PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Twitter: @USAID www.usaid.gov

This annual report is dedicated to the memory of ALEX AMUNO Pact Inc. the Secretary of the Kaabong Twitter: @PactWorld Peace Ambassadors (KPAs) www.pactworld.org/country/kenya See page 29.

Mercy Corps, Kenya Twitter: @mercycorps Acknowledgments www.mercycorps.org/countries/kenya

This annual report was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Pact and Mercy Corps with leadership from Leslie F. Mitchell, Sarah Gibbons, Abdi Mohamed Abdi, Ubah Hassan Abdi, Sylvester Abara, Jacqueline Ndirangu, Josiah Mukoya and Martin Namasaka and many others. SOMALI CLUSTER CONTACT COUNTRY CONTACT Ubah Hassan Abdi Sarah Gibbons, Chief of Party We are grateful to our local partners: [email protected] PEACE III, Pact, Kenya Kiunga Youth Bunge Initiative (KYBI) • Agency for Peace and Specifically, we appreciate the following for [email protected] KARAMOJA CLUSTER CONTACT: Development (APD) • Peace and Development Agency their support: 1047 Braeside Gardens, Sylvester Abara Lavington, , Kenya (WPDA) • Raia Development Initiative (RDI) • Rachel Elrom for copy editing, Stefan Peterson [email protected] District Peace Committee (MDPC) • Mandera Women for and Karen Wangari for offering their graphics Peace and Development (WFPD) • Inter Group (IAG) • design and layout services. Network for Peace and Development (NEPED) • Strategies for Northern Development (SND) • St Peter’s Community DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this report are This Annual Report is made possible by the generous support of the American people Network (SAPCONE) • Peace and Development Center (PDC) those of the authors, and in no way entirely reflect through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). • Agency for Pastoralist Development (APaD) • Dodoth those of USAID, Pact or Mercy Corps. Agropastoralists Deveopment Organization (DADO) • The contents are the responsibility of Pact and Mercy Corps and do not necessarily reflect Matheniko Development Forum (MADEFO) • SIKOM Peace PHOTO CREDITS: Martin Namasaka, Susan Liebold, Network for Development (SIKOM). Dennis Koech, Ibrahim Ngele and Issa Mohammad the views of USAID or the United States Government. Hussein. PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PREFACE

ANNUAL REPORT Table of contents

Key points...... i key points Abbreviations and acronyms...... iii Foreword...... iv Executive summary...... 1 A Word on Integration: What We Know...... 4 Introduction to PEACE III...... 7 PEACE III Model of Change...... 7 Geographic Focus...... 8 Context Analysis...... 12. Kenyan Elections Terror Attacks ’s Internal Conflicts and Politics Climate Change Strengthened horizontal Overview of Qualitative Achievements...... 16 and vertical linkages within Social Reconciliation between Conflict-Affected Cross- and between local, national Border Communities...... 18. Government Effectiveness in Peace and Security. . . . 58 and regional cross border Increased community Significant Changes in Cross-Border Community ...... Support to National and County-Level Policy conflict management actors 1 engagement in processes Relationships...... 19 Frameworks...... 60 that built social Dassenach-Turkana (PEACE III Zone 5) Government-Community Engagement...... 63 Increased community reconciliation Dodoth-Turkana (PEACE III Zone 6) Inter-Governmental Collaboration...... 66 Gabra-Borana (PEACE III Zone 4) capacity to network and Chiefs Forum...... 67 4 Degodia- (PEACE III Zone 4) Enabling Government Response to Conflict ...... 69 engage collaboratively Increased capacity Frameworks of Cooperation...... 22 Learning and Ways Forward...... 72 to address cross-border and funding of Resource-Sharing Agreements PEACE III Partners as Strong, Well-Recognized, issues both horizontally consortium Peace Agreements 2 Networked Local Peace Actors ...... 73 partners Trauma Healing...... 29 and vertically Organizational Sustainability...... 74 Peace Dividends...... 32 5 Strategic Planning and Resource Mobilization Kobebe Dam Workshop Contributed to Hulugho Maternity Ward Strengthened local MERL/Communications Workshop Quf Dika Water Pan government capacity to positive resilience to Sustaining Impact...... 75 Andarak Water Pan violent conflict Sustaining Program Learning and Approaches. . . . 76 engage in and address … Community Hall s Learning and Ways Forward...... 79 cross border-conflict a Diff Kenya-Diff Access Road

h Dobley Livestock Market Program Support to IGAD-CEWARN...... 80 alongside counterparts and 3 6 Culture as a Unifier...... 36 Enhancing National CEWERUs’ Engagement in Local communities m

a Learning and Ways Forward...... 38 Peace Work r Supporting Engagement across CEWERUs g Capacities and Networks of Local Peace Actors Strengthening Local EWER and Conflict Management . o and Institutions...... 40 r Mechanisms

p Women’s Empowerment...... 41

I Women’s Cross-Border Networking for Collaboration with Other U.S. Government-Funded

I

I Peace and CVE Programs...... 82

E Strengthening Capacities Project Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting, C Women Influencing for Change A and Learning ...... 84 E Youth Empowerment...... 46 Annual Performance...... 84 P Empowering Youth Leaders PROJECT SUMMARY: Use of alternate assessment methodologies. . . . . 84 Security Official Forums Program Administration...... 87 Award No. AID 623-A-14-00004 primary objective: secondary objective: Changing the Lives of At-Risk Youth Performance Indicators...... 88 Start Date: 1 May, 2014 Customary Leaders, Elders, and Religious Leaders. .52 To strengthen localEnd Date: 31To April improve 2019 the responsiveness of Local Peace Structures...... 53 Learning and Ways Forward...... 56 cross-border conflictReport Period: Octregional 1, 2017 – Sept and 30, 2018 national institutions management systemsTotal Award: $to 20,254,480 cross-border conflict

i pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions ii PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

Foreword

As the Pact Kenya Country Director, it is with great pride and accomplishment that I present to you this annual report. It highlights many notable achievements by the PEACE III program and the continued progress in the pursuit of peace and security in the Horn of Africa.

As you read the report, I hope you will gain insight into the breadth and depth of our work in cross-border conflict management. I pledge to continue the quest for greater knowledge, better programs and enhanced capacity in peacebuilding, along the borders of Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Abbreviations and acronyms Uganda. The accomplishments by PEACE III to date, and the work ahead depends on ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution MOU Memorandum of Understanding the support and contributions of our local partners and dedicated staff, who APaD Agency for Pastoralist Development MPR USAID-facilitated Mid-cycle Portfolio Review work in challenging contexts across the . I am immensely grateful to APD Agency for Peace and Development MTIN Inter-Faith Network AS Al Shabaab NCTC National Counter Terrorism Center those individuals and partners whose energy and support sustain this work. As ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands NEPED Network For Peace and Development importantly, I would like to thank and appreciate the generous support of the Leslie F. Mitchell BMC Border Management Committee NGO Non-Governmental Organization American people through the United States Agency for International Development Country Director BMS Border Management Secretariat NIWETU Niwajibu Wetu Program (USAID), who makes this work possible. CAP County Action Plan NPR National Police Reservist CBO Community-Based Organization NRM Natural Resource Management CD Capacity Development NSC National Steering Committee for Conflict CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Management and Peace Building Mechanism OH Outcome Harvesting PEACE III is rooted in an ideal: to contribute to stability in the Horn of Africa CEWERU Conflict Early Warning and Early Response OLF Oromo Liberation Front Unit ONA Organizational Network Analysis by strengthening the local cross-border conflict management systems and CVE Countering Violent Extremism OPI Organizational Performance Index improving the responsiveness of regional and national institutions to cross- CWG Community Working Group PC Peace Committee border conflicts. DADO Dodoth Agropastoralists Development PDC Peace and Development Center Organization PDP Peace Dividend Project Since its inception the program has sought to strengthen and sustain networks of DDG Danish Demining Group PLA Participatory Learning and Action actors in remote border areas who are working hard to build peace and security DDM Dukana-Dilo-Maikona PV-MSC Participatory Video/Most Significant Change in their localities; in order to create the conditions for development and growth. DFID U.K. Department for International RA Results Area Through-out this year the program has begun to see and understand better the Development RDI Raia Development Initiative EWER Early Warning and Early Response RSA Resource Sharing Agreement results of this work with our local partners. Systems, capacities and relationships GOU Government of Uganda SAPCONE St. Peter’s Community Network are shifting creating spaces for new actors to cooperate and providing the IAG Inter Africa Group SFCG Search for Common Ground frameworks within which issues and differences can be discussed and addressed. IED Improvised Explosive Device SGI Security Governance Initiative IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development SIKOM SIKOM Peace Network for Development This work is complex and not without challenges. The areas in which PEACE Sarah Gibbons IP Implementing Partner SND Strategies for Northern Development III operates are remote, volatile locations where communities’ everyday lives Chief of Party KDF Kenya Defence Force SR Social Reconciliation are subject to significant risks and threats. Sustaining attitudinal and relational KES Kenyan Shillings TCG Government changes towards peace, when they may appear contrary to meeting other needs, at km Kilometer(s) TH Trauma Healing least in the short term, can be challenging. Over this year the program has learnt, KPA Kaabong Peace Ambassadors TOC Theory of Change KRA Kenya Revenue Authority TVET Technical Vocational Education Training more than ever, the value of integrated programming that supports communities’ KYBI Kiunga Youth Bunge Initiative UPDF Uganda Patriotic Defence Force other needs, whilst incentivising continued peace and cooperation LAPSSET Port South Sudan Ethiopia Transport US United States Corridor USAID United States Agency for International PEACE III continues to learn, adapt and respond and overall it is a great privilege LCV5 Local Councillor 5 Development to serve as the Chief of Party for the program. I am extremely proud of its MADEFO Matheniko Development Forum USD United States dollar(s) accomplishments and all the people who have made these happen – our dedicated MDPC Mandera District Peace Committee VE Violent Extremism staff and partners. MERL Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting, and WFPD Mandera Women For Peace and Development Learning WPDA Wajir Peace and Development Agency

iii pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions iv Executive summary

This annual report covers progress on the PEACE III program between October 2017 and September 2018. In this 4th full year of implementation the program has focused heavily on sustainability, of its partners and impacts; and on understanding better the program’s results and the processes through which change occurs.

he year has been challenging, both in in 2017. While far from ideal the process was terms of the operating context and an important growth opportunity for the T programmatic hurdles. During the partners, and allowed the program to test year, many program areas were affected by the sustainability of its work to date: 1) to the Kenyan 2017 general elections petitions, review the continued presence, actions and nullifications and appeals that hampered relationships of partners; and many remained county leadership and local Community Based active, and 2) to review the sustainability Organisations’ (CBOs) abilities to focus on of relations between communities, some of peacebuilding. Ethiopia’s internal conflicts which persisted but some of which became and politics that created instability along strained, highlighting the fragility of early the Kenya-Somalia border, terror attacks peace. by Al Shabaab who are increasingly present During this period the program also far within Kenya, and climatic changes, focused on learning and results, testing specifically the drought episodes in 2017 and methodologies that analyse, document, early 2018, which put significant stress on and communicate changes in attitudes, many border communities and their abilities behaviours, relationships and institutions. to maintain peace. These include: Participatory Video/Most Programmatic focus has also been heavily Significant Change (PV-MSC) that unpacks tilted towards Kenya, with program impacts at the individual and community receiving most of its funds from the Security level, an external mid-cycle portfolio review Governance Initiative, which focuses on (MPR) conducted by USAID’s Washington border management in Kenya, and specifically team on climate change and conflict, and on communication between border Outcome Harvesting (OH) that gathers and communities and the government. For nine analyzes outcomes across the program months of this year, PEACE III local partners as a whole. Each assessment helped the did not implement program activities due program to better understand the changes it to delays in the finalisation and approval of is contributing to, and the value of different local partner sub-grants. As a result, the total programmatic approaches. Achievement in number of people reached by the program several areas was noted that the program has dropped to 8,244 in 2018, compared to 10,591 continued to support over the year:

SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 1

» PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PREFACE

TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE REACHED BY THE PROGRAM OVER THE YEARS Strengthened local government capacity being held with the national government. Policy to engage in and address cross-border frameworks that the program is supporting, such as Increased community engagement in Cluster. From these efforts, the program conflict. PEACE III works increasingly in the Community Safety Policy in Turkana, and the processes that build social reconciliation. has seen a huge change in the confidence, support of government priorities, facilitating CVE County Action Plans, should go some way to intergovernmental collaboration, policy Over the year the program continued to engagement and recognition of women’s address this, but it also suggests the need to change development and implementation, and support the development and implementation role in peacebuilding. Networks of women the way that donors negotiate partnerships with engagement between government and of frameworks of cooperation along the Kenya- leaders from both Karamoja and Somali the government from the beginning of programs, to communities. More than 15 events were held Uganda and the Kenya-Ethiopia borders. cluster have taken the lead in on resource clarify expectations and partnerships. These frameworks contain agreements sharing or CVE discussions, mobilized women this year, to build trust and communication on resource sharing, compensation and in their communities, and lobbied for more between the government and community, PEACE III has also increased the capacity of alternative dispute mechanisms and provide participation of women in peace processes. reaching more than 1,200. This increased focus consortium partners. PEACE III continued to build an opportunity for border communities to Due to this support, over 230 women are now on government-community cooperation is the capacity of its 14 local partners over the year, strengthen and govern their relations. They playing a substantial role in peacebuilding and noted in the OH report which says ... directing their focus to sustainability of their also provide consensus-based frameworks more than 2,000 people have been reached If evaluators included all outcomes that institutions and impacts. Grants are provided this in which other ‘non-peace’ issues such as through the women’s forums. \At-risk youth incorporated a statement about positive year that build in flexibility, through contingency trade, climate change adaptation etc. can who are vulnerable to recruitment into Al- change in interacting vertically between funds, and capacity development to enable the be discussed and collectively addressed, shabaad or engaging in conflict and crime, and community and government than this partners to address identified gaps. Program to ‘thicken’ and sustain relations and youth leaders also remain a key stakeholder set of outcomes would become the most teams have also provided ongoing mentoring and specific trainings in strategic planning and resource disincentivise future violence. As noted by group, with the program reaching over 4,000 common theme found in the analysis.” In the mobilization, and Monitoring Evaluation, Reporting the MPR these frameworks are invaluable to youth this year. The OH report notes that Karamoja cluster program partners played & Learning (MERL) and Strategic Communications. the wider resilience agenda” and demonstrate “taken as a body of work it is clear that youth a key role in facilitating intergovernmental This support continues to see partners grow in the the need for new forms of programming that have been mobilized through the PEACE III discussions to address escalating tensions quality of their work, in their diversity of funding truly integrates peace and development. The program and particularly in the area of CVE, along the Kenya-Uganda border. These and in their networks and reputation. program also continued to invest in trauma and that youth have had a positive, and in unlocked options to allow immediate resource access but also enabled the healing (TH) to support social reconciliation many cases powerful impact on improving PEACE III maintains its relationship with IGAD- development of longer solutions to the and reintegration, based on learning and security within the communities and across Conflict Early Warning Mechanism (CEWARN) challenge of migration. Chiefs were essential evidence of its value to both individual and the border”. Youth from all over the Somali providing opportunities for national Conflict Early to these discussions, and the program community change. Four new TH groups were cluster have worked to stop radicalization and Warning and Response Units (CEWERUs) to engage continues to support the active Chiefs forum, supported, with twenty-seven trauma healing to build trust with security forces to promote in local peace processes, as well as supporting scaling this approach to other areas of the events conducted during the year. the reporting of terrorist-related violence. specific national priorities. Overall, the program program such as the Dassenach-Turkana They have also raised their voices on issues continues to bring people and government together, corridor, and Lamu and Mandera areas of Increased capacity amongst communities’ they were previously exclude from, calling to build trust and social capital, and to support them Somali cluster. capacity to network and engage upon religious leaders and elders to make to jointly address the complex issues that inhibit collaboratively. The program has successfully space for them and to recognise their role in More than 900 chiefs have been networked peace. This speaks of building resilience, and the supported local groups and key actors to peace. The traditional leadership continues to through this work. program continues to seek partnership with others lead cross-border peace processes, engage exert significant authority over communities. to strengthen and sustain this work, acknowledging in policy-level dialogues and advocate Over the year PEACE III has engaged more There has been a noticeable shift in leadership that peace is necessary but not sufficient to ensure on behalf of their communities. Women than 190 religious leaders to help them more and commitment of government but accessing stability and sustainability in these cross-border Leaders, continue to be a significant focus of clearly understanding their role in CVE and governmental resources for peace continues communities. the program, expanding the success of the create networks where they can more safely to be a challenge. Some of this relates to the Karamoja Women’s Forum into the Somali engage on this sensitive issue. mandate of security (and associated resources)

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A WORD ON INTEGRATION: A WORD ON INTEGRATION: What We Know

Integrated approaches recognize individuals a “thickening” of the peace and conflict agenda that What We Know as ‘whole-people’ who have multiple needs, and enables communities to build off the collaborative incentive-based decision-making processes. The learning and decision-making structures that the Over the life of PEACE III, the value extent to which these diverse needs and incentives peace processes have helped them to establish to of integrated programming has become more are met and to which communities arrive at collectively owned resilience agendas. apparent. The program seeks to bring about changes in behaviours, relationships and In conducting a mid-term portfolio review (MPR) institutions to promote peace and prevent and of the project’s contribution to climate change manage violence. adaptation, a team from USAID Washington concluded that “peace is necessary but not PEACE III’s contribution to these changes is sufficient to ensure stability and sustainability in through the provision of skills, and knowledge these cross-border communities.” It recommended and through opportunities for different groups to positively engage, discuss and resolve problems together. This support can realise significant changes in attitudes, trust and the ways in which people relate and institutions act; and these changes can be foundational to other interactions. The challenge is sustaining these outcomes, in the absence of other SUSTAINING SUSTAINING SUSTAINING complementary support. BEHAVIOURS RELATIONS INSTITUTIONS The areas in which PEACE III operates are • Address multiple, • Create reinforcing • Leverage institutions that remote, volatile locations where communities’ individual needs connectors bring people together • Provide • Find things that around things people care everyday lives are subject to significant risks opportunities for people mutually about: fishing committees, and threats. Sustaining attitudinal and relational productive action value: trade, access to resource-sharing committees, changes when they may appear contrary to services or resources marketing committees meeting other needs, at least in the short term, may be unrealistic.

