1 DRC Protection Assessment Report in IDP Sites in Afder Zone October

DRC Protection assessment Report in IDP sites in Afder Zone

October 2018

Contents 1. Introduction ------3 2. Scope of the assessment ------3 3. Objective of the assessment ------4 3.1 General Objectives------4 3.2 Specific Objectives------4 4. Composition of the Assessment team------4 5. Ethical considerations ------5 6. Methodology and assessment tools------5 7. Major challenges during assessment------6 8. Key Findings------7 8.1 Bare 01 IDP site ------7 8.2 Den Adine IDP site ------10 8.3 Weydkal IDP site ------10 8.4 Allana IDP site ------12 8.5 Darso IDP site------14 8.6 Waldaye Gebare IDP site ------16 8.7 Koraley IDP site ------18 9. Conclusions------21 10. Recommendations: ------22

1. Introduction

The Danish Refugee Council (DRC) is an international non-governmental organization, which has been providing relief and development services in the Horn of Africa since 1997. DRC is currently implementing a range of activities across Ethiopia and Djibouti, including WASH and shelter provision, child and youth protection, gender-based violence prevention and response, awareness raising on migration risks, protection monitoring and livelihoods support for returning migrants or those at-risk of migration.

People have been displaced due to conflict and drought in the Somali Region. According to DTM round 12, a total of 1,091,210 people has been displaced and living in 385 sites in Somali region. Among those sites, 168 sites are conflict-induced IDPs and 206 are due to periodic drought occurred in the region. Out of those 64,571 people have been displaced and living in 31 sites in Afder Zone. The reason of displacement for 26 of the sites was drought, for 3 sites seasonal flood and 2 sites conflict. The IDPs have lost most of their livestock and almost all their resources because of the drought. The IDPs in Afder and Liben Zone are underserved compared to the IDPs in Fafan Zone as DRC protection team has observed.

To respond to the unmet humanitarian needs in Afder and Liben Zone, DRC has conducted a multi- sectoral assessment in 7 IDP sites in Afder Zone. The main purpose of this assessment was to identify the protection needs, risks and coping mechanisms that exist within the displaced community in Dollobay and Bare woreda. The findings from this assessment can serve as an important source for humanitarian actors that have or are planning to have interventions in the region.

2. Scope of the Assessment

Afder Zone consists of ten woredas including Dollo Bay & Bare woredas. There are 9 IDP sites in Bare woreda. According to DTM 12, Weydkal, Bare 01kebele and Dana -Adine are the sites with the highest household numbers. The reason for the displacement is drought. In Dollobay woreda, there are only 4 IDP sites, Alan (3707), Darso (5930), Koraley (2240) and Waladaya Gabare (2855)

that have high population numbers and have received better humanitarian assistance compared to sites in Bare woreda.

The current assessment covers seven (7) drought affected IDP sites in Bare & Dollo Bay Woredas, which are preselected for mobile protection EHF 2018 project.

Table 1. Assessed IDP Sites

S/n IDP Site Name Kebele Woreda Total HH Total individuals 1. O1 Kebele O1 Kebele Bare 412 2494 2. Weydkal Weydkal Bare 550 3300 3. Allan Allan Dollo Bay 603 3707 4. Darso Darso Dollo Bay 972 5930 5. Waldaye Gabare Waldaye Gabare Dollo Bay 457 2855 6. Koraley Koraley Dollo Bay 367 2240 7. Dana-Adin Dana-Adin Bare 325 1964

3. Objective of the Assessment 3.1 General Objective The general objective of this assessment is: 1. To identify the protection risks and needs of the community. 2. To collect baseline information for EHF 2018 funded project. The finding of the assessment is a determent to select areas of intervention for DRC and to design an appropriate response for the identified protection risks. 3.2 Specific objective 1. To assess the situation of IDPs and its prolonged impact on the life of the displaced people and the host community. 2. To assess the available services and needs for humanitarian assistance. 3. To identify protection risks and concerns, community coping mechanisms and existed networks. 4. To identify the most vulnerable groups of the community. 4. Composition of the assessment team The assessment was conducted between September 3-7, 2018. The assessment team comprised of DRC’s Protection Manager, Senior Protection Officer and 2 Protection Officers as well as the 4

Woreda women and children affairs officer and a representative from the Disaster preparedness and prevention bureau (DPPB).

