Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral Livelihood Zone (Camel, Sheep/Goats (Shoats) and Cattle) Dolow‐Ado and Filtu Districts, Liban Administrative Zone, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia Djibouti on Shinile Somalia far Regi A Jijiga on gi Degahbur Re Fik Warder a Korahe Gode Oromi A Afder Liban Somalia Kenya Filtu Liban Dolow Moyale Dolow‐Filtu Pastoral LZ (camel, shoats, cattle) Moyale Weyamo Pastoral LZ (camel, shoats, Dawa/Ganale Riverine (maize, cattle) Liban Agropastoral (maize, cattle, shoats) An HEA Baseline Study By SC‐UK, DPPB and Partners February, 2002 Sponsored by USAID/OFDA and ECHO, with financial support from SC‐Canada and WFP Assessment Team Bashir H. Mire SC‐UK, Gode Ibrahim A. Salan SC‐UK, Afder Muhiadin H. Ismail SC‐UK, Fik Abdullahi Issak Abdi Rashid LECDB, Jijiga Abdulkarim A. Ismail FSAU, Nairobi Lesley Adams SC‐UK, ECARO, Lead Trainer LZ 12 Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral i Table of Contents Assessment Team............................................................................................................................i Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ii Figures, Tables & Maps ................................................................................................................iii Terms and Acronyms ...................................................................................................................iv 1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................6 2. Introduction ..........................................................................................................9 2.1 Purpose of the study ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Methodology................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Background .........................................................................................................11 3.1 Agro Ecology, Geology, & Water............................................................................................... 11 3.2 Infrastructure & Social Services ................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Other issues in the Zone.............................................................................................................. 16 3.4 Livelihood Zones in the Liban Administrative District.......................................................... 17 4. Food Economies..................................................................................................19 4.1 The Livelihood Zone.................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Historical Timeline....................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Seasonal Calendar ........................................................................................................................ 23 4.4 Wealth Breakdown....................................................................................................................... 24 4.5 Food Sources in the Reference Year........................................................................................... 26 4.6 Income Sources in the Reference Year....................................................................................... 27 4.7 Expenditure Patterns in the Reference Year ............................................................................. 29 4.8 Current Situation (January/February 2002) .............................................................................. 30 5. Vulnerabilities, Risks & Coping.....................................................................32 6. Indicators to monitor.........................................................................................35 7. Recommendations..............................................................................................36 7.1 Recommendations........................................................................................................................ 36 8. References............................................................................................................37 9. Appendices..........................................................................................................38 9.1 HEA Methodology....................................................................................................................... 38 9.2 Note on Somali Traditional Calendar........................................................................................ 41 9.3 List of Kebeles in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral Livelihood Zone....................................................... 43 9.4 Animal Herd Dynamics .............................................................................................................. 46 9.5 Importance of Milk Production for Food & Income................................................................ 48 9.6 Livestock Market Employment .................................................................................................. 52 9.7 Endemic Livestock Disease......................................................................................................... 53 9.8 List of Villages visited and Key Informants ............................................................................. 54 LZ 12 Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral ii Figures, Tables & Maps Figure 1 ‐ Exchange rates, goat and maize prices................................................................................. 12 Figure 2 ‐ Terms of Trade (Luuq market, Somalia and Mandera market, Kenya.......................... 14 Figure 3 ‐ Seasonal Calendar for Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ ................................................................ 23 Figure 4 ‐ Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ........................................................................ 24 Figure 5 ‐ Food Sources for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ................................... 26 Figure 6 ‐ Food Basket for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ..................................... 26 Figure 7 ‐ Income Totals for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ................................. 27 Figure 8 ‐ Income Sources for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ .............................. 28 Figure 9 ‐ Expenditure Totals for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ ........................ 29 Figure 10 ‐ Expenditure Pattern for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ .................... 29 Figure 11 ‐ Proportional Expenditure on Food for all Wealth Groups in Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ ............................................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 1 ‐ Livelihood Zones in Liban Administrative Zone ............................................................... 18 Table 2 ‐ Historical Timeline Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral LZ...................................................................... 21 Table 3 ‐ Wealth Characteristics............................................................................................................. 25 Map 1 ‐ Livelihood Zones in Liban Administrative Zone ................................................................. 18 LZ 12 Filtu‐Dolow Pastoral iii Terms and Acronyms ACF Action Contra le Faim Agro‐pastoralism A livelihood where farming and animals are both important, and the family cannot survive without each Agropastoralism A livelihood system in which extensive livestock production is mixed with some crop production provides the main income and food options. Aqal Literally ‘a house’ – a mother, father, children and dependant, if any Berkad Man‐made water catchment (sometimes covered) Browse Pasture suitable for camel and goats Burjuwasi Sharecropping farmers who have only rain‐fed land; many are reportedly “pastoral drop‐outs” Caamo Lit. “the ignorant” – those who have not had Koranic education Carafo Hajj season Dalaal Broker for livestock sales Deyr Rainy season between October and December Deyr Short rains (October to November/December) DPPB/D Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau/Department Dugsi Koran School ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Office Farming A livelihood where cultivation is the dominant food and income option; animals provide additional wealth and security but are not critical LZ Livelihood Zone FS/EW Food Security Monitoring/Early Warning Gar Reconciliation process that takes place amongst elders and men of household Grazing Pasture suitable for cattle and sheep Gu Main rainy season (April to June) Hagaa Dry season between July and September Hagaa Short dry season (July to September) HCS Hararghe Catholic Secretariat Irmansi Lactating animal loaned to a poorer family Jilaal/Qoraxeed Hot dry season between late December and March Maqasha Small ruminants Nugul Weaker or more vulnerable herd animals that do not migrate far OFDA USAID Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance OWDA Ogaden Welfare and Development Association OWS Ogaden Welfare Society Pastoralism A livelihood system in which livestock provide most of the income and food options and in which livestock graze extensively in the rangeland. PCAE Pastoralist Concern Association