Discussions at the PEACE III partner workshop PEACE III’s still-evolving institutional platforms represent an opportunity on sustainability noted the importance of for program integration with other USAID activities related to livelihoods, integrated approaches in sustaining peace environment, climate change, natural resource management, extractives and outcomes. other aspects of a broader resilience agenda. It should be noted that this is

“We are wasting a lot of time talking qualitatively different from adopting conflict-sensitive approaches to specific about peace, yet we don’t know how project activities in these issue-areas or specific project add-ons and adaptations to make peace. Let’s open up cross to changing forms of conflict during the life of a project (e.g., USAID 2017). border markets. That’s the only In this case, peace committees and other related institutions are already in way we can enjoy peace across the place, predicated on the maintenance of peace as a prerequisite for successful border” development activities, with their existence already reflecting a negotiated consensus among the full range of stakeholders and the active support of local Kraal Leaders Lodiko Sub-county and national governments.

MTR, USAID, 2018

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ASAL 2018 conference Introduction to In September 2018, PEACE III team members attended the Arid and Semi-Arid “There cannot be Lands (ASALs) conference convened by the Ministry of Devolution and ASALs, any peace without PEACE III with the theme “Unlocking the Potential of ASALs for accelerated National Development.” The event was attended by senior delegates from the Kenyan development. There national and county governments, donors, and partner organizations. The cannot be development project saw this as an opportunity to highlight the importance of considering without peace” peace and security in the development agenda of the ASALs and of the need Description Model of change for integrated programming. The team presented key program materials and Participant quote at the ASAL attended breakout sessions, during which the recognition of the centrality of Conference The United States Agency for The PEACE III model of change illustrates how the project peace to development and vice versa was made apparent. International Development fosters horizontal and vertical linkages between local, (USAID)-funded PEACE III national, and regional conflict management actors. These HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE DISCUSSIONS: program is a five-year regional relationships are critical to the program’s success. This model conflict transformation program contends that horizontal networks are required to create an The Governor of Turkana expressed his awarded to Pact in partnership effective, collaborative, inclusive, and diverse peace system, appreciation with PEACE III activities and with Mercy Corps in April 2014. while creating stronger vertical networks is key to improving requested more integration with development PEACE III builds on PEACE I macro-level analysis and high-level support to grassroots programs. He noted that water, peace, and and PEACE II; previous USAID- peace efforts. Both types of linkages are integral to promoting governance were priority issues for the county. funded cross-border conflict an integrated, multi-level approach to peacebuilding. mitigation programs. It focuses on addressing the diverse and The project achieves this model through four results areas (RAs), each of which has its own theory of change (TOC): evolving drivers of conflict and 1.1: Communities more open to social reconciliation insecurity along the borders of 1.2: Community peacebuilding capacity mobilized Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, South 1.3 Local governments partner with cross-border counterparts and Sudan, and Uganda and ultimately Attendees apppreciate the communities in conflict management contributes to stability in the communication materials developed 1.4 Capacity of Horn of Africa NGOs to support local cross-border Horn of Africa by strengthening by the PEACE III program. conflict management Increased the horizontal and vertical linkages within and between local, Plus, a secondary objective which focus on support to the Inter- national, and regional conflict Governmental Authority on Development’s (IGAD) Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN), with RAs. management actors. 2.1: CEWARN Strategic Framework Objectives Achieved, 2.2: IGAD CEWARN Management Systems Strengthened Dr. Ondieki George Kiage for the Ministry of Livestock PEACE III HAS TWO Development, Lamu, noted that good work that OBJECTIVES: KYBI is doing with youth in Lamu and recognised the importance of peace in enabling economic activities. Objective 1 IGAD, CEWERN PRIMARY secretariat OBJECTIVE Strengthen local cross-border Higher Level CEWARN Conflict Management conflict management systems System National

Vertical Linkages - Key people - Key Linkages Vertical CEWERUs Objective 2

SECONDARY Community Local RESULT networks and RESULT Government CBOs and Security OBJECTIVE Improve the responsiveness RESULT Actors Lower Level Supporting Abdul Kadirs, Member of County Assembly, Bute, CEWARN Conflict NGOs of regional and national Management System Wajir North, noted the importance of county institutions to cross-border RESULT Conflict affected government’s engaging in peace, particularly at the conflict cross-border communities borders, despite security being a national function.

Horizontal Linkages - More people

6 PREFACE SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 7 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT INTRODUCTION TO PREFACEPEACE III

ETIPIA

SUT South ETIPIA Kapoeta East SUAN Omo SUT South Borena Liben SUAN Kapoeta East Omo Borena Liben Kapoeta 6 Ikotos Kapoeta 5 Turkana Ikotos Turkana 4 Kotido Kotido Marsabit 3 Gedo Gedo Moroto Moroto Wajir Wajir

Nakapiripirit Nakapiripirit SAIA SAIA UGANA West Pokot7&8 UGANA West Pokot Amudat Amudat 2 Lower Juba Lower Juba ENA 1 ENA Garissa

Lamu TANANIA Lamu TANANIA

Geographic focus ZONAL OPERATIONAL MAP WITH LOCAL PARTNERS Garissa/Lower Juba Ethiopia, Moyale Kenya KYBI, APD SND, IAG, NEPED 1 4 KEY APPROACHES: Peace agreements, border KEY APPROACHES: Border management, management, religious leaders networking, peace ZONAL HEAT MAP OF INCIDENCES community policing, community and government clubs engagement, chiefs' forums, CVE action plans Turkana, Dassenach High Wajir - Upper Juba SAPCONE, PDC APD, WPDA 5 2 KEY APPROACHES: EWER and peace committees, KEY APPROACHES: Border management, Inter/Intra chiefs forums, resource sharing agreements Low community dialogues, networking women, youth & religious leaders Loki - Kapoeta/ Kaabong - Turkana West DADO, APaD Mandera - Gedo 6 IAG, MDPC, WFPD KEY APPROACHES: Trauma healing, resource 3 sharing agreements , women’s forums, chiefs KEY APPROACHES: Women, youth & religious forum, intergovernmental cooperation leaders networking and capacity, Border Management, community peace dialogues, CVE action plans Moroto - Loima/Amudat - West Pokot SIKOM, MADEFO, APaD 7&8 KEY APPROACHES: Trauma healing, resource management agreements, intergovernmental cooperation, chiefs forum, women's forums

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The project also collaborated on efforts Local CBO to build peace and security with: partners • Danish Demining Group’s (DDG) Tur program in support of the Security kana -Da sse Over the year, PEACE Governance Initiative (SGI) ne th III has worked with the • Mercy Corps Sustaining Peace and G a local community-based W r a is Promoting Prosperity Program in j a ir - organizations (CBOs) - L U o Uganda p w p e represented in the e r r T J u J u • Pact’s European Union-funded u r b k illustration left. These b N a a a

y Selam Ekisil (SEEK) and Regional n a a

partners provide essential m -

D

g

SOMALI Approaches for Sustainable Conflict KARAMOJA a

a

s

links to communities t

s

o e

Management and Integration m

CLUSTER CLUSTER n

and government and e t

(RASMI) h

critical information and - knowledge on the local • DAI’s Niwajibu Wetu (NIWETU) cross-border contexts. Program on coordinating countering violent extremism (CVE) efforts

S • Search for Common Ground (SFCG) om a li c in Lamu lus ter -wide • Aga Khan Foundation in Lamu KEY: CORRIDOR

SUB-CORRIDOR

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Ethiopia’s Internal Conflicts and Political Transformation Ethiopia saw unprecedented shifts 3 in its political dynamics, leading to the resignation of the Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn, Abiy Ahmed from the Oromo Democratic Party to take over, and the country to subsequently lift the state of emergency. Despite many favourable developments, including ending of hostilities with Eritrea and progress toward peace with internal opposition movements such as the Ogaden National Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the country also experienced escalating internal conflicts as some resisted the changes or saw them as opportunities to address long-standing grievances. Terror Attacks The conflict between communities in the Context analysis This year, the threat of AS remained the opportunity to infiltrate border towns, Oromia and Somali regional states reignited a major challenge to peace, security, preach, and warn locals against aiding the Several issues affected PEACE III’s in Moyale in July 2017 between the Borana 2 and the operations of project partners government. operational areas this year, specifically and Garre clans. Over the past year, it grew to and other peace actors along the Kenya- Border communities are simultaneously most take on regional dimensions between Oromo regarding security levels and dynamics Somalia border. Increasingly, AS became a vulnerable to AS and to the resulting responses and Somali communities, with many lives lost and the project’s ability to operate trans-boundary phenomenon, operating out from security forces. Whilst the area around and significant displacement into Kenya. In of both Kenya and Somalia and staging attacks effectively within them. Mandera town experienced improvements March 2018, Ethiopian security forces shot and throughout Lamu, Gairra, Wajir, and Mandera in security due to the construction of the killed nine people and injured eleven others counties. border fence, other areas across the county, after it received intelligence about possible Kenyan Elections such as , Fino Arabia, Elwak, and Kutulo, OLF activities; the government later called This project year coincided with Kenya’s Escalations in attacks occurred at specific times experienced major incidents as militants the attack a “mistake.” Following the incident, prolonged election year. In late 2017, of the year. In early 2018, during the rainy took advantage of the unmanned and porous close to 10,000 Ethiopian Oromos crossed the 1 government officials were mainly season, AS destroyed communication masts border. Security operations were often border to seek asylum in Kenya. concerned with the process of re-running along the Kenya-Somalia border, engaged in gun battles with security forces, and attacked regarded as heavy handed, often resulting in the presidential elections, the results of Toward the end of the year, instability Qarsa primary school in Wajir, killing two school communities migrating from their homes in which were nullified by the Supreme Court appeared to be spilling into Kenya with teachers. The rains help AS because roads used Boji Garas in , Liboi in Garissa in September 2017. Subsequent petitions ethnic clashes between the Burji, Gabra, and by military vehicles become impassable and County, and Elram in . against gubernatorial results continued into Borana communities. As the year closed, local the militants tend to move around on foot. The the second quarter of the reporting year and Also, at play were suspected state-sponsored government and peace actors in the area seem attack on the school had serious ramifications severely hampered some counties’ abilities to disappearances and allegations of extra- to have managed to restore some level of for local schoolchildren, with a mass exodus of function effectively. Altogether, the petitions, judicial killings that further deepened calm, but tensions have remained. The Moyale non-local teachers stemming from the Teachers nullifications, and appeals affected county existing mistrust and divisions between the area is important strategically, politically, and Service Commission’s Directive to withdraw leadership’s abilities to focus on peacebuilding communities and the state. Despite ongoing economically and has long been contested non-locals from these areas. This rendered and development and continued to divide peace efforts to build trust and relationships between Oromo and Somali communities. many schools non-functional. Between April the community along party lines, which, in between the communities and security PEACE III worked closely with the local and June, AS escalated attacks on roads many places fall along clan/ethnic lines. The agencies, many community members continue government to support ongoing peace efforts, between Mandera and Wajir and along the resulting governance and security vacuum to hesitant to report and share information but planned project activities were delayed by borders by planting of improvised explosive gave Al Shabaab (AS) an open advantage to with the security agencies due to fears for their the instability. devices (IEDs). These escalations are somewhat propagate its activities, particularly in Kenyan own safety. counties that border Somalia. expected during Ramadan as militants take

12 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 13 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT INTRODUCTION TO PEACE III

The drought episodes experienced during the year placed major strains on the Loyoro resource-sharing agreement (RSA), which the program supported the Dodoth and the Turkana to sign in 2017, and on the emerging RSA between the Turkana and Dassenach of Ethiopia.

Climate Change Effects supported many local leader and government The project experienced this on several the year placed major strains on the Loyoro The start of this reporting year saw dialogues to negotiate access for the Turkana, occasions, when team members could not visit resource-sharing agreement (RSA), which many communities experiencing and to develop longer term solutions to the sites and beneficiaries were unable to attend the program supported the Dodoth and the 4 major drought conditions. This challenge of migration. events. Turkana to sign in 2017, and on the emerging situation, coupled with political disturbances, RSA between the Turkana and Dassenach of Following the drought, many project areas, Climatic change has been stretching led to major escalations in livestock raids Ethiopia. particularly in Turkana, Mandera, Elwak, community relationships to their limits. In across the Kenya-Uganda borders between the and Moyale, experienced significant rainfall, cases where communities have made advances This challenge calls for more integrated Turkana, Dodoth, and Jie communities during resulting in floods that led to human and toward peace, challenges faced during severe approaches that support peaceful a period heightened migration. livestock deaths and rendered many roads climatic episodes can undo this progress as collaboration and provide communities with In November 2017, the escalating tensions impassable and contributing to the spread of communities search for the means to keep information to facilitate better planning and ultimately led to the expulsion of the Turkana livestock diseases. In these remote locations, themselves and their livelihoods alive. tangible options for adapting in the face of from Uganda and the use of helicopters to man flash floods can quickly cut off areas, affecting climate change. The drought episodes experienced during the border. During this period the program the movement of goods and people.

14 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 15 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

Overview of OVERALL PERFORMANCE FINDINGS The OH report (see ANNEX) concluded that “PEACE relationships to support border management, and III has strengthened horizontal and vertical linkages an improved enabling environment for cross-border Qualitative within and between local, national and regional management. This is significant for SGI objectives. cross-border conflict management actors” A summary of the key findings notes: Increased community engagement in processes that built SR: Nearly a fourth of Achievements Increased community capacity to network outcomes described strengthened cross- and engage collaboratively to address 3 border conflict management brought cross-border issues both horizontally about through SR, characterized as outcomes 1 and vertically: Nearly a third of the resulting in improved community relationships. outcomes reflected the establishment of new Increased capacity of consortium he focus of the program in this and approvals from USAID for the partner horizontal linkages among cross-border groups partners: Seven outcomes focused reporting year has been on work plans. This disrupted the continuation or communities to work collaboratively together specifically on the results of CD efforts sustainability; of the program’s of local peace processes and the ability of the to address cross-border conflict. Outcomes T (by Pact) of consortium partners. Nearly impacts, partners and approaches. This program to adequately respond to emerging captured the CD successes of PEACE III partners 4 a third of the local partners reported that they focus has been delivered through specifically contexts, but through Pact and Mercy Corps in skill building for local groups and key actors to had expanded their work areas, partnerships and designed processes which support the the program continued providing high-level coordinate community efforts, lead cross-border increased funding sources. institutional growth of local implementing support to national and local governments and peace processes, and manage cross-border efforts. partners (IPs); peace and security policies, where possible activated contingency funds to Outcomes also described how many of these efforts Impacts reported tended to describe action plans and strategies; institutional support conflict response. incorporated local government as a collaborating positive resilience more so than frameworks for local structures; frameworks partner (suggesting successful vertical linkages). reduction in conflict. The analysis During this period program also focused on for cooperation between local communities; 5 notes that PEACE III impacts captured understanding and assessing its approaches Strengthened local government capacity and mechanisms for engagement between seem to reflect a description of positive resilience and impacts. Assessments were conducted to engage in and address cross-border communities and government on peace. – ‘attributes that ensure that societies have the using varied methodologies, such as conflict alongside counterparts and During this year the program was funded capacity to address conflict in a constructive Participatory Video/Most Significant Change communities: Nearly a third of the predominantly by funds from the Security 2 manner no matter when it erupts and to leverage (PV-MSC) to understand impacts on individual statements described how PEACE III actors had Governance Initiative, a partnership between these assets into stability over time’. It notes that and community levels, an external mid- facilitated meetings that brought together local the United States Government and the resilience, rather than incidence, perhaps offers a cycle portfolio review conducted by USAID’s government, security and/or local authorities/ Government of Kenya (GoK) to enhance better evaluative framework, and may be a more Washington team on climate change and Chiefs from both sides of the border to discuss security sector governance. PEACE III’s effective measure of Peace III’s peacebuilding work, conflict, and Outcome Harvesting (OH) to cross-border management. This was considered contribution to these efforts relates to border specifically the ability of a community to build gather and analyze outcomes across the significant in terms of improved relationships security, and in particular improved public social capital and cohesion to minimize the impact project as a whole. Each of these assessments and trust between communities, government and outreach and communication between of violence or prevent the escalation of violence, helped the program team better understand security providers; improved inter-governmental communities and government, on peace and including preventive planning and early warning, the changes that the program is contributing security along Kenya’s borders. The funding focusing on risk and community response. to, and the value of different programmatic into the program has resulted in a year of “Resilience, rather than incidence, approaches. The findings of each assessment, implementation that is bias towards Kenya perhaps offers a better evaluative The report concludes by stating that the projects’ are presented throughout this report, with whilst maintaining the program’s focus on power is in bringing people and government together, more clarity on the methodologies used found framework ... of Peace III’s borders and recognising the need for the building trust, and supporting them to jointly address in the Performance Monitoring section. Full GoK to engage with border communities and peacebuilding work, specifically the complex issues that inhibit peace. reports of each assessment are also found in administrations in its efforts to secure its the ANNEXES. the ability of a community to build The program continues to learn from this borders. social capital and cohesion to analysis, and the recommendations made for During this year, PEACE III also experienced minimize the impact of violence or future programming to build of its successes and a significant gap in local partners’ achievements and address gaps noted or areas of implementation due to delays in developing prevent the escalation of violence.” focus. and getting the necessary legal clarifications Outcome Harvesting Report, 2018