Table2. Name of participants Name Organization Title Solomon Tazeb DRC Protection Manager Mohamed Kalif DRC Senior Protection Officer Hafidha Mohamed DRC Protection Officer Hussein Noor DRC Protection Officer Noor Wali Bare Woreda DPPB Head of DPPB Fartun Abdullahi Farah Bare Woreda WOCAO WOCA Expert Abdirahman Arab Dollo Bay Woreda DPPB Head of DPPB Abdifatah Emi Dollo Bay Woreda DPPB DPPB Expert

5. Ethical Consideration DRC protection staff have conducted a preliminary discussion with Bare & Dollo Bay Woredas Administration Office, WOWCA and DPPO about the overview of the project and the objective of the assessment. As a result, all the duty bearers approved the mission to conduct an assessment in both Woredas and respective IDP sites. Informed consent: Information about the overall project, objective, outcomes and activities of the assessment has been provided to the participants. Ethical data collection: This assessment took into consideration the cultural and socio-political context of Afder zone. Confidentiality: To ensure confidentiality was assured, personal details of respondents are not going to be shared with other agencies. Voluntary participation: The participants were informed that participation in the assessment is voluntary, and that they could withdraw from the discussion at any time. On the same time, they were informed that have the right to refuse to answer a few or all questions. 6. Methodology and Assessment tools To get diverse information about the IDPs, DRC applied the purposive sampling technique. The number of participants, the role of some of the respondents, who should participate (diversity) and the sex of the participants were defined before the assessment. The data collection tools were: A. Semi structured interviews with women and girls. 5

B. Semi-structured interviews with men (Youth, persons with disability, Elders and other). C. Key Informant Interviews with local authorities or religious leaders or community representatives. D. Protection observation Table 3. Total number of participants for all assessment tools

Assessment tool Total Total sessions Facilitator participant conducted Semi structured interview with 30 6 Hafida Mohamed IDP women and girls Semi structured interview with 29 6 Hussein Noor IDP men (youth, elders, persons with disability and others) KII (community representatives, 12 6 Mohamed Kalif religious leaders Protection observation - 6 (one for each site) Mohamed Kalif Total 71

7. Major Challenges encountered during the assessment:  The road was very challenging to access most of the IDPs sites.  There was no network access and light in Afder Zone.  Most of IDPs were very discouraged, reflecting a sense of hopelessness and insecurity because of the government change.  The IDP communities expressed their dissatisfaction about the constant assessments conducted coupled with limited attention and humanitarian assistance provided in the sites.  Almost all the IDPs in Dena Adine moved to other IDP sites and Dollo (Somali) in search of better assistance.

8. Key Findings 8.1 Bare 01 Bare woreda is 105 KM far away from DRC’s office located in Dollo Ado. Bare 01 Kebele is an informal IDP site that has been established as a result of drought-displacement of people from the surrounding kebeles in 2017. According to DTM 12, there are 412 households and 2,277 individuals displaced in the site.

Access to services:

Food: The IDPs received Corn soya blend plus and benefited from Targeted supplementary Feeding programs (CSB and TSFP) once before. The government provided sorghum and edible oil the previous month before the visit and the amount of food was only enough for one month. The distribution of food usually delays due to poor road access to Bare woreda. When there is delay in the food distribution children and elderly are highly affected according to the community.

WASH: The IDPs do not have safe and sufficient water for personal hygiene and domestic use. The main water source is unprotected surface water. The IDPs should travel 1km-3km to get

surface water. Both animals and humans use the same water source and this can expose people to different water borne diseases and further health problems.

The IDPs have no latrines and consequently open defecation is widely practiced in the IDP site. Women and girls go to the bush for defecation. This can also increase their vulnerability for any type of violence.

Shelter: The IDPs are living in an emergency shelter which is covered by cloth, cartons and torn out plastic sheet. The shelter can’t protect the IDPs from rain, theft and other types of violence. On an average more than six people are living in one shelter. Women and girls living with other relatives stated that they shared shelter with men which highly affect their privacy and dignity. The type of shelters that IDPs have as well as the lack of electricity in the site can increase the vulnerability of women for different types of GBV.

