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Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia

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Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia Building Opportunities for Resilience in the Horn of Africa Prepared by BORESHA Consortium Partners: Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia Building Opportunities for Resilience in the Horn of Africa Final Report Submitted to CARE Somalia 21st November 2018 2 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 1 Context .......................................................................................................................................17 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................17 About BORESHA .................................................................................................................................17 Background to Assignment ................................................................................................................17 Structure of this report ........................................................................................................................18 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................18 1.2 The Study Area: Cross border Area between Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia ...............................22 Population and demography in Mandera Triangle...........................................................................23 Governance (Policy and Institutional Environment) ..........................................................................24 Cross-Border NRM ..............................................................................................................................24 Section 2: Results of Mapping Exercise.................................................................................................25 2.1 Infrastructure....................................................................................................................................25 Transportation & Communication .................................................................................................25 Social Amenities (Immigration, Schools, health facilities) .........................................................26 Flood Control .....................................................................................................................................27 2.2 Water Resources.............................................................................................................................28 Available Water Resources .................................................................................................................28 Management of Transboundary Water Resources ....................................................................28 Water Supply Infrastructure.............................................................................................................29 Water Quality .....................................................................................................................................31 Water Use and Demand..................................................................................................................34 Water Resources Potential (including 3R Mapping Potential) .................................................34 2.3 Land Use and Land Cover............................................................................................................35 Existing Land Use Patterns................................................................................................................35 Changes in Land Use and Land Cover ........................................................................................36 3 Crop Market Trade Routes ..............................................................................................................41 2.4 Human and Livestock Mobility.....................................................................................................42 Drivers of Human and Livestock Mobility......................................................................................42 Livestock Mobility Patterns...............................................................................................................43 Human Mobility Patterns..................................................................................................................44 2.5 Livelihoods, Commerce and Markets.........................................................................................45 Livelihoods Analysis of Mandera Triangle.....................................................................................45 Cross-border Trade and Commerce.............................................................................................45 Existing Market Infrastructure ..........................................................................................................46 Markets for Livestock and Livestock Products...................................................................................46 Markets for Agricultural Products ...................................................................................................46 2.6 Conflict .............................................................................................................................................48 Drivers of Conflict ..............................................................................................................................48 Cross-Border NRM and Conflict......................................................................................................49 Conflict Mitigation Mechanisms.....................................................................................................50 2.7 Gender and Social Inclusion ........................................................................................................50 Gender Dimensions of Cross-border NRM....................................................................................51 Social Inclusion and Marginalized Populations ...........................................................................51 Section 3 Promoting Cross-border NRM and Resilience ...................................................................53 3.1 Existing Institutional Mechanisms and Interventions ................................................................53 3.2 Gaps and Opportunities for Cross-border NRM........................................................................53 3.3 Proposed interventions ..................................................................................................................54 Section 4 Conclusions and Implications for BORESHA Project.........................................................56 4.1 Policy and Institutional Environment ...........................................................................................56 4.2 Community attitudes to cross-border NRM ...............................................................................56 4.3 Potential Investments towards Resilience..................................................................................57 4.4 Implications for BORESHA..............................................................................................................57 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................................58 4 Figure 1Map of the cross-border area between Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia showing the study area for the BORESHA NRM Mapping Study ............................................................................18 Figure 2 BORESHA Infrastructure Map..................................................................................................27 Figure 3 Map showing drainage sub-basins covering the cross-border region between Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. Source: (Mohamed, 2014) .............................................................................29 Figure 4 Map showing location of existing water resources and water infrastructure ...............31 Figure 5 Map showing Water Resources potential of the BORESHA project area using 3R Approach...................................................................................................................................................35 Figure 6 Map showing land-use patterns in the cross-border Area of Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia (pastoralist grazing lands and irrigated farming land are highlighted) .........................36 Figure 7(a) Closed shrubland in Bardale, Dollo Ado, and (b) Riverine vegetation in Una, Doolow........................................................................................................................................................37 Figure 8 Landcover Map indicating bare ground or “Prosopsis Hotspots”. ..................................38 Figure 9 Land cover type after Prosopsis invasion (2018) .................................................................39
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