16 PREFACE SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 17 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

and agree on future collaborative paths. These approaches align with the RA’s TOC: IF ETIPIA communities have a greater understanding of the drivers of conflict and are motivatedSUT and South supported to address them, THEN theySUAN will Kapoeta East Omo engage in processes that build social capital Borena Liben and cohesion and that address community 5 grievances. Kapoeta Ikotos 6 Turkana Significant changes Kotido Marsabit in cross-border Gedo

community Moroto Wajir

relationships Nakapiripirit Dassenach-Turkana relations SAIA For nine months of this year, PEACE III local West Pokot UGANA (PEACE III Zone 5) partners were not operating significantly at the Amudat border areas due to delays in the finalization The beginning of this reporting year saw and approval of sub-grants. Whilst far from noticeable improvements in the relationship Lower Juba ideal, this situation allowed the program between the Dassenach of Ethiopia and the to view the sustainability of community Turkana of Kenya, with permissionENA granted relationships that had seen improvements for the Dassenach to graze with the Turkana Garissa in the previous years of the program. The at Todonyang grazing fields. This happened relationships persisted in some cases, bar a because of dialogues held during the previous few minor incidents. In others, resurgence year, the efforts to develop an RSA between the two, and work with the cross-border of violence highlighted the fragility of peace Lamu Social Reconciliation gains and demonstrated the significant fisherfolkTANANIA committee to minimize conflicts levels of risk and stress that many of these over fishing rights and theft of fishing gear remote border communities live under, which in the lake region. Also, the governments in between Conflict- challenge their abilities to sustain peace. South-Omo and Turkana County engaged more frequently to respond to any issues Affected Cross- affecting these cross-border communities. “We need to build strong bridges However, conflict mapping conducted in February 2018 confirmed that worsening which include improved trade, Border Communities drought conditions were affecting these livelihood between the Dassenach and relationships, with the Toposa of South Sudan Turkana. Establish a common market and Nyangatom of Ethiopia building alliances to forcibly push into Kibish and Todonyang … to improve communities earning areas. Reductions in water levels in Lake RA 1.1: Communities more open to social grievances are often manipulated or brought capacity, establish an immigration Turkana caused large-scale reductions in to the surface by new triggers and stressors or reconciliation seeks to rebuild trust and department, customs, [Kenya Revenue fish stock. Fishermen without proper fishing mend relationships between conflict-affected by those seeking to benefit from insecurity and gear could not access the deep fishing zone, communities in the border areas of the region. conflict. Authority] to move towards legality as resulting in alarming increases in theft of Many of these communities experience The program provides conflict-affected people get enough security.” fishing gear. However, local committees and cyclical conflict, with periods of calm networks were largely able to contain the communities with the space and mechanisms — Wafula Davis, SAPCONE Head of Programs interspersed with violent incidents. Historical to engage, resolve differences, build trust, situation. The fishing committee worked with the Kenya Marine Department and the South

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Omo administration to recover 14 stolen nets, Dodoth-Turkana Gabra - Borana “I lost some of my own herd last month, and the two communities worked together to (PEACE III Zone 6) (PEACE III Zone 4 ) but they were all returned voluntarily by trace and return stolen livestock. Thus, trade Again, the drought episode in 2017 and early PEACE III supported the revision of the in food, cattle, and clothes between the two 2018 strained relationships between the Dukana-Dilo-Maikona (DDM) peace agreement a Gare elder. This is something that would communities continued. Dodoth of Uganda and the Turkana of Kenya. between the Gabra and Borana communities not have been possible a few years ago.” Prior to this, the Loyoro RSA, had seen the last year. This all changed with the killing of a Turkana – Mzee Abass, Mubarak peace committee chairman Turkana peacefully grazing and trading with Chief on 31 July 2018 by suspected Dassenach Whilst the agreement may not be able to the Dodoth in Loyoro, Kaabong district, warriors. There was an immediate stand-off resolve all conflicts and emerging issues Uganda. Large-scale migration of the Turkana between the communities and the border between these communities, it has provided a during the drought and accompanying raids relationships facilitate community was closed. Intra and inter-governmental reference point for communities to draw on in and attacks led the Government of Uganda relationships, especially the ease of movement meetings facilitated by PDC and SAPCONE the event of violence breaking out. According (GoU) to evict the Turkana in November 2017. across-borders, enabling communities to more helped normalize relations and determine a to the head of SND, the agreement has to The Turkana county leadership negotiated freely interact with each other. way forward, including a planned, large-scale a greater extent halted violence between alternative grazing sites at Kokilokit in meeting supported by IGAD’s Conflict Early the two groups because the elders and In June 2018, in response to government Uganda’s Moroto district based on the long- Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN) communities use the document to hold each requests, NEPED facilitated an inter- standing relations between the Turkana and to review South-Omo-Turkana peace and other to account. community dialogue between the Gare and the Matheniko, but this was a short-term ETIPIA security issues, but the situation remains Degodia clans using PEACE III’s contingency measure. SUT tense. South mechanism. This dialogue was a follow-up to Kapoeta East Omo In January 2018, PEACE III SUANsupported Turkana an inter-authority/PC meeting and sought to This situation indicates the fragility of county and the national government to Borena Liben strengthen inter-authority relations. A cross- peace and the speed with which incidents develop short- and long-term measures border peace committee that was tasked to can unravel progress in these remote areas. Kapoeta for addressing peace and security along share early warning information on both sides Further strengthening of cross-border Ikotos Kenya-Uganda border. More intra- 6and inter- Turkana of the border, was formed during this dialogue. networks, including the burgeoning network 4 community dialogues followed, catalyzed by Improvements in government and PC relations of chiefs that serves as an alternative network Dodoth elders’ expressed desire to reconcile act as a deterrent because perpetrators of local authorities working to curb cross- Kotido with the Turkana and continue grazing Marsabit are more aware of the consequences of border violence, is required. Focus is also Gedo together. However, politics between the engaging in livestock theft and are likely to be needed on other ways to build connections countries is slowing this process, in particularMoroto intercepted by either authority. between communities through trade, and Wajir a recent GoU Directive that all cross-border services, that will disincentivize violence. The meetings between communities of KaabongNakapiripirit 7 European Union Emergency Trust Fund for SAIA and Turkana West must be approved by the West Pokot Africa (EUTF)-funded peace and resilience UGANA Minister for Karamoja affairs. program, which Pact also implements, Amudat provides opportunities to explore these, given Lower that it includes work on both resilience and Degodia – Garre Juba peace, with a specific intention to integrate ETIPIA(PEACE III Zone 4 ) ENA these components in this corridor. SUT Throughout the year, the relationship South between these two communitiesGarissa in the SUAN Kapoeta East Omo Banisa-Malkamari and -Sathe corridors1 “The Dodoth Community Borena betweenLiben northern Kenya and southern are very willing to host the Kapoeta Ethiopia has remained good because of a combination of efforts involving localLamu Turkana because we already Ikotos6 Turkana TANANIA 4 authorities, peace committees (PC), and committed ourselves during clan leaders, which PEACE III has supported the signing of the agreement Kotido since 2016.3 Whilst occasional incidents Marsabit may occur, the most significant change is in Gedo in 2016.” local structures’ willingness to swiftly and – Chairperson, Natural Resource Sharing Moroto Wajir collectively respond. The experience here also Committee, Loyoro presents a good example of how government Nakapiripirit SAIA UGANA West Pokot 20 pactworld.org Amudat 2 SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 21 Lower Juba ENA Garissa

Lamu TANANIA PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

6 SPECIAL FOCUS: case study, to investigate the effectiveness of previous Frameworks of Resolutions1 to engage more on resource- El Wak Cross-Border Corridor and ongoing conflict management efforts and structures based conflicts. and to identify new opportunities to support these. The Co-operation: Loyoro RSA between the Dodoth and Turkana El Wak Kenya and El Wak Somali sit across the research will provide program and policy recommendations Over the past year, PEACE III continued to support PEACE III’s work on the Loyoro RSA evolved Kenya and Somalia border, between Mandera South for engagement with key national and local duty-bearers the development and implementation of different over the course of the year in response to the sub-county and south-west Gedo region. This area and stakeholders, as well as comparative lessons for other frameworks of peaceful cooperation between changing dynamics between the Dodoth, experiences significant insecurity related to inter- cross-border conflict management efforts. clan conflicts between the Garre and the Marehan cross-border communities. These frameworks Jie, and Turkana Communities of Uganda communities who compete over land and politics, provide sustainable mechanisms through which and Kenya. Breakdown in relations due terror attacks by AS, and the subsequent crackdown relationships can be governed, issues can be to increased violent incidents during the on communities from security forces. El Wak is negotiated, and problems solved. drought period required work that would also an important border crossing point, seeing normalize and rebuild relations, whilst analyzing the gaps in the current agreement significant flows of goods from Mogadishu Resource Sharing Agreements (RSAs). that enabled conflict to reoccur. In response, and Kismayo and associated illicit activities. PEACE III continued to support development of PEACE III partners DADO, APaD, and Mercy Despite significant investment in conflict RSAs between border communities, particularly Corps mapped out a process of engagement management and peacebuilding, along the Kenya-Uganda border, where increasingly involving a series of dialogues held with the El Wak corridor remains highly large-scale migration is occurring and is set to representatives of the Dodoth, Jie, Ik, and insecure. The map shows the continue with changing climates. These agreements Turkana communities. The process began number and variety of security lay out the conditions and scope for resource- with internal deliberations amongst the incidents here in the last year sharing between bordering communities, many of different communities, followed by larger alone. In December 2017, PEACE whom need to move with their animals in search of cross-border dialogues between the conflicting III’s local partners Women pasture and water. Care and Concern (WCC) and communities supported by inter-governmental discussions that, under the umbrella of the Focus on Arid Lands Integrated “The recent experience in Loyoro demonstrated how 2 Development (FoAID) provided the confluence of pre-existing problems in Uganda and Kampala Resolutions, 7 sought to establish support to the local government Kenya—in this case, tense electoral cycles, illicit arms, clear frameworks for managing peace and disarmament and contrasting perceptions of changes security along the Kenya-Uganda border. to address escalating tensions in the rules and behavior on both sides—can destabilize between the Garre and Marehan what is still a fragile peace along the border between These dialogues have reopened avenues communities, that had erupted Karamoja and Turkana.” for collaboration and enabled review of the with the killing of two elders. PEACE III MPR, USAID, 2018 existing RSA to address gaps in membership This support involved an extensive and coverage. In the last quarter of the year process of engagement with different PEACE III supported a 15-member committee stakeholders’ groups, including local These RSAs are based on traditional systems of from across the three communities to opinion leaders, local governments, and negotiating access but reference the authority of analyse the current context, review the the business community, in an effort to both tradition and formal governance systems and RSA, and validate the findings with the local enhance sustainability of the peace outcomes. contain additional elements related to security, the communities (see table 2). Unlike the original AS was identified as a major challenge in the area application of dispute resolution and compensatory RSA development process, which took place affecting community relations, but in addition the systems of justice, and recovery and return of in 2016, this process included the Jie from lack resources from the Somali administration and livestock. In many PEACE III operational areas where Incident type and type of attack Kotido, who also access Loyoro resources and commitments to honour agreements were noted as climatic changes are significant, these RSAs are were identified as a peace spoiler. The final problems. more important than ever, providing foundational Terrorism attack (IED) validation workshops took place across kraals Subsequently, PEACE III decided to pause governance frameworks within which communities Terrorism attack (Roadside) activities in El Wak, due to escalating insecurity can peacefully and collectively negotiate and plan Terrorism attack (Police/KDF base) 1 The Resolutions were signed by women leaders from Kenya, South and questions on the sustainability of impact, with for future challenges. Sudan, Uganda and Ethiopia articulating the issues that they would Terrorism attack (Comm.Mast) work on as a network of women. These included low representation of a view to better understanding the needs of the Terrorism attack (Quarry) women in peace structures, and their engagement in tackling resource- The processes of RSAs requires time, extensive based conflicts area before reengaging. In the final quarter of the Armed clashes (Gunfire) consultation and leadership from respected 2 The Kampala Resolutions were signed on 11 January 2018 by the Minister year, Pact signed a memorandum of understanding Abduction (Killings) of Karamoja and the Governor of Turkana, among others, to address the members of the communities. Women leaders, who challenge of conflict along the Kenya-Uganda border. (MoU) with the Danish Demining Group (DDG) Govt.community clashes (Demonstrations) the program supports, have been increasingly taking to conduct participatory research in El Wak, as a Road network the lead in line with their commitment in the Kitale

22 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 23 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES in Uganda and Kenya and included more than 500 PEACE III’s USAID-facilitated mid-cycle portfolio people. review (MPR) noted the need to incorporate more specific climate information and analysis into the RSA During the consultations, communities suggested processes so communities and their leaders could that information-sharing along the border between collectively understand and analyze the challenges of kraal PCs and Uganda and Kenya leaders be enhanced changing climates and use the RSA’s mechanisms to to ease follow-up and recovery of livestock and that agree on future ways to peacefully deal with them. community dialogues be regularly conducted amongst the leaders and communities. Every community NUMBER OF PEOPLE CONSULTED IN meeting also raised the need for peace dividend THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCE investments, including trade and services that could SHARING AGREEMENTS cement relations built around the RSAs. This year’s increase in violent incidents between the Dodoth and Turkana communities who share the Loyoro resources 1,353 are not indicative of failure, but of the need to consider agreements as living, dynamic commitments to peace NUMBER OF that must learn and evolve. The recent discussions RSAs SUPPORTED: enabled the communities to reflect on what worked, 1 - Loyoro RSA what did not work, and what was missing in the RSA 2 - Nakonyen RSA so it can be amended and improved. In addition, 3 - Kobebe RSA 3 RESULTS OF THE LOYORO RSA CONSULTATIONS

ORIGINAL CLAUSE STATUS COMMUNITIES’ REMARKS

Turkana kraal leader: Ekale Akwan Not followed • The community agreed that this applies not to Ekale Akwan alone but to other notifies government representatives/ Turkana kraal leaders along the border community of their entry and exit • 2 months’ notice for any Turkana kraal that intends to leave or enter to Uganda from Uganda • Exit and entry of Turkana pastoralists be coordinated by their leaders before migration,

Turkana should not enter Uganda with Fairly followed To be maintained in the agreement. illegal guns • Some guns have continued to enter to Uganda however since signing of the agreement few reported cases were witnessed as compared to the past • The UPDF/LDUs to be deployed in hotspots areas along the border. • No entry of illegal guns by Turkana pastoralists while in Uganda • Tough measures be enacted for those found possessing illegal guns in Uganda

Need for regular visit by Turkana Fairly followed • Turkana leaders only visit Turkana pastoralists when there is a problem leaders to the Turkana in Uganda • There is need for monthly and quarterly meeting among the Uganda and Kenya kraals leaders with community in all grazing areas.

Turkana kraal leader: Ekale Akwan Followed • Turkana kraals allowed to enter and pasture their animals in several water points in should settle in one grazing area for uganda [ Loyoro, Lodiko, Kalapata and Kamion easy monitoring • Both Dodoth and turkana kraals must take care of pasture and water without destroying vegetation.

Community and government Followed • Kraal peace committees and sub county leaders/county leadership in collaboration institutions should strengthen with security be strengthened in promoting peace between the Dodoth and turkana Kobebe and Nakonyen RSAs by women leaders from Moroto and Turkana. The collaboration in promoting peace • Information sharing and dissemination be followed by both communities MADEFO, SIKOM, and APaD continued to work Kobebe RSA was signed in the final weeks of this together this year to finalize the RSAs in Kobebe reporting year in an event presided over by the Local Turkana be allowed to graze and Followed • The Turkana and Dodoth to observe and protect environment while in Loyoro grazing reserves for Turkana, Matheniko and Jie Councilor 5 (LCV) of Moroto district of Uganda and draw water from Loyoro river if they • Trade relations to be enhanced among the Turkana and Dodoth while in Uganda observe the agreed conditions. • Both Dodoth and Turkana kraals while grazing in any designated point observed the communities, and Nakonyen for the Tepeth, Pokots, Loima sub-county administrator of Kenya. This is Loyoro RSA Turkana, Pian and Matheniko communities. These just in time for the start of tree-planting as part of the • Dodoth and Turkana to adopt the Morutiit resolution to deter isolated cattle thieves agreements were almost finished and required Kobebe Dam peace dividend project. Consultations in Uganda and Kenya final consultations and incorporation of views into and amendments to the Nakonyen RSA have also been the agreements. This process continued to be led made, and signing is expected in the next year. Next meeting be held in Kamion in Agreed Agreed next two weeks Picture: Hellen Pulukol leads community validation discussion on the development of the Kobebe RSA 9 recovered cows of Dodoth from Cows handed To be achieved on same day of signing of amended RSA Turkana be handed over to the owners on 3/3/2016

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Peace Agreements For example, in August 2018, 10 animals Peace agreements between cross-border belonging to Gabra were reportedly stolen by communities often entail alternative dispute the Borana and taken into Ethiopia. Kenyan resolution (ADR) mechanisms based on local chiefs, cross-border PCs, and elders traditional systems for conflict management, contacted their counterparts in Ethiopia, and justice, and compensation. They are designed the Ethiopian authorities and Borana elders to prevent escalations of violence and conflict arrested the raiders and recovered the stolen and to normalize relations between groups. animals. After this, a dialogue to apply the Increasingly, such agreements are hybrid declaration was held and the Borana agreed to arrangements utilizing both the formal and compensate 35 goats (7 stolen goats multiplied traditional governance structures to pursue by 5) and 15 cows (3 stolen cows multiplied by both justice and reconciliation. 5) to the Gabra community. The perpetrators are in custody and relations restored in line Dukana-Dilo-Maikona Declaration (DDM): with the DDM declaration, demonstrating how Last year, with PEACE III support, this peace the declaration aligns with both traditional agreement between the Gabra and Borana and formal systems. communities of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia was reviewed, amended, and signed Nabilatuk-Moruitit Resolutions: in August 2017. SND and IAG had intended to The Nabilatuk Resolutions were developed support dissemination and implementation in 2013 for the districts of South Karamoja this year, but this work was hampered by and the Moruitit Resolutions in 2014 for the the worsening conflict around the Moyale districts of North Karamoja as community- border area associated with Ethiopia’s ongoing led compensation, social justice, and conflict political transformation and PEACE III deemed prevention mechanisms. The 15-clause it unsafe and inappropriate to celebrate peace Nabilatuk resolutions were developed in between two groups when those groups the post-disarmament period to control the were experiencing violent conflict with rampant cattle raising still occurring in the LEGEND others. Even so, PEACE III continued to track region. Country Border progress in implementing the declaration, in