Livelihood: The IDPs were pastoralists prior to displacement and lost their belongings during displacement. They currently don’t have any means of livelihoods. The IDPs are selling firewood and gums or are engaged in daily labor, washing clothes and being hired as housekeeper in Bare town to earn their income.

Education: The IDPs have access to school in Bare town. According to respondents only 25-50 % of the children are attending school. There are no school facilities on site and even though most of the children attend grades 1-12 in Bare town located 1km away, still a lot of children drop out from primary school (grades 1-4) due to the distance. Lack of sex segregated latrines, early marriage, early pregnancy, cultural beliefs of the community regarding girl’s education are mentioned as the main reasons for girls drop out. The arrival of the IDPs has increased the student ratio in the classrooms challenging the quality of education provided.

Health: IDPs from Bare 01 kebele have access to the health post located in the Bare Town. The respondents indicated though that it is difficult to walk on foot to reach the health center especially for pregnant women, chronically sick people, elders and persons with disability. Even though, there is a health center, pregnant women prefer to deliver at home using traditional birth attendants.

The culture of having medical follow up after delivery is very poor. The IDPs mentioned that the facilities at the health center are not enough to respond to the needs of the community.

Finally, The IDPs have prioritized Food, NFIs, Shelter, Medical care and Education as the most important needs for the community.

Persons with specific needs: The community identified that persons with disability, women, and elders are the most vulnerable people in the community. However, those groups have never received an appropriate specialized service and any assistance till the time the assessment was conducted.

Child protection issues: Children have no access to recreational activities as well as sport in the IDP site. Young children spent their time collecting fire woods and gum from the trees in order to earn some income. There are also children leaving the IDP site to reunify with their family in town. The respondents indicated that there are children engaged in shoeshine and other daily labor work to support their family.

SGBV: The IDPs confirmed that the displacement highly changed the marriage practice and relationship between the couple. Currently, men can’t marry another wife because the IDPs have no livestock and resources to pay dowry. Women and girls spend their time collecting firewood and doing household activities. Domestic violence and early marriage were identified as the main GBV issues that occur frequently. Early pregnancy has been reported as a consequence of early marriage that is also related to school drop out for girls. When women feel unsafe, they seek help or information from a family member, a religious leader and a community leader.

Safety and Security: The community feel safe in general, however theft and animal attacks are their listed concerns in terms of safety and security. According to KII participants ‘‘the IDPs had received a threat of expulsion from neighbors.’’ However, DRC didn’t verify this report during the assessment.

Documentation and freedom of movement: Generally, the community has no restriction in movement from place to place. However, according to respondents, 75% the of IDPs do not have necessary documentations like ID cards, birth certificate, marriage certificate and death certificate. 9

The lack of IDs has limited the movement of the community freely from one area to other. The IDPs mentioned that the community lifestyles, the lack of awareness of the procedures to get an ID card and the fear to approach authorities are the reason for not having those documentations before.

According to key informants, aound 400 HH have come recently to Bare 01 from other places. The local authorities (DPPO) registered the IDPs upon arrival. There are also some IDPs not registered due to lack of information about the registration process and procedures.

Community Cohesion: The social interaction between IDPs and host community is good. There is no incident recorded so far

Coping Mechanisms: The IDPs share resources between them when there is no assistance provided. Men usually engage in daily labor and women sell firewood. Some families send children to work as a shepherd to fulfil needs.

8.2 Den -Adine IDP site

Dena Adine is 30 KM away from Bare. According to DTM 12, 325 households and 1,964 individuals IDPs are living in Den Adine. However, during our visit, there were only 5-10 households on site. According to the remaining IDPs, the majority of the people of the community left the site in search of better services to Allena IDP site and Dollo Somalia.

8.3 Waydkal IDP site Waydkale is one of the IDP sites found in Afder Zone located 70 Km far away from Bare woreda. In Waydkale, there are 550 households and 3,300 Individual IDPs (DTM 12). The site was established in 2017 hosting drought IDPs from the surrounding

areas.

