaceae s.l. is polyphyletic and now broken into 3 families Phyllanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Putranjivaceae Populus deltoides - American cottonwood *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges • large cosmopolitan family of trees, CA 5 CO 0 A ∞ G 0 shrubs, and herbs of 222 genera and CA 5 CO 0 A 0 G (3) 6000 species Majority of the family has unisexual • latex bearing and filled with flowers, 5 sepals, no petals, numerous nasty chemicals (source of stamens, 3 fused carpels, and capsules rubber, castor oil, tapioca, female poinsettia) Codianum male • leaves alternate, simple (often palmately lobed) or palmately compound Ricinus - castor oil bean *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges A quite different arrangement Euphorbia corollata - flowering spurge The “flower” of our of unisexual flowers is seen in flowering spurge is actually many of our spurges of the a highly modified genera Euphorbia and inflorescence = cyathium Chamaesyce. Flower or inflorescence? Shown here are 3 cyathia; the whole unit here is one cyathium *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Cyathium is composed of: Cyathium is composed of: glands glands appendages of glands *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Cyathium is composed of: Cyathium is composed of: glands glands appendages of glands appendages of glands ∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) ∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) 1 female flower (tricarpellate - 3 styles) *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Euphorbia pulcherrima - poinsettia Euphorbia esula - leafy spurge • one of several species labelled “obnoxious weed” by state law Euphorbia canariensis Euphorbia dendroides Euphorbia is a “giant” genus (> 2,000 spp.) with some spectacular radiations - is the cyathium a “key innovation”? *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges • economically important members from Neotropics Manihot esculenta - Hura - poison arrow manioc, cassava, tapioca Hevea - rubber • besides Euphorbiaceae, with Hura crepitans - one of the most deadly arrow poisons known, what is another family of flowering plants with arrow poisons? *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Passifloraceae - passion flower Spectacular group of vines and trees in the parietal placentation pantropics - one ingrediant of Hawaiian punch Passiflora • besides its use as a poison, what other features does Hura crepitans possess that makes it a pretty nasty plant? berry fruit Passifloraceae - passion flower Linaceae - flax Co-evolutionary relationships involving leaf shapes, Heliconid A small family of herbs most noted as the source of flax butterfly egg layers, extrafloral nectaries, and patrolling ants (linen), linseed oil, and base chemicals for linoleum. Linum bienne Linum sulcatum - grooved yellow flax Linum narbonense Rhizophoraceae - mangroves Malpighiaceae - malpighs Asian and Madagascar tropical trees and Diverse woody family of pantropical region with distinctive Rhizophora - one widespread mangrove red mangrove clawed petals and floral nectaries. Bruguiera Byrsonima spicata Malpighia Hiptage.