Location of particular its ability to prevent spill-over of At the request of the Uganda Conflict Early Grazing Reserve political conflicts in Ethiopia into Kenya. Both Warning and Early Response Unit (CEWERU), RSA Coverage Area communities confirmed that the declaration is PEACE III supported a review of these RSA Name and Host in use and helping to maintain relations after resolutions to determine their effectiveness, Turkana utility, and gaps, as well as the possibility of Pokot any incident. Jie institutionalizing them through local by-laws. Matheniko “After the exchange of cows between Pian In September 2018, PEACE III supported a meeting in Moroto to present and validate the Nakonyen RSA the families that lost the boys, I found Area - Matheniko findings of this review with members of the the Gabra and Borana community Kobebe RSA Area local governments, the UPDF, elders, women - Matheniko Loyoro RSA Area - sharing water. Small children are going leaders, and local PC members and to engage Dodoth from Turbi to Rawan and Walda to in discussions on replicating the resolutions in neighboring communities, including in Kenya. get camel milk. Animals are crossing NO. OF PEOPLE MIGRATING BY Participants in the meeting agreed on the ARROW SIZE into Ethiopia and sharing water. Now effectiveness of these resolutions in resolving < 5,000 you cannot be sure whether you are incidents and as a deterrent for further raids. 5,000 - 10,000 15,000 - 20,000 speaking to a Gabra or a Borana, The relationship between local PCs, elders, and UPDF is clearly strong, and the Nabilatuk < 30,000 unless you ask.” Resolutions provide the means through – Chief Gufu Orge of Saru Sabare which the UPDF can fulfil its commitment Map of migration to resource sharing agreement areas

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to ensuring security in the aftermath of and return of livestock. This is important Trauma Healing This incident, as well as feedback during disarmament. when considering the replication of these community screenings of the finished videos conducted by the program, in Moroto and resolutions in other areas such as Kenya, This year, PEACE III continued to invest where the security context is very different. Kaabong in August 2018, evidenced the “If a stolen cow(s) is found in the in understanding the impacts of trauma UPDF is a critical player in the application importance of doing more to change others’ kraal, the owner of the kraal shall of the Nabilatuk Resolutions, having a clear healing (TH) on social reconciliation (SR) perceptions of those who have been through surrender the stolen cow(s) and also social contract with the community under the and individual behavioral change and in TH processes. Violence and insecurity is so often fueled by perceptions, even if the reality pay a fine of a cow for each of the agreements made during disarmament. The expanding program-supported groups is different. The PV/MSC screening process same cannot be said in Kenya or of relations based on evidence of the approach’s stolen cows found in his kraal.” between the Kenya Defense Force (KDF) and highlighted that many from government, value. in particular security forces, found it hard Clause 1, the most well-known clause of the Nabilatuk the communities. to believe that the former warriors had Resolutions, 2013 PEACE III decided to use the PV-MSC Subsequent discussions with the Kenya transformed and now spoke for peace. methodology to better understand and National Steering Committee for Conflict The community screenings, which PEACE document the changes experienced by the However, discussions highlighted the need Management and Peacebuilding (NSC), III originally viewed as a less important people who had gone through the TH sessions to consider the operationalization of the which attended the event, clarified the component, became a critical part to the PV/ and their wider communities, yielding the resolutions rather than just focusing on the need to consider how such resolutions MSC process, allowing others to buy into following learning.36 clauses around compensation. It was clear that would be implemented in a context without the change and consider the impact that most people knew about the “times-two-plus- disarmament and without the level of security TH is a foundational approach that contributes individual change has had on them and their one” compensation clauses in the resolutions, UPDF provides in Uganda. PEACE III will to behavioral and attitudinal changes within community. but very few knew about the clauses that dealt continue to support discussions with NSC, the individuals that better position people to Based on this learning, the program decided with who implements the resolutions, the Turkana County Government (TCG), and the positively engage in other actions. relationship between the UPDF and local PCs, local communities on the possible application to conduct additional community screenings. and the process of verifying loss, recovery, of the Nabilatuk Kenya. Implementing TH as part of an integrated The screenings targeted two active trauma approach that also provides economic healing groups providing an opportunity for opportunities makes the changes experienced members to listen and watch real examples more sustainable. of how community members can successfully overcome the burden of trauma as a result of The changes resulting from TH are realized conflict. Members of the two groups; Tapac in stages. This begins with changes at the and Rupa trauma healing groups had a deep individual level, then within the immediate reflection regarding their feelings and what family, then among the wider community they thought was the most significant change through changes in the way people interact in the life of each of the change video story and their perceptions of one another. screened. From the feedback, it was clear that many participants appreciated the value of To see meaningful change in the wider trauma healing sessions, how it had helped community and in their perceptions of the TH Kaabong warriors learn how to forgive and beneficiaries, PEACE III will need to engage forget the past and find new paths to their stakeholders at various points during the TH lives. On the third PV/MSC screening event, the sessions to join participants and hear about program took advantage of Karamoja cultural the changes they are going through. event held in Kaabong to screen the videos Sadly, in August 2018, Alex Amuno, the to more that 1000 people and stakeholders Secretary for the Kaabong Peace Ambassadors including key government officials invited to (KPAs)4,7was mistakenly shot and killed whilst the cultural event. trekking livestock from the market.

3 The video stories developed under this process can be accessed at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCuVFSc6zDSdCCCj_Bxi-eQ 4 KPAs are a group of reformed warriors that PEACE III has been supporting since 2016. They have become leading youth in their communities, advocating for peace. UPDF participant at the Nabilatuk Resolution review meeting

28 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 29 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

PEOPLE REACHED THROUGH NUMBER OF NEW-CONFLICT AFFECTED PEOPLE SUPPORTED TRAUMA HEALING EVENTS THROUGH TRAUMA HEALING PROCESS

990 43 11 345 27 EVENTS 664 EVENTS

Picture: Nangiro, a member of the Kaabong PEACE Ambassador

The project also targeted 25 spouses of the KPAs, to support their own acceptance of change and acceptance into their communities; and supported three new groups of 25 in Tapac and Rupa sub- counties, in Uganda’s Moroto District. These new groups consist of conflict-affected youth and women who have witnessed and engaged in violence and atrocities. Field monitoring conducted throughout the year found that groups engaged in TH are now being accepted in the community and engaging in various economic activities. For instance, some women from Rupa started a shop, while in Tapac, youth have engaged in buying and selling livestock and have been linked to the DFID-funded, Mercy Corps-led Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED+) program to receive seed vouchers for starting small businesses.

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Pact uses a community contracting process that places Peace Dividends PDP ownership into the hands of local communities and ensures transparency in the process of selecting In remote borderlands where infrastructure and contracting local vendors. Pact signed an in-kind is sparse and climates are harsh, access to key grant agreement with the CWG, whose membership services and resources is critical and can serve comprises community representatives from all as an important incentive to maintaining peace communities who access and use the dam. Some CWG members serve on the natural resource-sharing and security. committee established to oversee the development For migratory, pastoral communities, water in and implementation of the Kobebe RSA (See above). particular can mean the difference between life and Tree planting and crush construction is expected to death and ensuring access to it can either serve as commence in FY19, which will align well with the a driver of peace or conflict. Where appropriate, coming rainy season. PEACE III continues to support peace dividend Over the year, PEACE III monitored the status of projects (PDPs) that incentivize continued peace a number of peace dividend projects previously between communities by enabling them to implemented under the program. collectively manage and share resources or services across transboundary landscapes. Hulugho Maternity Ward Kobebe Dam The maternity block was constructed in Community members at the Hulugho Maternity Ward February 2016 in the existing Hulugho health Over the past year, PEACE III worked to garner center compound with the aim of enhancing USAID’s and the GOU’s approval of the Kobebe Dam The maternity wing consists of a six-bed 500 cattle, and 1,000 shoats visiting daily from SR in the Hulugho (Kenya) and Kolbio PDP, which seeks to rehabilitate the dam against 2 ward, a delivery room, a nursing station, a both communities. Additionally, the water is (Somalia) corridor between Kenya and Somalia. siltation and erosion by planting trees. Kobebe sterilization room, an elevated water tank, accessed by internally displaced persons from dam is located in Rupa sub-county, 45 km from and a septic tank. PEACE III confirmed that Moyale who have camped at Kotama village, Moroto town, toward the border with Kenya. It is jun 24 the ward is in use and has an average monthly 24 km from the water pan. an important resource for the pastoral Matheniko birth rate of 21 babies (18 from Hulugho and 3 jul 18 The water pan management committee has and Jie communities of Uganda and the Turkana of from Kolbio). The numbers from Kolbio vary introduced user fees to obtain funds for Kenya. Turkana from Lokriama, Loima, and Oropoi aug depending on the security situation, with 20 sustaining the pan, at rates of 5 US cents per have settled close to the dam to access the water and more deliveries reported when the situation is camel, 3 US cents per cattle, and 1 US cent per pasture. sep 21 safe for cross-border movement. shoat, to be paid in local currency. During a participatory learning and action (PLA) Hulugho Maternity Wards Statistics / 2018 Additionally, each pastoralist must desilt a process conducted in 2015 by PEACE III that identify Quf Dika Water Pan section of the water pan after watering his peace and conflict drivers, local communities average 21 The Quf DiKa water pan was constructed and handed over in livestock. Businesses continue to spring up identified protecting the dam and constructing 05 10 15 20 25 around the pan, including food kiosks and a cattle crush to serve all neighboring 3 January 2016 to enhance relations Hulugho Births Kolbio Births hawking of livestock drugs and clothing, communities as important in order to between the Ajuran communities of Gurar, providing livelihood opportunities. For consolidate peaceful sharing of resources and Kenya, and the Garre communities of example, the 10 food kiosks provide each to combat the effects of climate change. USAID Qadaduma, Ethiopia. The 9 million-litre earth vendor with USD 4–5 per day. Commodities 1 approved the PDP in May 2018, allowing pan is fenced off and has two watering troughs are traded on a barter basis and exchanged PEACE III to move forward with signing a MoU and a block of two latrines. with shoats bought at the livestock market. between the Uganda Wildlife Authority, the Moroto NUMBER OF PEACE DIVIDENDS An eight-person management committee Informal debates and discussions on cross- District Local Government, the Community Working COMPLETED TO DATE oversees day to day operations and border conflicts, SR issues, and livestock Group (CWG)5,6Pact, and Mercy Corps in July 2018 maintenance and mediates conflicts that arise trade that happen in these informal settings (see ANNEX). The MOU lays out the PDP’s objectives from use of the facility. PEACE III confirmed continue to strengthen interactions between and each party’s roles and responsibility. 7 that the water pan is in good condition and the communities residing on both sides of the communities continuously access it from 5 Community Working Groups are set up to manage the PDP community contracting border. process and the eventual management of the PDP> Members come from across October to May, with an estimated 300 camels, the communities accessing the service or resource.

32 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 33 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

Andarak Water Pan during the 2013–2015 conflicts. Though these discuss cross-border security issues. Prior community, which ultimately has resulted Andarak water pan was are still clan-based villages, it is hoped that to this, usage of the facility had stopped for in the communities understanding the rehabilitated and handed over in sharing the water resource will continue to three months due to Oromo-Somali clashes need to sustain the relationship. Security is 4 April 2016 to improve community improve relations to a point where the two reported to have improved due to removal in the of Ethiopia. In the four relationships between Malkamari Kenya and communities will agree to live in integrated months prior to that suspension, the hall held of the bushes that provided cover for Malkamari Ethiopia. It is a 9 million-liter villages. two cross-border meetings, two community militant groups that might want to plant fenced earth pan, with two watering troughs weddings, and one elders’ meeting. IEDs along the route and the intermittent and a block of two pit latrines. The water pan Suftu Community Hall attacks to Diff, Somalia, coming from the is in use for nine months each year but dries Gerille route. Suftu community hall was Diff Kenya-Diff Somalia Access up from July to September. An estimated 200 constructed to enable meetings Road livestock from both the Garre and Degodia 5 between the Kenya and Ethiopia Dobley Livestock Market The bush clearing and spot communities access the water pan daily. administrations and community peace actors 6 The structure was constructed and gravelling for the Diff, Kenya, Elaborate operation and maintenance is in to foster peace and reconciliation between to Diff, Somalia, 16 km access road was handed over in 2016 and consists place using levies collected from water access. 7 Mandera and Suftu. The hall, complete with completed and handed over in March 2016. of chain-link fencing, a revenue office, a For example, in May 2018, the dam flooded furnishings, a latrine block, and a water The road continues to be used by the local goats/sheep yard, a shed for traders, two following heavy rains, which led to a cracked tank, was handed over to the management Ogaden communities to access goods and latrine blocks, and two watering troughs. retaining wall; funds from the levies were committee in February 2016. services. The communities purport that Unfortunately, the market is still not used to repair the wall. Also, several food the improved road has reduced travel time operational mainly because of its proximity kiosks have been set up around the water pan, The structure is in good condition and is between the two towns, decreased the to an African Union’s Mission to Somalia providing social spaces for further communal well maintained. Security meetings between number of accidents by improving the line (AMISOM) installation, with the soldiers interactions and livelihoods for the vendors. Kenya and Ethiopia are held monthly and of sight, and led to increase in cross-border claiming that the market might jeopardize attended by key government security actors trade. Interactions between the communities their security given that AS militants Improvements in relations between the from both countries. The latest meeting have increased co-dependence on the services occasionally attack the town and might Degodia and the Garre have seen the re- held on 1 October 2018 was attended by the and goods that are sourced from either pose as traders to spy on the camp. establishment of two settlements around Mandera County security team and the Dollo the Andarak water pan that were abandoned District Commissioner and security heads to Picture below: Community member grazing around the Quf Dika water pan

34 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 35 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

officials from Kenya’s national and devolved between the Turkana and Pokot of Kenya and governments. the Matheniko, Tepeth, and Pokot of Uganda. The corridor had previously been known as In September 2018, PEACE III local partners the “Triangle of Death,” but through peace participated in the Karamoja Cultural efforts by women, youth, and chiefs, it is now Festival to commemorate the values of the declared as the “Triangle of Hope.” Ngikarimojong, under the theme, “With unity and peace, we cherish our culture for It is worth noting that whilst culture can be development of Karamoja.” This event again an important unifier between communities, presented opportunities for the broader Ateker in these remote, historically marginalised communities to dialogue on peaceful land- borderlands culture can also be a powerful and resource-sharing. mobilizer for conflict. This can be seen in the At both events, women from Pokot, Turkana, and resurgence of conflict in certain communities, Karamojong demonstrated how different ethnic such as between the Turkana and Dassenach, groups have worked together to stabilize peace and security across the borders, helping to challenge the and also in the continuing use of negative long-standing belief that the Pokot and Turkana practices, such as ritual killings. SND and cannot meet eye to eye. IAG have noted this across some Gabra and Borana communities, and have sought to use PEACE III solidified these efforts by celebrating progress made towards peace, and the signing peace at Alale/Katekikekile triangle on the of Dukana-Dilo-Maikona peace declaration as First Lady of Kenya, Margaret Kenyatta (Left) and International Day of Peace (21 September 2018) a way of highlighting the threat such practices Culture as a Unifier Turkana Governor Josephat Nanok at the cultural to mark and celebrate the peace achieved can have on sustaining peace. festival In many program areas, culture is an “Today also celebrates harmonious living. Because important connector between cross- blending communities together accords us the border communities. Despite historical capacity to co-exist and foster better understanding among people – hopefully to make us stronger.” grievances or current challenges associated with climate change or – First Lady of Kenya, Margaret Kenyatta politics, communities recognize and The theme of the Tobong’u Lore (“Welcome embrace shared cultures, languages, and Back Home”) Turkana Cultural Festival, traditions. In the Karamoja Cluster, local held in April 2018, was “attaining lasting peace between Turkana and its neighbors for governments encourage the celebration development and economic growth.” of culture as a unifier. This year, PEACE III supported cultural festivals in Kenya This event was also attended by neighboring communities from West Pokot, Marakwet, and Uganda to celebrate the unity of the Samburu, Baringo, Kitale, and Uasin Gishu, 6 Ateker communities. In each of these with PEACE III supporting 40 people from events, the program supported the Kenya and Uganda to attend, including the organization of the event and facilitated KPAs, women leaders, and the West Pokot Cultural Ambassador. the participation of key stakeholders, such as chiefs and Women’s Forum Notably, presiding over the festivities were members, to spread the message of Her Excellency the First Lady of Kenya, Ms. Margaret Kenyatta; the Deputy President, H.E. peace and share learning from their William Ruto; the Minister for Karamoja Affairs engagement with PEACE III. and other leaders from Uganda; delegations from South-Omo and South Sudan’s Kapoeta 6 Ateker is a common name for the closely related Jie, Karamojong, Turkana, Toposa, Nyangatom and Teso peoples and their state; and ministers and senior government languages. Participants at the Karamoja cultural festival

36 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 37 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIAL RECONCILIATION BETWEEN CONFLICT-AFFECTED CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES

LEARNING AND WAYS FORWARD

The OH process found that the majority of SR outcomes within the project described the “USAID should consider leveraging the nature of change as being primarily about changes in relationships. The report notes that the consensus-based institutional platforms “outcomes primarily reflected social reconciliation as a process of relationship building leading to improved cross-border conflict management, though a few illustrated its power to establish of PEACE III and pivot to a follow-on new social norms” These relationship-building processes are often led by PEACE III-supported activity to use the peace architecture as key stakeholders, such as PCs, women, chiefs, youth, and government and include relationship a collaborative governance platform to changes between and among conflict-affected communities. The challenge for the project support livelihoods and resilience work.” remains in supporting actions that can sustain these relationships. PEACE III MPR, USAID, 2018 rameworks of cooperation continue provisions that went well beyond the immediate to provide a unique opportunity for agenda of peace and natural resource management F border communities to strengthen and [NRM], including water pans and dams, the PEACE III identified several issues critical to govern their relations. If well developed, with establishment of markets and trading, women’s sustaining social reconciliation outcomes. adequate consultation and dissemination, rights, wildlife protection, education, human and These were: these agreements can continue to govern animal health and the sharing of cross-border • Incorporate “non-peace” issues into relationships without continued external schools and hospitals.” Therefore, such foundational agreements to “thicken” relationships. support. The MPR noted the importance of frameworks are valuable for the wider resilience Not only does this enable communities to these frameworks for maintaining peace. agenda, suggesting the need for new forms of address multiple collective challenges, it also However, it also noted that whilst the programming that truly integrate peace and incentivizes the continuation of peaceful agreements mainly address issues related to development and that “view the peace architecture relationships. conflict resolution, border security, livestock developed by PEACE III and local governments theft, and natural resource-sharing, many as a governance framework by which to program • Government resolutions should be an of the agreements “encompassed issues and resilience-related programming.” umbrella to and provide the framework for local agreements. Increasingly inter- “… for the first time since the governmental agreements are recognizing “The network of peace and providing endorsement for community- conflict started the communities committees, peace agreements level RSAs. came together to celebrate” and natural resource sharing • Implementation is as important as development. Often agreements fail because Excerpt from Outcome 42 agreements to which PEACE they are inadequately disseminated amongst III has contributed, directly This outcome primarily about a... the wider community or because the

realities of implementing them are not well Change in relationships or indirectly, has helped to addressed. Implementation of the Nabilatuk increase pro-peace public

Resolution in Kenya, for example, will need attitudes and institutionalize to be clearly considered in the absence N=17 new forms of dispute resolution. disarmament and security personnel to the level of the UPDF. The resolution’s ability to The trend of progressively act as a conflict deterrent in the absence of embedding these agreements is effective implementation is limited. crucial to maintaining peace.”