Major protection issues Access to services: Food: According to respondents, the IDPs have never received food assistance from the government and humanitarian organizations before the visit. WASH: The community use (unprotected) water sources around Waydkal for cooking, drinking, and personal hygiene purposes. Everyone should travel 1-3 km to get water and uses a donkey to transport water from the lake located close by. The water is not accessible during the night, is salty and both community and animals use this water. The IDPs have no access to latrines and the community uses open defecation instead. Shelter: The IDPs are using informal shelters, which are covered by clothes, cartons and old plastic sheet. In Waydkale, most of the IDPs are sharing shelter with their relatives or clan members. There are women without their own shelter that have to share the shelter with male relatives which in consequence highly affects their self-esteem, privacy and dignity. Health: The IDPs prefer traditional healers than health workers when they are sick. It is difficult to access the health center due to the distance especially for women, children, people with disability and elders. The IDPs indicated that they had never received information about reproductive health and hygiene education. The health center does not have sufficient facilities to respond to all health issues affecting IDPs. The respondents said, ‘Some children have died due to diarrhea before’. Education: According to respondents, none of the children had access to school before displacement, but now 20% of students are attending school. The absence of sex-segregated latrines, early marriage, adolescents pregnancy, the attitude of the community towards girl’s

education has been mentioned as the main reasons for girl’s school dropout whereas boys usually dropout to support their family. Livelihood: The IDPs borrow from each other to survive. The host community also shares the available resources with IDPs. Persons with specific need: The displaced community identified women, separated and unaccompanied children, persons with disability and elderly people as the most vulnerable group from the community. Even though people with mental health issues or with physical disabilities are present they have never received any appropriate or specialized assistance. Child protection issues: The assessment team identified that separated children and orphans are present on site, but their relatives and clan members are fostering the children without the support of humanitarian organizations. Children are leaving the site for family reunification reasons without accompaniment from a caretaker. There are also children engaged in daily labor to support their family. GBV: Women and girls feel safe in the community and freely access communal resources. All female respondents said that there are no GBV incidents on site. However, early marriage and teenage pregnancy are common. There is no safe space for women and girls. If an incident happens, it is reported to Bare WOWCA but no referral mechanisms and services are available for the survivors. The prolonged drought, the loss of their livestock and the displacement have a direct impact on the community marriage practice and the relationship between husband and wife. Safety and security: Almost all the IDPs feel safe in Weydkal. Sometimes there is a dispute on the plot, over animals and small water points between host and IDPs. Documentation and movement of the population: According to community leaders, 14-50 newly displaced people have come to Wedykale but no onward movement has been reported. The IDPs move freely and safely in and out of the site without any problem. The respondents estimated, 50-75% of the population have no essential documents (ID, birth, marriage, divorce certificates). The IDPs were not registered by relevant authorities upon arrival, unlike the other IDP sites. Social cohesion: The key informants mentioned that the interaction between the host community and the IDPs is good. However, other participants said that ‘the relationship between displaced populations with host community is poor’. Some IDPs have received a threat of expulsion but it was not specified by whom. Coping mechanism: The IDPs share or borrow money from each other to survive. Some families marry their daughters in an early age as a coping mechanism. 8.4. Allan IDP Site

Allana IDP site is 75 km away from Dollo Ado. In Allan there are 603 households and 3,707 individuals according to DTM 12. The reason of displacement is the drought during 2017 and the death of their livestock, and consequently the lack food, shelter and water.

Major protection issues Access to services: Food: The government has distributed sorghum 3 months before DRC’s visit to the site. As per the respondents, the food was enough only for 2 weeks. The IDPs believe that poor road access, negligence and collapse of the regional government have delayed the distribution of food. WASH: The source of water is a borehole which is supported with solar light. The community must travel from 3-10 Km to get water and wait more than one hour to fetch water in a queue. The IDPs mentioned that the water is not accessible at night and that, it is also salty. It has caused diarrhea to children. The IDPs have access to sex separated semi-permanent communal latrines. Education: The community estimated that 25-50% of children go to school. The absence of female teachers, sex-segregated latrines, the attitude of the community towards girl’s education and early marriage and adolescent pregnancy are some of the obstacles to girl attendance at school. Shelter: The shelters are temporary (emergency) shelters, covered with old plastic sheets and clothes. None of the shelters have locks and the residents are highly exposed to any type of violence or threat. There are women with no private shelter that are sharing with men that highly affects their privacy, dignity, and confidence. Livelihood: The livelihood of the IDPs and host community relays on collecting and selling natural gum from rubber trees. The community gets 50 Birr for one kilogram at the local market. Some people sell firewood, hired as a shepherd or work as house workers with their relatives. Health: The health facilities are in a safe and accessible area for the whole population. All pregnant women delivered at home through the help of traditional birth attendants and don’t conduct

medical follow up after delivery. Women and girls though have information about hygiene and reproductive health. Previously, Islamic relief has provided NFIs and cash assistance and IOM provided shelter NFI materials. The IDPs prioritized Food, NFIs, Shelter, Sanitation, Water, Education and Cash assistance as the most important and urgent humanitarian needs of the community. Persons with specific need: The respondents have identified women, separated and unaccompanied children, persons with disability and elders as the most vulnerable groups in the community. There are persons with disability and mental health problems but no access to specialized services for those groups. Child protection issues: Some of child protection concerns identified during the assessment are child labor with the children working as shepherds, early marriage and early pregnancy. 70 unaccompanied and separated children have been reported while children are leaving the IDP site to reunify with their families. GBV: Women and girls spend their time collecting firewood, in household activities and talking with other women. Women feel ashamed to report any forms of violence especially domestic violence. Most of them don't know where to report when GBV and child abuse happens. They prefer to solve the issue through the elders and religious leaders. The IDPs couldn’t continue their polygamic way of life due to lack of enough resources to marry more than one woman. Safety and security: The community feels safe to live and move freely around their site. Women and girls are accessing communal facilities safely. The kebele leaders are responsible to ensure the safety and security of the community. Documentation and movement of the population: According to respondents, 30-60 newly displaced households have arrived in the site recently. The IDPs have the freedom to move in and out of the site. However, sometimes the IDPs movement is restricted for safety reasons when there is intracommunity conflict. From the total IDPs, only 25% of the community have essential documents (ID, birth, marriage, divorce certificates etc). Some people are unwilling to register but most of them have been registered by the local authorities upon arrival. Social cohesion. Some of the host community members living far away from the site do not allow IDPs to collect firewood, but in general, the relationship among host community and IDPs is good. Some mentioned that forced marriage can cause disputes in the site sometimes due to the unwillingness of the girls to marry the selected person from their family. Coping mechanism: Mainly the IDPs are dependent on humanitarian assistance. Girls usually marry early and children are working to support their family. 15

8.5 Darso IDP Site Darso IDP site is found in the middle of Bare and Dollobay woredas. It is 90 KM far away from Dollo Ado. According to DTM 12,972 individuals and 5,930 households are living in Darso IDP site. The IDPs in Darso have received better humanitarian assistance compared to other IDPs in Afder zone.

Major protection issues Access to services: Food: Government has distributed sorghum three months before DRC’s visit. The IDPs said that the ‘food was enough only for 2 weeks.’ Access to road, the collapse and reluctance of the regional government, are the main reasons for the delay of food provision. Shelter: The displaced community is living in a temporary shelter not appropriate for rain and strong winds. Even though shelters have no lock and electricity, there was no major incident reported. The respondents indicated that there are also women with no shelter. Livelihood: The IDPs are highly dependent on humanitarian assistance, daily labor and resource sharing to cope with the lack of sustainable income. WASH: The source of water is a shallow well. On average the IDPs walk more than 3 hours to fetch water and will wait more than 1 hour in the queue. Since the water source is unprotected both people, wild and domestic animals use it. The IDPs have been exposed to different water borne diseases. The IDPs have semi-permanent communal sex-segregated latrines. Education: Save the children has constructed 6 classrooms for both IDPs and host community. The community estimates that 50% of children are attending school. Health: The IDPs prefer to go to health centers to get treatment. The health centers do not have enough medical facilities and medicines to treat all patients and satisfy the needs of the community. Women and girls are not receiving information regarding reproductive health and hygiene.