PEACE III MPR, USAID, 2018

Change in activities Change in capacities

38 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 39 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT CAPACITIES AND NETWORKS OF LOCAL PEACE ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS

RA 1.2: Community peacebuilding capacity mobilized underlines the project’s Women’s Capacities and institutional approach, focusing less on direct Empowerment engagement at the community level and more on local institutions’ and key actors’ networks PEACE III continued to build the confidence Networks of Local and capacities to support SR processes, and engagement of women in peacebuilding, manage and prevent conflict, and engage more conflict management, and CVE efforts effectively in border security and CVE. This throughout this year. This work aligns with Peace Actors and RA covers support for networks of women, the project’s gender strategy: IF PEACE III youth, customary and religious leaders, and promotes women’s effective leadership and PCs, among others, and aligns with the RA informal influence, addresses the gender Institutions dynamics of peace and conflict, and increases TOC: IF networks of community peace leaders are strengthened to work collaboratively with the gender sensitivity of peace structures, each other and local government, THEN local THEN progress towards the goal of improved cross-border conflict management will be cross-border conflict management in the Horn more effective and sustainable. of Africa will be accelerated.

All efforts under RA 1.2 are designed to Eleven of the outcomes harvested during the contribute to the SR outcomes under RA OH process related to women’s empowerment. 1.1 and to wider outcomes related to border Whilst this work has been most significant security, climate change adaption, and in the Karamoja cluster, increased focus CVE. Outcome 6, identified during the OH on work with Somali women from across process, demonstrates this linkage, whereby Kenya, Somalia, and Ethiopia’s borderlands is the immediate outcome around women’s beginning to see returns, particularly around empowerment resulted in the development the Mandera triangle through the engagement of RSAs that increased peaceful sharing of of WFPD. resources between border communities. With In FY18, PEACE III continued to support an increased focus on Security Governance networks of women leaders, providing them Initiative (SGI) objectives, these community with the opportunities to meet, learn, act networks are also supported to more positively together, and influence others on matters of engage and communicate with government peace and border security, resource-sharing, and security apparatus to enhance border and CVE. security.

Women’s Cross-Border Networking for Peace Outcome #6 Women work together to address NRM based conflicts and CVE Outcome Significance In the Karamoja cluster, PEACE III supported Before PEACE III there was conflict in the area over how to reflection meetings for Women’s Forum share natural resources and never had any women taken the members from Kenya and Uganda to discuss lead in resolving a conflict. their achievements and lessons learnt since Program Contribution they signed the Kitale Resolutions76in 2016 The cross-border women’s forum members mobilized and to plan together for the future. These themselves and organized a dialogue (with Peace III logistics support) among stakeholders to discuss conflict issues in forums engaged 72 women leaders from the cross-border area and solicited the ideas of rural women across the borderlands, as well as key regarding developing a natural resource sharing agreement. government officials, including West Pokot Outcome Statement County’s First Lady, Dr. Mary Lonyangapuo, Women led the conflict management effort and presented their ideas to the NRM Committee and other local leaders. As who came to learn from and motivate these a result, a natural resource agreement was drafted specifically targeting 2 joint grazing areas. 7 The Kitale Resolutions were signed in 2016 between women from Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and South Sudan to signify their commitment to working on peace in their region.

40 PREFACE SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 41 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT CAPACITIES AND NETWORKS OF LOCAL PEACE ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS SPECIAL FOCUS: Women’s Engagement in CVE Women in the Wajir women’s forum noted that their

Outcome gathered Number of relevant harvested outcomes* in each zone describing increased Total biggest obstacle to engaging in CVE was safety. during the outcome engagement of women in conflict management/CVE (some outcomes are counted Unique “In Garissa when the attacks became an everyday harvesting twice if they took place in multiple zones) Outcomes occurrence, we mobilized ourselves and started process illustrates N=69 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 working closely with the security agents, but each improvement in the relationship between 0 0 4 1 2 2 3 1 11 time we reported a case, we received a death youth and security threat message through our phones. This was not providers as a result Outcomes: 4,6,10, 11, 12, 13, 35, 39, 46, 51,68 a coincidence because all members of our group of the program. received the message at the same time. They seemed *Some outcomes are counted twice if they took place in multiple zones. to be people who knew us and had all our information. We later decided to stop sharing information. We women in their efforts. During the discussions, “The poor have no money to bribe their way to cross realized this was very risky and dangerous work. After women leaders highlighted areas of success the border with their children to escape, if you and a few months and with an escalation of the attacks your children are caught, you could end up in jail in the rural areas, we decided to work with members and opportunities for further engagement in and charged for planning terrorist activities. If the peace, such as radio shows and community terrorists get you, you are as good as dead. These are of security agencies from the community. Officials dialogues, and increasingly discussed wider the often hard and difficult decisions women have to who were mainly of Somali origin and this strategy issues that they felt more empowered to make” was a total game changer. This way, we made a lot of engage in, such as women’s engagement in Participant at the Wajir Women’s Forum progress.” – Rukia from Garissa livestock tracking and recovery (traditionally from Kenya and Somalia. This adds an important the domain of elders), women’s involvement However, the participants belief in the value of women’s extension to what is a vibrant network of women in joint livestock vaccination campaigns engagement in CVE was clear. between Beled Hawa, Somalia, and Mandera, Kenya. to demonstrate the value of peace, and • A mother has a unique place and opportunity to women’s leadership in education for the During these networking events, women from across educate her child and to recognize the early signs of girl-child to challenge the patriarchal societal the Somali cluster spoke passionately about the radicalization. They can influence their husbands/ norms from an early age. These forums also challenge of violent extremism (VE) in the border children against extreme ideologies. provided an opportunity for the women communities and the often, difficult position they • They can create networks of individuals that are serving to acquaint themselves with newly signed find themselves in between security forces and AS. in public capacities: e.g., mothers who also teachers, inter-governmental resolutions, such as the They questioned the assumption that radicalization social workers, business women These groups have Kampala, Turkana-Moroto, and West Pokot- and VE is a male problem, stating that research access to vital first-hand valuable information that Amudat Resolutions, which recognize women clearly shows the role of women in VE, particularly in if utilized well can reduce recruitment within their as key agents in peacebuilding and which they recruitment, intelligence-gathering, and fundraising; communities. will use to hold their government to account. as such women also have an important role to play in • They can form women-only Nyumba Kumi or (see section on RA 1.3: Inter-governmental CVE. neighbourhood watch groups, bring women together Collaboration) to discuss issues affecting women, identify strange Since these forums, a stronger network of Somali individuals and movements, and develop joint and In partnership with WFPD, PEACE III extended women has emerged. Some have been elected agreed upon information sharing loops with trusted this approach to the Somali cluster, holding to local steering committees in the northern and individuals from the local authorities. two networking events in Mandera and Wajir southern corridors of the Somali cluster to spearhead “In Garissa, we formed a women’s SACCO. Apart for targeted women leaders from Ethiopia, the peace and CVE actions agreed in these meetings from saving, we have started using this platform to Kenya, and Somalia. The Mandera forum and to serve as representatives of the wider network share information, discuss the use of social media provided the first occasion for women from This year, PEACE III also supported cross-regional by our children and ways we can be part of their lives Suftu and Dollo areas of Ethiopia’s Somali women’s collaboration, extending the network and to ensure they are not accessing radical messaging region to engage with their counterparts enabling women from the Somali cluster to attend through social media.” –Khadija from Garissa “Through PEACE III efforts, we have managed a women’s reflection meeting held in , to network and reach out to our sisters from the Turkana, and Women’s Forum members from Kenya NUMBER OF WOMEN LEADERS Dassenach community. We speak on the phone and and Uganda to attend the women’s networking event on WhatsApp, we have started to trade and discuss ENGAGED IN THESE FORUMS issues affecting us women. We no longer see each held in Wajir. These exchange opportunities helped other as the enemy but as allies to advance the rights women discuss the commonalities in the challenges of women across our common borders.” they face in engaging in peace actions and provide 72 Miriam from Karamoja, sharing her experience at the Wajir learning and inspiration to one another in ways to women’s forum overcome these challenges.

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Strengthening Women’s Capacities PEACE III’s overall approach to working with women is to develop and strengthen their SPECIAL FOCUS: capacities in conflict management and CVE. Women’s Peacebuilding The project’s usual approach is through Networking Event in Lodwar experiential learning and mentoring, but Nafisa Haji Abas, Mandera County Cohesion, when prioritized it also makes specific skills Integration, and Anti-Radicalization Department available to key stakeholders. In response to Officer, documented some of her key takeaways from self-identified needs and to support women her engagement in the women’s reflection meeting in leaders’ abilities to advocate and lobby for Lodwar. change, Pact organized a three-day advocacy • Peace is a collective effort in the Karamoja cluster, training for members of the Karamoja but in the Somali context, a few gatekeepers push Women’s Forum from Moroto, Uganda, and communities toward either conflict or peace. Loima, Oropoi, Lokichoggio, Todonyang, • Karamoja women peace actors document all the and West Pokot, Kenya. The training peace meetings they attend. Draft reports are culminated in the development of corridor- shared with other women to spread messages and level advocacy strategies. Women identified learning. Such practice is not common in the Somali various opportunities, such as public forums, cluster, but it should be. government-led dialogues, intra- and inter- • Unlike in the Somali culture, which discourages Dinah Lorika Adupa, a member of Moroto Women’s Forum, explaining the role of women in natural resource community dialogues, community public women to participate in conflict management, management at Nakonyen participation, and budgeting processes, as women in Turkana are encouraged and given opportunities for their continued participation Loyoro grazing reserves in Uganda. They led active women to put their new skills, knowledge, and a conducive environment to participate in in championing peace and security across the campaigns for peace between Dassenach and confidence to good use in higher-level events. In August peacebuilding initiatives. borders. Turkana communities along the Kenyan and 2018, the program supported four active members of the • In Turkana, women serve as National Police Ethiopian borders. And, they spoke actively Women’s Forum from Uganda to attend the Global Peace Reservists (NPRs) and are given guns to protect and eloquently in high-level government Leadership Conference for and the Great Women Influencing for Change their community. In the Somali cluster, no women meetings, such as those held to negotiate Lakes Region, held by the Global Peace Foundation As a result of the networks and the confidence serve as NPRs and very few are in other security resource access for the Turkana communities in Kampala. This conference, entitled “A New Model and capacities that these women have built, organs. A female KPR from Turkana narrated her in Uganda at the beginning of 2018. for Sustainable Peace and Development,” provided PEACE III continues to see women leaders story of how she supported her husband in fighting the women with an opportunity to interact with high- playing a more active and informed role in a cattle rustler and returned the stolen animals to In Wajir, women leaders from Kenya level dignitaries from across the region and share their peace and decision-making processes, as the owner. She said, “I have peace at heart and will and Somalia who were brought together experiences in engaging in peace processes. PEACE well as space beginning to open for them as protect my community at all cost.” with religious leaders and youth for a III also supported Women’s Forum representatives to recognition of their value grows. For example, • Karamoja women peace actors have a strong networking forum on CVE challenged the engage with the US Ambassador to Uganda during a visit in the Karamoja cluster, inter-governmental network and are very involved in peacebuilding other stakeholders to recognize their value. to Moroto to open two new USAID-funded programs; agreements signed this year between Kenya, meetings. They presented their work plan to the The more women speak out and voice their the women made a statement to the Ambassador on Uganda, and South Sudan all call for greater Director of Peace in Turkana and work closely with commitment to peace and non-violence, the the value of women in peacebuilding and presented her involvement of women in peacebuilding. NGOs. more PEACE III has seen others’ attitudes with the Kitale Resolutions. shifting. Members of the Karamoja Women’s Forum “The Lodwar trip was an eye-opener for me. I never “Despite our unity as women in the promotion of peace and played a central leadership role in finalizing realized Karamoja women actively participate PEACE III also provided exposure to select security, there is a lack of support from the elders who view the RSAs in Kobebe, Naykonyen, and in peacebuilding and conflict management peacebuilding as their preserve. Some religious leaders also activities too. Being a Somali lady from a pastoral have a perception that women can only coordinate peace NUMBER OF NUMBER OF WOMEN matters at the household level and not at the community “Women are generally honest in their background, I have a big role in my community level. I want to make it clear that peacebuilding and conflict when it comes to peace and conflict management. WOMEN PLAYING A NETWORKED actions and giving them safe space to management or CVE is a collective responsibility. This forum But how that is translated in my Somali culture SUBSTANTIVE ROLE THROUGH FORUMS should encourage the religious leaders and elders to see the venture into CVE will go a long way in where men dominate all household and public IN PEACE PROCESSES TO DATE strength of women and youth in conflict management and CVE. The linkage of all the actors will improve peacebuilding addressing radicalization of the youth.” activities and women are not given equal and enhance information sharing, partnership, and opportunity in voicing their right is a challenge.” networking.” Sheikh Ibrahim Iyow, speaking at the Wajir Networking 10 768 Forum on CVE Mama Fatuma Abdulahi, Wajir, at the Wajir Networking Forum on CVE

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“We are viewed as trouble makers by the elders and communication and yet the same elders at times use us in inter- clan conflicts in the name of defending the • Helping other youth access youth enterprise/ community’s territory. Peacebuilding and CVE are Uwezo86and affirmative action funds a collective responsibility. Let elders and religious allocated by the county and national leaders embrace us and see us as partners in these governments initiatives.” • Reporting criminals and discouraging drugs Issack Ahmed, youth leader, Gerille, Wajir and substance abuse

As youth leaders gained more confidence, • Linking youth with other networks, such as they demanded more space and recognition of peace actors their roles in peace and security. For example, In the Karamoja cluster the program provided during the cross-border networking forum opportunities for the KPAs to mentor other for youth, women, and religious leaders that youth, and to advocate for peace in their WPDA held in Gerille, Kenya, youth leaders communities. The KPA have led community called on elders and religious leaders to make peace meetings, mentored new TH groups and space for them and to recognize their role. attended major events such as the Turkana and Karamoja cultural festivals to promote Also, MDPC facilitated youth leaders from youth engagement in peace. different clans across Mandera county who have previously engaged with PEACE III to “I was approached by a youth from Bulla Jamhuria reflect on their progress since they formulated who is a drugs addict. He was taking drugs for 7 plans to enhance their engagement in years and dropped out of school due to financial challenges because he is from a poor family. I called peace and security last year. Such forums him to our house and started counselling him on the allowed young people to share their learning, negative impact of drugs and later introduced him LATA youth group in Lamu experiences, and successes and to continue to the areas chiefs to help take him back to school. The boy completed high school and is now teaching to build their networks. The youth leaders Youth Empowerment in a secondary school in Mandera as PTA teacher.” highlighted numerous personal and collective Duale youth leader, youth leader, Bulla Jamhurai Youth populations across the region Empowering Youth Leaders successes, including: are significant and growing. In many of As the nature of insecurity becomes more • Holding peace rallies in Mandera to provide civic education to the community and to Youth - Security Official Forums PEACE III’s border areas, they represent complex and the issue of VE more central in many areas, there is increasing acknowledgment pass messages of peaceful, free, and fair some of the most vulnerable segments In line with the program’s support to SGI’s of the need for collaborative approaches elections, leading to peaceful elections there focus on public outreach, attention has been of the population, at risk of exploitation, between all sections of the community, creating • Organizing peace talks to address the right to given to the relationship between young recruitment into extremist groups, space for less-traditional actors. In situations vote and how to do so peacefully people and security forces, particularly along where state-citizen relations are fraught and and engaging in conflict or crime. • Monitoring and mentoring at-risk the Kenya-Somalia border. Many research traditional systems are weakening, youth leaders Unemployment rates in many of these individuals and discourage engagement reports state that the treatment of youth by can play important roles in influencing their in VE, Youths leaders engaged parents to security personnel is a frequently cited driver remote communities are high, and peers and speaking in ways that resonate with detect behaviour changes and support good of recruitment into violent groups. young people who face few prospects other young people. relationships between parents and children. for positive engagement can find In FY18, PEACE III continued to track and themselves turning to drugs or alcohol. • Organizing meetings with local security 8 The Uwezo Fund is a flagship programme for vision 2030 aimed at support youth leaders across the region who agencies to enhance trust building and enabling women, youth and persons with disability access finances to PEACE III works with both at-risk youth promote businesses and enterprises at the constituency level previously received capacity development networking to improve information-sharing who are conflict-affected or vulnerable (CD) in areas such as CVE; conflict prevention, to recruitment into AS and with youth management, and resolution (CPMR); TH; and advocacy. The program focused on providing NUMBER OF YOUTH NUMBER OF YOUTH ENGAGED leaders who are working for change opportunities for these youth leaders to interact LEADERS SUPPORTED TO IN PEACE PROCESSES [18-35 within their communities. with others to promote peace and non-violence ENGAGE IN PEACE AND CVE YEARS] and to represent their communities and peers in matters of peace and security. 137 4,327

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Security agents tend to come from outside the project has provided to them in helping the local areas and are not familiar with the improve their interactions. Similarly, youth culture and customs of local communities. themselves note a change in the behaviour of security agents, with more openness to Creating the space for engagement and dialogue and discuss solutions that meet both discussion between these two groups builds security and livelihoods needs. the confidence of young people, develops trust and relationships and changes perceptions of Improvements in these relationships is a the other. Participants at this year’s PEACE III work in progress, and the forums held have trust-building events continue to elaborate provided useful recommendations to enhance on the challenges youth face such as low the interaction between young people, representation in formal peace structures, government, and security personnel. Ideas the process of accessing ID cards, policy include sports competitions, community frameworks to support trade, and employment works, regular feedback forums, and cultural in border areas. Yet they also note major events that celebrate local traditions. At a improvements in relations between youth recent MDPC-facilitated youth-government and security personnel since the program’s dialogue in Mandera to review the progress interventions began. At a dialogue forum in made since last year’s youth engagement plans convened by KYBI, in Kiunga town for youth were developed, the Officer in Charge of the In Lamu, KYBI provide mentorship support to other youth-based self-help groups, some of whom are from Kiunga and Raskiamboni, Mr. Abdullahi Rapid Deployment Unit of the National Police supporting football matches between the Boni KDF camp officers and local youth. This creates an avenue Diriye, District Officer for Raskiamboni, Service suggested that members “leverage for different interaction between these two groups. KYBI also continued to work with Lamu Arts and Talent Somalia, acknowledged the importance of the interaction resulting from this meeting Alliance (LATA), which PEACE III previously trained, to use arts and theatre to develop CVE messages and PEACE III in helping to change the narrative of by exchanging our contact details to start to support sustainable relationships between youth and security forces. By using drama, sensitive issues young people from Raskiamboni, noting that engagements. We need your support and such as blame, suspicion, and trust can be more easily and sensitively highlighted. “they have now understood the importance participations in the management of peace and SPECIAL FOCUS: of engaging in dialogue rather than being security.” confrontational in times of disagreement.” Youth-Security Relations through Sport. A story by Khalif Osman, program supported Others have noted the value of skills that youth leader, Mandera county Rhamu town is in Mandera County, North Eastern Kenya, and had for a long time suffered significant losses from violent conflicts and attacks by militia groups. Communities living in the area had poor relations with the local police force, but a decision in 2016 to revive friendly soccer matches between the local youth and police has contributed significantly to improved relations between the two sides.

The police soccer team had been disbanded back in 2006 after relations between them and youth went sour, leading to a decision by the Rhamu youth to stop playing football with the police. Part of the reason for this deterioration in was reports of youth being harassed at night by police whenever the youth won a soccer match. This coupled with the fact that youth were viewed as trouble makers and drug users led to innocent youth being victimized and arrested on false charges. Youth were at the time not considered able to contribute to local peacebuilding efforts, but rather as group of trouble-makers who contributed to the frequent unrests.

In 2016, a new Officer Commanding Station (OCS) was appointed in Rhamu and he happened to be an ardent soccer player. During one of the monthly Mandera North District Security Committee meetings, the new OCS and Khalif spoke about the possibility of reviving the police soccer team and organizing friendly matches with the youth. The two worked together to revive the team and initiate weekly soccer matches that continue to-date. The police team has about 30 “The soft communication strategies I learnt from the advocacy training under the PEACE III project has players who interact with about 500 youth (in 20 teams) during the local tournaments. To date, no incident of tension or impacted on my own life in my relations with security fighting has been reported between them. The matches have helped to build trust and improve relations between the agents. I learnt the importance of collaboration rather youth and police. Youth are now viewed as invaluable contributors to peacebuilding efforts. By working together, youth than confrontation.” have supported police efforts by jointly organizing night patrols and promptly reporting any incidents of conflict, so they Said Ali, Lamu Arts and Talent Alliance are addressed quickly to avoid escalation.

Youth performing in Lamu

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Outcome 67, gathered during the OH process, illustrates improvement in the relationship TABLE 4: resulting vulnerabilities pushing them further between youth and security providers as a result of PEACE III interventions Mandera action plan for engaging religious leaders into the hands of extremists and criminals. These challenges are noted in the emerging Outcome 67: Improved relationship among youth and KDF policy frameworks that are being developed Outcome Significance to address peace and CVE across Kenya, such Prior to 2015, youth in Hulugho district never had the opportunity or platform to come together formally to discuss as the PEACE III-supported Boni Enclave youth issues. Youth were not engaged, organized, or capitated to air their voice, and, as a result, security in Hulugho Campaign joint action plan, Lamu CVE County deteriorated and radicalization increased. Relationships between the youth, their community, and the government and military authorities was poor. Action Plan (CAP), and Mandera CVE CAP, all of which have specific sections to address at- Program Contribution risk youth. In September 2016, PEACE III through its local partner Ijara Women for Peace held a series of discussion forums targeting out of school youth, youth leaders, religious leaders, and the KDF to share concerns and build trust. Youth leaders at a reflection meeting that Outcome Statement MDPC held in Mandera developed an action plan that they felt would reduce the There is now active engagement between the youth and the KDF. The KDF included some of the youth leaders as liaisons, and they now attend meetings with the community and the KDF regarding extremism activities in the vulnerability of local youth to VE (table 3). district. This has resulted in improved information flow and collaboration between the community and the KDF camp The final issue in the plan acknowledges management. the value of building cohesion between the youth across the county and indeed across- borders. Discussions focused on the link In an event held in September 2018 in Kiunga, Changing the Lives of At-Risk Youth between conflict and VE, with the increasing a skit about relations and trust-building The discussions held throughout the year with recognition from amongst the youth that between community and security personnel young people highlight the broad range of extremist groups exploit and deliberately was performed for the local community challenges that many youth face across PEACE exacerbate intercommunity divisions. and security officials. It aimed to unpack III’s operational areas. All these locations the difficulties security agents experience are remote, with high levels of poverty, Right: Owner of a business who is taking on apprentices manning the porous border and the need for few opportunities for legal employment or communities to collaborate effectively with business, and all the challenges associated them for the betterment of all, as well as with insecurity. For example, in Wajir, after promoting a more human-centered approach the Qarsi school attack in February 2018, all ISSUES INTERVENTION WHO HOW to security. KYBI also organized social non-local teachers were evacuated, leaving activities, such as dancing events and football schools non-functional and forced to close. • Enroll youth in vocational training institute, Engaging relevant authorities on the matches, that included the security forces, Young people often feel the impacts of Unemployment Youth leaders • Create informal jobs for school issue-county government which KYBI believes have been successful in insecurity more than others, with restrictions dropout. decreasing suspicion. on freedoms and opportunities and the • Create awareness on the effect of drug and substance abuse. Drug abuse Youth leaders Adverts, billboards, and media • Arrest drug peddlers while working with security agents.

• Create awareness of the vice to the Youth forums to discuss dangers and Youth leaders Radicalization general youth in the area. effects of radicalization on youth

Youth leaders in • Create awareness of corruption in the Report corruption cases to the relevant collaboration with Corruption society authorities such as police and EACC. EACC.

Formation of • Invite all existing youth groups Writing an invitation letter to all youth in Mandera to deliberate on the groups stating the venue, date, and time Youth leaders one big youth importance of umbrella network and further prepare the agendas for umbrella network formation discussion in the group meeting

Owner of a business who is taking on apprentices

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stipulated blood compensation for two boys killed prior to signing of the declaration. A NO. OF RELIGIOUS LEADERS REACHED ACROSS THE REGION committee comprising clan elders and the local administration from Kenya and Ethiopia led this process. The handover ceremony was supported 169 by PEACE III partners IAG and SND and witnessed by large numbers of clan elders, youth, women, PC members, and local administrations. leaders to keep working together. PEACE III has increasingly engaged religious leaders as it focuses more on VE-related insecurity The Mandera action plan developed during in the Somali cluster. Across the borders of the interfaith forum (table 4) highlights the Kenya-Somalia and Ethiopia, PEACE III partners importance of developing a cross-border network held events to promote networking and capacity of religious leaders from Kenya, Ethiopia, and support for religious leaders from across faiths to Somalia who know and trust one another. enhance their ability to use their positions in their Gabra clan prepare to hand over cows for blood compensation along Saru border communities to promote peace and non-violence. Local Peace Structures Customary and Loyoro, Uganda. Between February and June 2018, These events, held in Liboi and Gerille along the PEACE III continued to work closely with local elders met around Loyoro to discuss the breakdown Kenya-Somalia border and in Moyale and Mandera peace structures throughout its operational Religious Leaders in relations between the Turkana, Ik, Dodoth, and Jie along the Kenya-Ethiopia border, built trust and areas, engaging and support peace and resource that was affecting their abilities to peacefully share relations, which are critical when addressing VE. sharing committees, early warning and early Customary and religious leaders continue resources. These meetings culminated in an event in Many religious leaders spoke of the challenge of response (EWER) actors, and community policing to play a significant role in influencing the early June 2018 that brought together approximately 250 their own safety when engaging in CVE activities. members. Across Kenya, the project is working people from the Dodoth, Jie, and Turkana communities attitudes and behaviors of communities, Building relationships and networks between with the NSC to review the peace structures and that provided an opportunity for elders from all themselves and with other peace actors and found in the border areas for functionality, particularly in these remote, pastoral communities to interact and to agree on next steps to security agencies was deemed to be essential for effectiveness, and complementarity (see section communities. All processes to strengthen improve relations. Such meetings have unlocked the any successful CVE efforts and to enable religious government engagement). In the Todonyang - SR and cohesion engage the customary process of renewing the Loyoro RSA and have led to a leaders to safely carry out their roles. Most events Dassenach corridor between Kenya and Ethiopia, leadership, given their continuing legitimacy review of the inter-governmental agreement between resulted in the development of some form of peace monitors previously supported by PDC Turkana and Kaabong leadership. and SAPCONE but who have not received and authority amongst communities. Across structure that would enable trusted, known “We even fear now, if AS heard Kenya and Ethiopian support since early 2018, continued to provide PEACE III, this traditional authority varies Elders are also the custodian of community peace Muslims and Christians are meeting to discuss CVE, information and alerts into the local governmental agreements, and in the first quarter of this year, elders and is subject to manipulation by politics only God knows our fate. Many Muslim scholars who EWER systems. The sustainability of information from the Borana and Gabra communities led the talked about them were either killed or threatened; we and power. But in all areas, the NRM and, flow is attributed to the targeting of the monitors, application of the DDM agreement in two instances. don’t have fire arms to fight with them when they come therefore, social capital and relations remain to us.” who are local community members, such as The Wazee 35 elders from Moyale organized meetings fisherfolk or pastoralists, and who are directly customary leaders’ domain. As such, all Sheikh Mohamud, Interfaith Forum, Mandera, supported by to bring together influential leadership from Gadda affected by any conflict that occurs, and hence project-supported resource sharing and MDPC (Borana) and Yaa (Gabra) to discuss the assassination of have a personal motivation for maintaining peace. Mandera action plan for engaging religious leaders peace agreements are guided by traditional a Gabra elder in Oda, Kenya. The elders agreed to: leaders and elders. • Adopt the Dukana-Dillo-Maikona (DDM) Declaration ACTIVITY WHEN WHO In the Karamoja cluster in FY18, Mercy Corps and to solve the issue at hand Formation of Mandera Triangle Inter-Faith Network Aug 2018 Selected leaders from the two faith groups on (MTIN) both sides local partners supported a range of elder dialogues • Fine the Boranas 50 heads of cattle (KES 465,000) plus Strengthening and CD of MTIN on Peacebuilding and October 2018 MDPC between and among bordering communities KES 30,000 and KES 10,000 to meet burial expenses Countering Violent Extremism to address the insecurity experienced during and “Olla”- Maslaha, respectively Exposure Learning/exposure Visits to other established Oct 2018 MDPC the migration and resource=sharing. These • Discuss how to compensate those wounded interfaith, for example to Marsabit, learn also best Pact involved the Turkana and the Toposa along the immediately after the fine is paid practices of Ethiopia Inter-faith on community policing Lokichoggio-Kapoeta corridor between Kenya and In Saru-Sabare of Dukana sub-location, Gabra and Regular Coordination and Consultative Meeting From Aug 2018- Interfaith leaders and cross-border authorities- South Sudan; between the Turkana, Tepeth, and between MTIN and Local Authorities continues process chaired by CC and Dollo administrator Pokot around Lorengkipi in Turkana; and around Borana elders were tasked to collect the DDM-

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SPECIAL FOCUS: HALIMA ALI ABDI is from Dukana Ward in , Kenya. She was born to a Borana Stories from community leaders father and A Gabra mother; communities that sit across the southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya border. Over the past year the program has worked with many influential and “Between 2005-2008, my home village experienced one of the worst violent conflicts in inspirational community leaders. Some of their stories are shared below. its history between Gabra and Borana. Hundreds of men from both tribes died. Others fled to Ethiopia leaving behind their property and in some cases wives and children” she says. KALTUMA ABDIRAHMAN was born and raised in Mandera County, in Northern Kenya. She is from the minority Halima was directly affected by the violent conflict, losing many relatives. She chose to Garemare clan, and holds a diploma in teaching and an undergraduate degree in education. Kaltuma is a Headteacher at continue living in Dukana and to sensitize her community on the importance of peace. She the Mandera township primary school. Her journey to becoming a headteacher was challenging, serving as a deputy for started to gain respect and was among the first six women to join the Dukana local peace 17 years without promotion. committee in 2006. “I was motivated to become a member of the local peace committee With rising cases of youth radicalization in the county, Kaltuma formed a peace club at the school where she talks to fight for equal representation of women and youth since they are affected the most by to students on the dangers of joining the militia group. Whilst speaking at a peace workshop in Mandera on women’s violent conflict.” she says. exclusion during elections, Kaltuma became connected with members of WFPD. Since then she has been an active She has been actively participating in PEACE III activities, led by SND, such as the 2015 participant in all WFPD activities. She says, “I was introduced to peacebuilding work by the PEACE III program through Gabra and Borana peace dialogues and validation of the D-D-M declaration in 2016-2017. WFPD who invited me to attend a high-level women’s forum…. During the forum, discussions on the program’s gender Involvement in these activities helped Halima enhance her skills in conflict management and strategy really opened my eyes on gender equity.” to grow her networks within the community. They have also helped boost her confidence to The meeting motivated her to fight for her rights, and when an opening for the Headteacher position was advertised, talk to women beyond her community. she applied and got the job. Kaltuma says that activities organized by the women’s forum in Mandera have enhanced her knowledge and skills in CVE and helped grow her networks. Her association with the program has linked her to “If you believe in eliminating any problem, speak your mind. Use other peace actors such as NCIC and Interpeace and she was consulted by the Mandera County Government during the a few who are educated to assist you to show you the way. By not research for the CVE CAP. having the chance to go to school or speaking other languages, it does not mean you cannot have an impact.” Halima Ali Abdi IFTIN ALI ABDI is a religious leader from Liboi in , Kenya. Aged 20 years, Iftin became a role model for others due to his passion and commitment to youth development, gaining the trust of community elders and religious leaders. In March 2017, Iftin attended a training in Dhobley by APD on CVE strategies, HASSAN HUSSEIN is a youth leader from Mandera county. messaging and counter narratives. He uses his improved understanding to sensitize the Hassan got involved in peace building when conflict between community on the dangers of engaging in extremist activities. Iftin also attended events the Garre and Degodia erupted after the 2013 general on border management and a networking event for cross-border religious leaders, elections. Worried that the conflict would spill into Mandera women and youth. Participating in these events has helped his further his network with town he advised youth not to be used by politicians for their other religious leaders, women and youth. As a committee member at the Liboi mosque, own personal gains. He reached approximately 120 youth and Iftin manages mosque activities like fundraising, upkeep and cleanliness. Through these kept the conflict from Mandera town. communal activities he helps people to connect, share and work together and to gain In 2015, Hassan was selected as a youth leader, and works a deeper understanding of CVE and peace. Together with other religious leaders, Iftin to ensure youth do not engage in conflict, VE or drug use. conducts monthly Islamic teachings at the mosque to prevent youth from joining violent He does this by engaging youth in football tournaments to groups. These sessions are attended by approximately 40 – 50 youth from the area. keep them busy. The tournaments are often sponsored by the Mandera sports department, but participating youth also pay KES 500 each. Every three months, Hassan also meets ABDI ABDULLAHI is Dugsi teacher in Liboi, Garissa County. Khalif was first trained by APD on with at-risk youth to talk about peace and ways to avoid CVE in 2017. This improved his knowledge of CVE and the role of religious leaders in developing conflict. alternative narratives. Khalif also attended a networking event for religious leaders’ and others Hassan was introduced to PEACE III in 2016 while along the Kenya-Somali border, through which he grew his network with like-minded leaders and attending a CVE training held by MDPC. Since then he “A lot of things are changing broadened his understanding of the drivers of radicalization. has been an active member of MDPC, attending further Khalif says the trainings have been an eye opener for him especially in conceptualizing VE and dialogues. With the knowledge acquired he can speaks to among the youth who are now strategies to counter it. With support from PEACE III and APD, Khalif has transformed from a local fellow youth about peace and has built good relations with advocating for peace. This is Dugsi teacher into a recognized and respected religious teacher with networks beyond Liboi. He county security agents, which makes information sharing unlike before when they were uses his classes as a platform to preach peace, create awareness on CVE and sensitize youth on easier. Under Hassan’s leadership the ‘Busle Volunteer Youth the dangers of using drugs and alcohol. On average, Khalif reaches about 40-50 youth per session Group’ was formed, comprising 30 members, who sensitize used as tools of conflict” with these messages. youth on the risks os drug abuse, including their increased vulnerability to conflict and VE. Hassan Hussein