Pregnant women deliver at home with the help of traditional birth attendants and there are no regular follow ups after delivery. The IDPs have received Food (WFP and DPPO), NFIs , Sanitation, Medical care (IOM) as well as cash assistance from Islamic relief before. All the respondents were not aware of the available services for the IDPs and compliant mechanisms about the services provided. They believe that no one is responsible to inform the community about the available types of services. Persons with specific needs: The community has identified women, separated and unaccompanied children, persons with disability and elderly people as the most vulnerable and in need for more assistance than the general community. There has not been appropriate assistance provided to those groups so far. Child protection issues: Clan members and relatives are taking the responsibility to foster unaccompanied or separated children. There are also children leaving from the site to reunify with their family without their care takers. Early marriage and early pregnancy are protection issues faced by adolescent girls. GBV: The women in Darso spend their time in household activities, chatting with other women attending adult learning education courses and collecting firewood to get money and support their family. Men spend time discussing with other men, in agricultural activities and in daily labor. Even if all men respondents said there are no GBV incidents, according to female respondents’ domestic violence commonly occurs and cases are not reported. The women are afraid that their husband may divorce them if they report the incident. All types of cases are commonly reported to the clan elders and religious leaders and solved accordingly. The drought has affected the marriage practice in the community. Men don’t have enough financial capacity and livestock to have a second wife as before. Safety and security: In general, the IDPs feel safe and have no any restrictions of movement from place to place. On the same time some of the respondents stated that the absence of light restricted their movement since snakes and scorpions can attack during the night. Documentation and movement of the population: According to respondents, around 5 new displaced households arrived at Darso on the time that the assessment was taking place. There are also IDPs leaving from this IDP site to find better livelihoods and assistance in other areas. Around 30 HHs have moved to Weyb River to engage in agricultural activities and support their family. From the total population, only 25% of the community have essential documents (ID, birth, marriage, divorce certificates etc). Since the IDPs were pastoralists, ID cards were not important until recently. The IDPs stated that access to documentation is only at woreda level and far for the IDPs to get it. The IDPs suggested that documentation services for example obtaining an ID card should be available at kebele level.

Social cohesion: The interaction between the IDPs and the host community has been reported to be good. Coping mechanism: The most common coping mechanisms are selling firewood and water (200 litters cost 20 birrs). The IDPs stated that ‘It is difficult to get firewood nearby ...need to go far nowadays.’ 8.6 Waldaye Gabare According to DTM 12, there are 457 households and a total of 2,855 individuals in Waldaye Gabare IDP site. It is located 15 KM far away from Dollo Ado. Those IDPs were living in Dollobay city, 01 kebele. However, the government has relocated them to this location six months ago to prevent future seasonal flood occurring again.

Major protection issues Access to services: Food: The government has provided sorghum three months before the visit. The amount of food was only enough for 2 weeks consumption. The IDPs believe the fall of the regional government and the poor road network in the region has delayed the food distribution. The delay in food was difficult mainly for children and elders. DRC has distributed cash to IDPs in 2017 to fulfill their immediate needs. Shelter: The IDPs are living in temporary shelters covered by thorn out a plastic sheet, cloths, and cartons that are not appropriate for the strong wind and seasonal rain. There are IDPs without personal shelter that share space with other IDPs. All the shelters have no locks and light. WASH: DRC has been providing water for the IDPs through water tracking and has also constructed 6 semi-permanent communal latrines.

Education: As per the respondents, only 25% of children go to school. The attendance rate for the girls is very good. However, early marriage and early pregnancy and the responsibilities they have at the household level are the main challenges for girls to discontinue school. Livelihood: The majority of the community is engaged in agricultural activities and some women sell firewood to earn income. Those who own donkey carts are working to support their family. Some community members are washing wash cloths to get money and support their family. Health: The IDPs in Waldaye Gabare visit the health centers when they are sick, compared to other IDP sites that prefer traditional healers. The health centers don’t have sufficient facilities to fully respond to the need of the IDPs. Girls and women are not informed about reproductive health, but most of the pregnant women deliver at the health center and some at home using traditional birth attendants. The community is aware about the type of the services available. The IDP respondents have prioritized Food, Shelter, Water, Medical care, Education and cash assistance as the most important needs of the community. Persons with specific need: The community has identified women, unaccompanied Minors or separated children (UAM /SC), people with disability (PWD) and elderly persons as the most vulnerable. Even though people with disabilities and mental health issues are present at site, those individuals haven’t received any specialized assistance. Child protection issues: There are children living alone or with adults that are not their parents as well as orphans in the community. The clan members and relatives are caring for those children without any external assistance. The respondents indicated that children are engaged in daily labor and agriculture activities to support their families. Early marriage and early pregnancy are common child protection concerns for girls at reproductive age. GBV: Men are usually engaged in daily labor and agricultural activities whereas women are responsible for household activities, collect firewood for cooking and as a means of income generating. Children are tasked to fetch water and collect firewood. The type of GBV that was identified as prevalent during the assessment was Domestic violence. Women and girls are not aware where to report child abuse and GBV cases. They have no information about the available services and the referral mechanisms that exist. Any type of violence is usually solved in a traditional manner. The community stated that the drought-induced displacement has highly affected the marriage practice, due to the lack of financial means to marry a second wife as well as the relationship among the couple. Safety and security: The community feels safe and there is free movement inside and around the IDP site during the day. During night time the movement of IDPs is very restricted due to the lack of light, in fear of thefts and snake. Kebele and clan leaders are responsible for the protection of the community.