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LEARNING AND WAYS FORWARD “The Women’s Forum has noteworthy additional potential for several reasons : 1) it has empowered women’s voices in what has become a significant cultural shift in a

The OH report notes that “the most commonly repeated theme within the data set, expressed short period of time; in nearly a third of the outcomes (22 Outcomes or 32%), was that community members, peace 2) it has greater grassroots reach and impact on youth, thereby producing a more leaders and organizations were working collaboratively to address cross-border issues.” The democratizing and transformative effect; and MPR also noted the achievement of the program in building networks of peace actors across the 3) the natural evolution of the Women’s Forum’s agenda from its core focus on Karamoja cluster” and found that “the broader pattern is one of increasing collaboration and the gradual transformation of these conflict-prone areas.” peacebuilding and natural resources to include areas like income-generation and gender-based violence has the potential to help build community resilience.”

ooking across the whole set out PEACE III’s work with women is about PEACE III MPR, USAID, 2018 outcomes, the OH supports the empowerment. The project has given them the skills assumption in the projects TOC on the and confidence to engage and lead effectively and L • Evidence suggests that as women’s roles in including joining violent groups for economic value of networking, but states that the “long has created space and recognition for them in wider economic life (employment, small business) gain. Radical groups operating in this region term sustainability of the efforts remains to institutions and processes. Outcome 39 illustrates grows, their ability to make decisions have capitalized on the economic and be proven but may be promising as (taken the impact the program has seen. Also, the MPR improves. Aside from skills and exposure psychological vulnerabilities of these groups together) these outcomes… depict an increase noted the specific achievements in the program’s to peacebuilding, economic empowerment to marshal support by recruiting women in both the number and diversity of peace work with the Karamoja Women’s Forum and the is also important to bolster their confidence within their terror cells. In the more rural set actors in the communities.” empowerment being realized by these women. and enable them to engage in meaningful ups where hundreds of families have dropped The question of sustainability is one that Women supported under the project are community processes around peace and out of pastoralism because of climate change, PEACE III has sought to address during the predominantly leaders who can affect change security. young girls are at increased risk of being sent year. The gap in local implementation allowed for others in their communities, but who no • Inequality drives vulnerability. The to work in peri-urban/urban town centers in the project to see whether local structures longer experience the same level of vulnerability devolved government in Kenya, is largely exploitative, poorly paid work; or become and actors would continue to operate without and insecurity as some in their communities. male dominated and can reinforces these jihadi brides. external support. Targeting of individuals Approaches that address the full range of vulnerabilities. There are too few women in • Programs need to build the financial, political appears to be the most important factor in vulnerabilities experienced by other women are the devolved governance system to make and social capital of women. Women’s limited ensuring sustainability of commitment and required to really address impacts of conflict and or advocate for any meaningful change access to resources, decision-making power, action, whether working individually or as a insecurity on the lives. These approaches also must at the local level. These vulnerabilities and poverty affect their ability to respond member of an institution. recognize the following. can promote negative coping strategies effectively to VE and more broadly insecurity.

Outcome gathered during the outcome harvesting process illustrates improvement in the relationship between youth and security providers as a result of the program.

Outcome 39: Women in Kaabong Uganda networked with a larger women’s forum in Kenya, advocate for their needs, and are then included in Government Committees

Outcome Program Outcome Statement Significance Contribution Before 2016, women In 2016, a Women’s In 2017, the women who attended the forum advocated for inclusion of women in PCs at a peace in Kaabong District Forum was held and security meeting held in Kotido by the Minister for Karamoja Affairs. During this meeting, (Uganda), had not in Kitale-Kenya, they presented a memo detailing the importance of women in peacebuilding and other aspects engaged in larger supported by of government. women’s forums or DADO under As a result, one representative of the Karamoja Women’s Forum was included on the Peace and worked together for PEACE III, on Security Committee chaired by the Resident District Commissioner for Kaabong. This was the peace. role of women in first time for a woman to be included in a Peace and Security Committee at the district level. peacebuilding. . The Kaabong District Council also passed a by-law to include women in peace structures. This by-law was effected in the sub counties of Loyoro, Lodiko, Kalapata and Kamion, within Kaabong district.

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Governments across the region are Center (NCTC) in Kenya. This is evidenced increasingly stepping up to lead on by the frequent requests for support that the Government program receives from government partners efforts to build peace and tackle and the ability that program teams and extremism and radicalization. There is local partners have in influencing peace and Effectiveness in an increasing recognition from within security processes and policies. PEACE III governments that softer, non-securitized focuses on supporting government capacities approaches are also required to tackle the and structures for peace by strengthening Peace and Security the horizontal linkages between cross- drivers of insecurity and that to succeed border governments and the vertical linkages they need to engage more with each between governments and communities. other across the region and with local PEACE III placed significant focus this year communities. There is also an increasing on actions within Kenya due to the nature focus on the borders as locations of of the funding received into the project. vulnerability, but also opportunity. Most The relationships with the Kenyan National governments in the region acknowledge CEWERU, the BMS, and, to a lesser extent, the NCTC have enabled the project to continue that local livelihoods in the peripheral its focus on the borders, despite the heavy areas of their countries require mobility emphasis on Kenya. The project team has and are engaging more and more in attended various meetings with the NCTC, efforts to enable transhumance, trade, the BMS, and the Kenyan CEWERU and and social cohesion across-borders, provided opportunities for their officers to attend relevant project events. The presence of whilst also underscoring their needs for these officers in community-level events goes security. a long way to helping community members understand government policies and strategies EACE III’s engagement with the and for the policy-level government officials government runs through all its work, to hear about the impacts of these policies on but also specifically supports the P local lives. achievement of RA 1.3 Local governments partner with cross-border counterparts and Also, during the year, PEACE III’s leadership communities in conflict management and interacted with BMS senior members aligns with the RA’s TOC: IF government’s and the Border Control and Operations peacebuilding capacities and their abilities to Coordination Committee (BCOCC) to share effectively partner and collaborate with each learning and experiences from the program other and local communities are strengthened, with regards to community perceptions on THEN local cross-border conflict management border management. These engagements will be more effective and sustainable. enabled the program to speak of the need for border management policies that support PEACE III has developed extremely strong social and economic interactions, as well as relations with government at national and strengthening security. It is clear from these local levels throughout the life of the project, discussions that many officers in these units including national CEWERUs and local border have a sophisticated understanding of the administrations in Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, realities of the Kenyan borderland; of the and Uganda;96the Border Management need to enable migration, and to consider Secretariat (BMS) in the GOK Ministry of their own interaction with governments and Interior; and the National Counter Terrorism communities on the other side, to enhance effective border management. 9 Relationships with the national government in South Sudan have been difficult to maintain due to restrictions from US Governmental legislation.

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the Nyumba Kumi Initiative. These policies Turkana counties. The consultations provided • Address sustainability of structures and Support to National and strategies are being implemented in a opportunities for frank discussions on the personnel through more creative ideas, and County-Level context of devolution, with often competing effectiveness of current structures and such as training central resources persons priorities and mandates between the levels of policy frameworks between governments and promoting income-generation by peace Policy Frameworks government and in a context of dynamic and and peace actors. They raised challenges institutions. emerging threats to security. such as duplication of roles, lack of clarity Governments across the regional are The consultative forums in Turkana and of roles, mandates of national and county increasingly focusing on the development of To date the process has involved a Mandera enabled participants to talk governments, and lack of adequate budget policy frameworks to guide their approaches national consultative workshop including specifically about their local contexts and allocation and policy framework at the county to managing peace and security. In principle, representatives from county and national the realities of peace structures, rather than level to address sustainability issues. these frameworks should provide the overall governments, NCTC, BMS, Nyumba Kumi, the concept. These contextual conversations approaches, institutional structure, and PCs, and other peace actors and two county- The national-level consultation concluded are important and highlight the need for budget allocation for implementing the level consultative forums in Mandera and with the following recommendations. (See nuanced approaches. The roles and, therefore, policy. In reality these policies are often ANNEX for the full report.) expertise of PCs in Turkana, for example, may not implemented, fail to flow down to local be very different that in Mandera, where VE Is • Anchor peace structures into law at the governments in devolved systems, and lack a major issue. Similarly, community policing “Though structures are strong in county level by providing contextually adequate financial resources. structures may work better in urban settings appropriate policy frameworks within which Kenya, their roles and responsibilities where people are sedentary and in close they operate and through which resources In FY18, PEACE III supported several are often not clear and as such they proximity to one another. In each meeting, policies related to peace and security, both are allocated. tend to overlap. The local traditional the complexities raised by the proximity of in their development and implementation. • Use policy frameworks to harmonize efforts international borders were noted, in particular In Kenya, the program signed an in-kind conflict resolution mechanisms are both across peace and security structures the lack of corresponding structures on the grant agreement with the NSC to carry out quickly weakening and fading. A and between national and county-levels of other side with whom to engage. a broader process to review the status of government to avoid overlap of mandate and revival of the same would return peace and security architecture in the border membership. The county forums also enabled PEACE counties. In recent years, Kenya has passed sanity to the peace and security III to engage with NSC and the county • Assess the strengths and weaknesses of its national Peace Policy (2015), developed a governments to map next steps for program situation in the area.” different initiatives in different locations National CVE strategy (2016), and put in place support; centered around support to specific before rolling them out. mechanisms for community policing through Mr. Seif Matata, Turkana County Commissioner institutional arrangements in different • Provide space and mechanisms for counties and to policy frameworks that enable communities to cooperate more in peace county resources to support peace structures. and security, including strengthening the In Turkana, the program has been supporting NPR presence, the re-involvement of the the development of the Community Safety traditional system, and endorsement of Policy, which was validated in a workshop in traditional frameworks of peace across- January 2018 and is now being developed into borders. a bill with support from PEACE III. This policy • Develop specific strategies, frameworks, and was specifically developed by the county policies to support cross-border cooperation between governments and between communities; and ensure peace and security “The national government holds us structures are capacitated to deal with the accountable for any conflict incident specific challenges faced in remote border areas. that occurs in our area, yet we don’t • Work with regional mechanisms such as have the necessary logistics to respond IGAD to address core drivers of conflict, such to incidents. Our work is so noble yet as the proliferation of illegal firearms. so demanding, only the kind-hearted • Engage with the wider development can endure.” community to leverage resources for peace, and mainstream peace within the County Mohamed Dahir, District Peace Committee Chair, Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) Mandera West

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government to provide the parameters and In his presentation at the validation “I believe there is lack of trust between legal basis for cooperation between the TCG Government- workshop Captain (Rtd) Lokwang Ekitela community and local security agencies towards and the national government on matters of Community peace and security. Augustine, the TCG Security Advisor security related issues. Security is the sole noted that the “dilemma of implementing Engagement responsibilities of every Kenya citizens regardless In Mandera and Lamu, the program of tribe, therefore for peace and stability devolution is difficulties in applying Enhanced collaboration between government continued supporting the development enhanced there must be trust, collaboration and implementation of the CVE CAPs. This and communities is increasingly recognized devolved resources on insecure areas of and close working relations between security work falls under the umbrella of PEACE as an important component of CVE and border providers and community. There is something III’s partnership with NCTC and focuses counties in order to empower citizens.” security strategies. It is a key approach in the specifically on ensuring the voices of local IGAD Regional Strategy for Preventing and you can learn from Ethiopia strong community border communities are well embedded into Countering Violent Extremism in East Africa, policing structures put in place to ensure these action plans. In May 2018, PEACE III, #LamuCountyCVEActionPlan” to assess which notes that “national strategies should foreigner and stranger will have no entry and can in collaboration with Act Change Transform the progress made against the Lamu CAP. be flexible enough to allow governments and be easily detected and arrested by the common Act!, SFCG, Kenya Red Cross Society, and In Mandera, PEACE III team members have communities to develop and implement P/CVE citizen. The religious leaders should take step been active members of the Interim Steering projects that respond to their specific local others, supported a dialogue forum in forward to bring all stakeholders on board to Group, formed to support the development of contexts and needs,” and is incorporated into Lamu entitled “Coordination, Collaboration address the thorny issues that created mistrust and Partnership for the Realization of the CAP, in collaboration with WFPD, who is the GOK National Strategy to Counter Violent among the agencies and community and educate the NIWETU local partner, designated as the Extremism and CAPs on CVE. BMS’s work lead for this process in Mandera. These CAPs under the SGI also focuses on public outreach community against dangers posed violent Turkana County Senator, Hon. Prof provide useful opportunities for communities and specifically communication between extremism.” Malachy Ekal urged the national and other peace actors to raise issues of border security personnel and communities. Hajir Mayor Suftu, Interfaith Religious Networking Forum government to make clarifications concern to their governments. The CAPs, Ethiopia is frequently cited by security agents as with all of the policies that the program as an example of how strong state-citizen to work them on matters of peace and CVE. on who is in charge of security along supports, are grounded in the notion of public relations, and active community policing However, for this to work, trust, relationships, participation, and PEACE III’s role has been to has resulted in secure communities and the borders. and understanding need to be built between support participation from communities who infrequent incursions from extremist groups. Community Safety Policy validation workshop communities and the state to address may traditionally be excluded, such as remote As such, national governments, in particular grievances and enable productive and positive border communities and, in particular, women the GOK, increasingly call for communities engagement. and youth. Over the year, PEACE III focused on building relationships and trust between the NUMBER OF POLICY government and the community, particularly FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTED in the Somali cluster, where the threat of VE requires complex and coordinated responses that engage local communities PEOPLE REACHED THROUGH and government and where border security 5 EVENTS/ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO BUILD TRUST BETWEEN measures are impacting on local lives. The GOVERNMENT AND THE OH report demonstrated the program’s clear COMMUNITY focus and achievement in establishing vertical 1. Turkana Community Safety Policy linkage between communities, government, and security providers and noted that “while 2. Lamu CVE CAP 1,223 there were seven outcomes harvested that 3. Mandera CVE CAP dealt with this vertical linkage as the key story of the outcome statement, there were 4. Boni Enclave Action Plan many other outcomes … that also referred 5. Uganda Peace Policy to building linkages between community and government. ... If evaluators included all outcomes that incorporated a statement about positive change in interacting vertically

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between community and government than border. The border management consultation Muslims for Human Rights (MUHURI), (including security forces, police, immigration this set of outcomes would become the most in Wajir recommended the establishment of and KYBI, who also partner with Act! And and customs officials), held in Gerille it was common theme found in the analysis.” an advisory committee to the BMC in Wajir SFCG. PEACE III facilitated community recommended that to curb smuggling of goods to deal with the lack of representation of consultations and collaborative work-planning into Wajir, the Kenya Revenue Authority During the final quarter of this year, APD and community members and its distance from the to address the drivers of insecurity around (KRA) should establish a tax collection WPDA held forums with Border Management border. The advisory committee was formed the Boni Forest.108 This process was carried center at Gerille and Diff Kenya. The KRA Committee (BMC)7 members and community and has membership from local communities out in close partnership with the Lamu representative at the meeting noted that whilst representatives in Garissa and Wajr counties to across the Kenya-Somalia border. County Commissioner and Director of Boni the Kenya-Somalia border remains closed a help communities better understand Kenya’s Enclave Campaign, Mr Joseph Kanyiri, as tax collection center cannot be established. border management approaches and to enable In addition to this, WPDA supports peace well as governments from Garissa and Tana This demonstrates how measures that have dialogue that can inform these approaches and cafes at border locations, where local river counties, and recognized the need to the potential to improve security or reduce ensure border management approaches are community members can engage directly and create multi-faceted approaches to address contraband and other illicit activities, are not supportive of the cross-border communities’ consistently with members of the BMC and insecurity. The program also facilitated the possible with a closed-border policy. Most livelihood and social needs. A major challenge agree collectively efforts to promote peace and engagement of border community members local government officials recognize this, of the BMCs along the Kenya-Somalia border security. and national government representatives and discussions are being held to address is their functionality due to the GOK’s closed The Boni Enclave Stakeholder process is from BMS, NCTC and NSC in the consultation these challenges. A KRA official during the border policy and their distance from the another example of PEACE III’s support to forums. Recommendations from the first youth-security dialogue in Kiunga noted that community-government consultations, this consultation indicate the complexity of issues although an immigration policy framework 7 BMCs consist of representatives of governmental departments that engage in all issues related to border management, such as customs time at a higher, cross-county level. Over driving insecurity in this area, including exists, it needs to be streamlined so that it can and border patrol, immigration, Kenya police, and Kenya Bureau of security-community relations, pastoral- help accommodate the contextual challenges Standards. the year, in partnership with Act!, SFCG, agricultural conflict, land, community and the security risks along this corridor. involvement in security, inter-county On the other side of the project, during cooperation, and national-county government a February 2018 meeting to discuss the coordination around peace and CVE. implementation of inter-governmental SPECIAL FOCUS: A YEAR ON… A follow-up meeting in January 2018 enabled resolutions signed between the TCG of Kenya The impact of the lifting of the the development of a joint work plan between and Kapoeta State of South Sudan, livestock night fishing ban national government, county government, and traders cited the lack of livestock trade CSOs. Two key areas that PEACE III committed information, illegal or double taxation by Somo Mohamed Somobwane, the Chairman of the to support were: Kenya Police and South Sudanese soldiers, Beach Management Unit, in Lamu and his colleagues, and the increases in trade in arms as drivers of all agree that it life better now that the ban has been 1. Inadequate coordination of various actors increasing insecurity. lifted. Given the that is was in place for five years working on community peace and security they are still recovering from its effects, and there issues at county and national levels The issuance of the Mvuvi mart card for are many other issues that continue to challenge 2. Drivers of youth to criminal activities and fisherfolk in Lamu is a good example of them such as fuel prices, LAPSSET, drops in tourism, radicalization leading to VE an initiative that emerged as a result of increasing competition from those entering the fish In almost all dialogue forums between community-government dialogues around industry. However, the experience of the community communities and government the impact of CVE and security measures, and which seeks in getting the ban lifted has raised their confidence security measures on local livelihoods was to address both livelihoods and security and given them more negotiating power to face the raised. Communities along the Kenya-Somalia needs. The card allows fisherfolk to be challenge that the LAPSSET development might border are struggling with the closed-border quickly identified and distinguished from Al bring. policy as it limits their abilities to access Shabaab operatives who have been disguising resources and services on the other side, themselves as fisherfolk to infiltrate Kenyan “We have more negotiating power to engage in legal trade, and importantly to territory, so that they are allowed to fish at through the experience of getting control illicit activities taking place in their night, after the lifting of the night fishing ban (reported last year). KYBI, through its multiple the ban lifted to face the challenges communities. During discussions at a ‘peace café’ for border management personnel partners, has been able to provide funding for LAPSSET is bringing” around 750 of these cards, while 5,000+ cards are needed to provide one for all the local Somo Somobwane, Chairman of the Lamu BMU 10 Boni Forest in stretches to the border with Somalia. It is a key grazing area for pastoralist populations from neighbouring Garissa fishermen, and other USG partners including and Tana River counties and has become a hideout for AS militants.