Documentation and movement of populations: 75% of the community have no essential documents like ID, birth, marriage and divorce certificates. The respondents mentioned that being pastoralists, loosing key document and lack of awareness of the procedure to get documents can be the main reasons for not having those documents. According to respondents 70 new household recently arrived at the site. The DPPO usually registers the IDPs upon arrival. Family separation is not a concern for the IDPs in Waldaye Gabare. Social cohesion: The IDPs have a good relationship with the host community. The displaced community has been living in the town before the seasonal flood happened last year. Coping mechanism: The community has a resource sharing culture. Some head of households move to nearby areas to find work and support their family. Some families are sending their children to work in order to secure financial assistance for the whole family. 8.7 Koraley IDP site Koraley is an IDP site located between Dollo Ado (Ethiopia) and Dollo (Somalia). Koraley is 25 Km far away from Dollo Ado and is very close to Dollobay woreda. It was established as a result of the drought in Dollo Bay Woreda in 2017. There are around 367 households and 2,240 individuals in this site (DTM 12). The IDPs have access to services for water and sanitation services through a DRC intervention the previous months and the government is providing health and education services.

Major protection issues Access to services:

Food: The government has distributed sorgum 3 months before the visit. The distributed food finished after two weeks and it was not enough to feed the whole family. The delay of food assistance is affecting mainly children and elder people. The IDPs believe that the instability the change of the government structure and poor access to the road have delayed the food distribution.

WASH: DRC has been providing water through water trucking and constructed communal sex- segregated latrines for the IDPS. The IDPs are receiving water as per the standard (20L/P). The

community is informed about hygiene issues. AWD has also occurred and killed more than 20 IDPs last year.

Health: There is also a health center which serves both the IDPs and the host community. However, the health center doesn’t have enough facilities to serve the needs of both IDPs and host community. The location of the health center is far to access for persons with disability and elders, since they are travelling mainly on foot. Pregnant women prefer to deliver at home using traditional birth attendants. Women and girls are not informed regarding reproductive health.

Shelter: All shelters are temporary emergency shelters which can’t protect from rain, theft and any type of violence. The respondents stated that ‘the shelters have no locks. We don’t feel safe’ and there were also security incidents. There are also women who don’t have shelter and share a shelter with a man. They expressed as it is uncomfortable and that it compromises their privacy

Livelihood: The IDPs, especially women collect and sell firewood to earn income and support their families. Some of the community members are also hired as goat keepers in the nearby kebele and earn 800 ETB per month. The IDPs are highly engaged in irrigation /agricultural activities using Genalle river.

Education: Boys school attendance is much better than girls. Early marriage, early pregnancy and girl’s engagement at household activities have been mentioned as the main reasons for school drop out for girls.

The community is not informed about the available services to access. Even though there are not enough services, women said ‘‘priority is given to men and there is no female staff at the health center”. Lack of information about the availability of services is widely observed. Women feel safe accessing communal resources

Persons with specific need: The community identified women, separated and unaccompanied children, persons with disability and elders as the most vulnerable in the community. No specialized assistance or services are available for those group.

Child protection issues: There are orphan and separated children on site. The clan members and relatives are currently taking care of them.

GBV: One of the respondents said that ‘domestic violence is widely seen, but women feel shame to report and share the incident to the community and fear that their husband may divorce them’. The past six-months 14 cases were reported to the kebele leader and WOWCA. A perpetrator was also arrested and later the case was resolved by elders.

Culturally, men marry more than one wife paying the dowry. However, the drought and displacement have affected the marriage practice of the community.

In addition, while women collect firewood as a means of income, they travel far away close to the border and are at risk of rape and abduction. The number of divorced people is high due to many reasons.

Safety and security: The community feels safe and secure. The kebele leaders are responsible for the security of the IDPs. However, the lack of light makes the IDPs fear of snake, other insects, and theft during the night. Due the war between Ethiopia and Somalia, there are landmines still buried in Koraley IDP site.

Documentation and Movement of the population: The community has no restriction to move from place to place. According to the respondents, 25% of the community have basic documentation. The IDPs stated that there was no registration upon arrival by the local authorities. The past one month there were around 10 newly displaced HH that arrived to this IDP site. There are also IDPs leaving the site to get better assistance elsewhere. Drought and death of all their livestock has mentioned as the main reason for displacement

Social cohesion: The IDPs have a good relationship with the host community.

Coping mechanism: The IDPs share resources with their neighbors to survive. The kebele leaders and elders solve disputes in a traditional way whenever disputes occur.

9. Conclusions:

 The IDPs in Afder are underserved compared to other areas where DRC have intervention in Somalia region. They received limited humanitarian assistance compared to Fafan Zone and even Liben Zone.  Women, children, elderly and disabled persons are the most vulnerable IDP groups and have difficulty to access services, due to distance or availability.  In all assessed IDP sites, kebele leaders, clan leaders, and religious leaders are the ones receiving reports about safety and protection issues, responsible to resolve disputes and ensure the safety and security of the community.  The relationship between the IDP community and host communities is peaceful and supportive; in most of the areas, the host communities are willing to support IDP communities by sharing food items, shelter, water and land.  Domestic violence is a common type of GBV even though women don’t report, and men don’t recognize that it is happening in all IDP sites. There are no available services and referral mechanism for any type of violence.

 The number of women delivering at the health center and conduct regular medical follow up after delivery is very low.  Safety and security are not a concern for all IDPs. They move freely from place to place.with some restrictions due to clashes and lack of light  Access to documentation is at woreda level. 75% of the IDPs don’t have basic documentation like an ID card, marriage, birth, and death certificates.  There is no Safe space for women and girls or children in the community.  The majority of IDP communities are living in temporary shelters that can’t protect from rain and wind and accommodate all families. Some sites women share shelter with men- that jeopardizes their safety, dignity and privacy  Most of the IDPs use unprotected water sources and practice open defecation due to lack of latrines In Koraley, Weldaygebre(DRC), Darso and Allena (IOM and save the children) have constructed communal latrines. There clean water in Allena( constructed by PSA and IOM ) but more than 2KM ,DRC has rehabilitate water point in korale  Some of the humanitarian agencies providing assistance to the displaced community in Afder Zone are DRC, IOM and Save the children, Islamic relief, PSA.  In most of IDP sites, communities have no information about the available services and don’t know where to report any type of CP and GBV cases.  There is inward and outward movement reported in some of the IDP sites. IDPs leave the sites in order to get better assistance and children are also moving to other locations to be reunified with their family.  The IDPs livelihood relies on firewood collection and sale, daily labor, child labor, and resource sharing.  The school enrollment /attendance rate is low (20-50%) in all IDP sites.  Lack of dignity kit /Sanitary materials for women of reproductive age in all sites has been observed 10. Recommendations: Based on the findings the assessment team makes the following recommendations:  DRC should initiate protection activities in Korale, weldaye Gebre, Allana, Darso, Bare 01, but not in Wedykale. The road access is very challenging and far to coordinate from Dollo Ado office for now.  Systematic identification and registration of unaccompanied and separated children, orphan’s registration and family tracing must be conducted for all separated and unaccompanied children with the active envolvent of the relevant governmental agency  Support /facilitate the construction of safe space for the IDP and host community.  Advocate on behalf of IDPs for more humanitarian assistance in coordination forums  Provision of Food and NFI’s as immediate assistance and livelihood programs to improve the community asset, self-esteem and reduce vulnerability to negative coping mechanisms. 23

 Strength the community-based protection mechanism through capacity building, and awareness raising activities.  Establish and strengthen the referral mechanisms and pathways for the IDPs.  Strengthening information sharing and coordination mechanisms at zone and woreda level.  Promote equal and appropriate response for persons with a specific need in all IDP sites.