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ACT! are funding the development of the dialogues. Along the Kenyan-Uganda border, and Turkana leaders’ dialogue amongst and collaboration of local chiefs. These chiefs Mvuvi card database and portal which serves tensions escalated in the first two quarters the Dodoth, Jie, Matheniko, and Bokora play an important connector role between as the interface between the card-carrying of the year due to the mass migration and communities of Uganda and the Turkana of communities and government and have fisherman and law enforcement personnel accompanying raids by the Turkana in Uganda. Kenya at Kalosaric in Kotido District, Uganda. legitimacy within communities to lead on who patrol the waters. During this period the program supported Again, the program supported this event and negotiation, reconciliation, and livestock several meetings between the TCG and their again resolutions were developed, called return processes. In FY18, chiefs from North The Mvuvi card is seen as a positive Ugandan counterparts, as well as internal the “Kalosaric 28th June 2018 Resolutions of Pokot and Loima sub- and development by local fishermen, all of whom meetings with national and local governments, Ateker communities of Uganda and Kenya,” from Moroto and Amudat local government want one, but it faces some challenges. The to enable each country to discuss and agree which emphasize collaboration between the of Uganda conducted seven intra-community Lamu County Government does not have on their positions with regards to the long- two country governments through increased and four inter-community dialogues to sufficient budget to produce them for all term challenge of migration across this security surveillance, recovery and return sensitize Turkana and Pokot communities of fisherfolk, and the KDF still places some border. These deliberations have enabled of stolen livestock, regular coordination Kenya and Tepeth, Matheniko, and Pokot of restrictions on night fishing which affects deep communities to renegotiate immediate access meetings, involvement of women in Uganda on the need for peaceful co-existence. sea fishermen, in particular. As a result of the to vital grazing fields and water sources and peacebuilding work, and the revitalization of These meetings resulted in a joint framework Lamu CVE Stakeholder Forum, supported raise their issues of concern with regards to the Moruitit and Nabilatuk resolutions to curb for cross-border security surveillance in in July 2018 by the program. KYBI through border security, whilst their governments stock theft. collaboration with government security team PEACE III has agreed to bring together county develop plans for more sustainable solutions. to enable the recovery and return of stolen and national government representatives to In the last quarter of the year, the program animals. These chiefs were also instrumental develop clear policies for night fishing. Following these discussions, the Turkana supported the signing of two further rounds of in negotiating Turkana access to grazing fields County Governor travelled to Kampala to meet inter-governmental resolutions. One between in West Pokot at the start of the 2018. with the Minister of Karamoja Affairs, where Kotido and Kaabong governments of Uganda Inter-Governmental the Kampala Resolutions were signed, which and Turkana as a follow-up to the Kalosaric The good work of the Chief Forum in the Collaboration state the following. Meeting and another to review the West Pokot- Karamoja cluster is receiving significant • The Turkana when coming to Uganda should Amudat Resolutions signed in 2017. recognition. During the Turkana Cultural Festival, a member of parliament for Loima Inter-governmental collaboration across- not come with guns because guns are not Whilst these meetings provide opportunities constituency in Turkana County recognized borders, remains a key focus area for the allowed in Uganda. They should leave guns for demonstrations of good faith between the work of chiefs in improving relations project. It is increasingly evident that behind or register them with the security governments and between the communities. between the Turkana and Pokot from North cooperation and agreement between local organs. Any Turkana caught having a gun For example, during the Kaloasaric meeting Pokot sub-county due to information sharing. administrations provide the foundations for will be punished according to the law in a 10-year-old Dodoth boy who was abducted In the inter-governmental meeting between improved community cooperation, as they Uganda. while herding cattle in early June by Turkana West Pokot and Amudat governments, West endorse community agreements, negotiate • The UPDF will be deployed in the Turkana raiders was returned to his parents. Attention access and migration in times of stress and kraals until disarmament in Kenya is done. is required to the implementation of the many agree the mechanisms for trade, security, Both soldiers from Kenya and Uganda need resolutions signed. Following the signing of service delivery, and others. Such support to to prepare earlier to be deployed. the Kampala Resolutions in January 2018, NUMBER government is only possible due to the strong • Proper channels of communication between Mercy Corps worked with a committee within OF CHIEFS relations that the PEACE III team has built with the two governments are required so that the TCG Peace Directorate to draft longer-term NETWORKED local governments. This positions the program 93 when animals from Uganda are raided and solutions for presentation at an IGAD meeting. ACROSS THE to be able to facilitate and convene meetings taken to Kenya they are recovered and given These solutions were categorized into sectors REGION on sensitive issues and enable the signing of to the rightful owners in Uganda, and vice including agriculture and natural resources, agreements and resolutions. health and sanitation, peace and security, with versa. NUMBER OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL a view to garner support from IGAD in the In FY18, the program worked closely with • The TCG will look into the Nabilatuk RESOLUTIONS AND AGREEMENTS achievement of them. both the local administrations of the Karamoja Resolution to see how it can be adopted in 3 SUPPORTED THIS YEAR cluster and the national CEWERUs of Uganda Kenya. 1 - Kaabong/Kotido resolution-Turkana and Kenya in support of efforts to find lasting The engagement of the Minister of Karamoja West Subcounty solutions to peace and security along the Chiefs' Forum Affairs indicates the seriousness with 2 - South Omo (Omorate)-Turkana North Kenyan-Ugandan and Kenyan-Ethiopian which the GOU takes these challenges. This PEACE III, through its local partners MADEFO, Subcounty borders. Escalating tensions along both these commitment was continued in June, when SIKOM, APaD, and SAPCONE, continuing the 3 - West Pokot-Amudat borders required the program to support both the Minister called a regional Karamoja important work of supporting the networking internal deliberations and inter-governmental

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protect communities from either AS or the retribution the chiefs of Banisa and Malka Mari supported of security agents. The forum used storytelling dialogues to address incidents and the return methodologies and provided a vital outlet for the of livestock between the Garre and Degodia chiefs to air their experiences in a safe and open place. clans across the border. This forum saw the beginning of developing a trusted network, something which is so important when Enabling tackling issues of VE. Government The forum made the following recommendations: Response to Conflict • Organize periodic chief-security-only forums that will enable chiefs and security officers to discuss Despite improved information systems, key sticking points and develop clear mechanism governments often lack the ability to for redressing grievances respond effectively to conflict. As such, PEACE III used the contingency mechanism • Strengthen the chief’s forum to allow for cross- within the partners’ core grants to provide border learning and knowledge-sharing rapid support to prevent the escalation of • Revitalize the community-chief barazas to hear violence. Such support took place along the community grievances and creating feedback loops Banisa-Malkamari and Mubarak-Ethiopia Pokot County Commissioner, Mr Apollo these chiefs, PEACE III is scaling the approach to other with the concerned authorities and departments corridors through NEPED’s grant, facilitating Okello, urged security organs to work jointly areas. In the Dassenach-Turkana corridor local partner • Reconstitute the Nyumba Kumi structure and an inter-community dialogue between the with chiefs to strengthen information SAPCONE is replicating the approach and has worked ensure that these structures understand their roles Garre and Degodia clans as a follow-up to sharing in order to realize timely response with chiefs to conduct barazas within communities. In and mandate, which should complement the work an inter-authority/PC meeting that was to conflicts. This effective coordination has the Somali cluster, the program has begun work with of the chiefs held in Kilwahiri between the Kenyan and improved stability in zone 7 and 8 and has chiefs in several locations, whilst recognizing that the Ethiopian administrations. SAPCONE and Elsewhere between the border of Kenya and Ethiopia, led to increased employment among women contexts and risks are significant different here. PDC also accessed these funds to support and youth who are engaged in cross-border inter-governmental dialogues to unlock Cross-border chiefs forum, held for chiefs from trade along the borders of Kenya and Uganda. tensions that flared up between the local Raskamboni and Kiunga by KYBI, shared the many Five new market centers (Karita, Orolwa, NUMBER OF EVENTS RECEIVING administrations in South Omo and Turkana, challenges and frustrations they face in carrying Nakunyen, Amakuriet and Nakudut) along the TANGIBLE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT (both Finally, WPDA used its contingency to support out their duties. One chief pointed out that the border have opened up. local and central government support) 91 dialogues to address growing tension and communities view them as spies who report mistrust between the Ogaden and Degodia Due to the good work and recognition of unconfirmed allegations, or a “lame duck” unable to clans following calls by the Ogaden elders and politicians for the Degodia clan to vacate Ibrahim Ure, in Wajir.

During the final quarter, the project worked with the Kenya CEWERU to support a training on CEWER for Turkana County’s Peace Directorate staff, ward/sub-county administrators, and PC members. The TCG has been proactive in establishing systems for improved conflict EWER, and throughout the project, local organizations such as APaD and SAPCONE have supported mechanisms for conflict monitoring along the borders. This training augments that work, improving frontline staff’s knowledge and skills in information collection, communication, and analysis.

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SPECIAL FOCUS: MR DAVID EKOMWA LOPONGO works for the TCG’s Directorate Bios from notable government partners of Peace as the Peacebuilding and Conflict Management Officer for Turkana West Sub-County, which borders Kotido and Kaabong PEACE III has worked with many notable government partners this year. districts of Uganda, and South Sudan’s Kapoeta East State. While working for KDF for 26 years, he was part of peace keeping Here we present an example of some. missions in Yugoslavia, East Timor and Somalia and won several awards including the UN Peace Keeping Distinction Mission, Long CAPTAIN (RTD) AUGUSTINE LOKWANG has worked extensively on security, conflict and governance Service and Good Conduct, and the Hodari medal awarded by in northern Kenya and neighbouring , both as a practitioner and a researcher. Currently, he is the Kenya’s Head of State. Senior Advisor to the Turkana County Governor on Security, Peace and Borderlands Initiatives. Mr Ekomwa leads on strategy formulation to address Captain Augustine has worked with PEACE III on: the Community Safety Policy, improved CEWER, immediate and deep-rooted cultural drivers of conflict to enhance “When peacebuilding the development, signing and implementation of community resolutions and intergovernmental social cohesion and peaceful co-existence. “I have also worked emphasizes elimination of agreements along the international borders with Uganda, South Sudan and Ethiopia, and advocating with PEACE III in conducting inter and intra community peace drivers of conflict, it provides for increased participation of women in peace and security matters. dialogues bringing together the Turkana community and the Captain Augustine notes that his work with PEACE III, has resulted in: 1) better programming by the Toposa, Jie and Dodoth”. he says. Observations from his work with a foundation for long term county government Peace Department, informed by conflict and security analyses, 2) strengthened PEACE III include, 1) that peace meetings have led to elimination peace. The state of peace and peace structures, which enhance communities’ cohesion and peaceful coexistence, 3) more of most drivers of conflict and provided the foundation for long stability will then strengthen involvement of grassroots peace stakeholders, building local ownership of peace processes, 4) social term peace; 2) that intergovernmental meetings have improved agreements amongst communities that foster inclusivity and resource sharing, 5) timely and reliable diplomatic relations between Uganda and the TCG; 3) that conditions for sustainable incident reporting by communities and government structures, 6) cooperation amongst communities, communities are sharing grass and water under the leadership of development and release governments and other actors, and 7) more empowered local institutions that facilitate peace efforts. kraal leaders and kraal PCs, and that these Kraal leaders and PCs resources needed for societal are now reporting incidents and carrying out recovery of stolen “The TCG is committed to working with like-minded partners to entrench the culture of livestock, and 4) women’s voices on issues of peace are being prosperity,” intercommunal peaceful coexistence and cohesion at the borderlands. Our approach is hinged heard and addressed. on the understanding that without peace, stability, human rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law, there cannot be hope for sustainable development.” EMMANUEL LORENGEI is the chief of Akoret Location in Pokot North Sub County, and a member of the PEACE III-supported Chiefs’ Forum. His work includes monitoring incidents, holding public meetings, resolving land and NR disputes, monitoring goldmining activities to avoid disputes, sensitizing kraal SAMMY LOSUBAN TIOKO, is chief of Lokiriama location in Loima Sub leaders on education, and daily communication with community policing leaders. County, Turkana County. Mr Tioko joined the chiefs’ forum in 2017. Mr Tioko’s “Since joining the Chiefs’ Forum when it was formed in 2015, I have been involved work under the Forum includes holding community dialogues and public in community dialogue meetings along the Kenya-Uganda border, in sharing meetings on internal and cross border security issues, addressing disputes information and resolving disputes with other chiefs from the corridor. The forum arising from theft, and competition over pasture and water points. has been working on tracking, recovery and handover of stolen livestock, and the “Initially we were not open to one-another but the forum has enabled relationship between me and chiefs from other communities has improved,” Mr us to share early warning information. The forum has changed the ways Lorengei says we address livestock theft which is common in our corridor. We are able According to Mr Lorengei, trade, among Turkana, Karamojong and Turkana, to work with elders to track, recover and hand over stolen livestock is thriving because attacks on trade routes have been averted. He says that the and whenever there is a suspect, we identify them to law enforcement stability has led to the reopening of schools that were closed due to conflict, agencies. PEACE III has also supported our meetings to draw resource and that Pokot children are now studying in Turkana. He further adds that the sharing agreements and disseminate the forums’ information,” Mr Tioko population is increasing, and people are settling permanently. Mr Lorengei notes says. that peacebuilding initiatives have only won a battle, and not the war and calls on Through this initiative, Tioko says he has achieved close relationships “Truly, in harmony, small things grow. development partners to focus on areas that were previously affected by conflict to with community members and created a network of chiefs in Kenya, establish schools, water and health projects. and chiefs, LCIIIs and authorities in Uganda who share information with The conflict management strategies we him. Trade is thriving because there is a conducive environment and have used such as dialogue meetings and “I am proud of my community (Pokot) and Turkana living development projects are going to the grassroots. “I am proud of the livestock recovery and handover have together and sharing gold mines. I am also proud of that there prevailing peace and the coexistence being experienced in my area and the lives my people are living. Initially, people feared banditry but now there is contributed to free movement of people,” is no more loss of life as it was in the past.” free movement and trade is booming,” Mr Tioko says.

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PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

LEARNING AND WAYS FORWARD PEACE III Partners The OH report notes that a common theme in the dataset are outcomes associated with strengthened local government capacity to engage in and address cross-border conflict as Strong, Well- alongside counterparts and communities. It notes that these outcomes are about inter- governmental relations, trust been government and community, and enabling environments. It also notes that nearly all of these outcomes are about changes in government rules or roles and Recognized, almost none reflect changes in government resources. This suggests that whilst governments are increasingly more willing to engage in peace and security process, they remain unwilling or unable to sustain this by providing their own resources. Networked Local

he report suggests that this may reflect government and provides partial explanation “where these government actors are of the lack of resources provided. In analyzing Peace Actors Talong the continuum of ownership— the ability of the Ugandan government to routinely increasing their own engagement quickly and adequately respond to increases in and changing guidelines or policy, but not yet violence, the MPR noted that “the gap between moving additional resources into cross-border the prerogatives of the national government in conflict management.” The MPR highlighted a relation to issues of security and conflict and similar situation, noting that “PEACE III faces the resources available to government officials the difficult task of ‘filling the gaps’ to promote at the local level to constructively address early warning and response, peace-making outbreaks of conflict as they occur.” and peacebuilding, while simultaneously This outcome primarily describes a change in... reducing government dependency.” But, the Change in rules MPR also noted that “PEACE III is making

steady progress in nudging national and local

governments toward recognizing the need for new institutional arrangements to respond quickly to conflict and provide mechanisms N=20 for conflict resolution.”

The question of how to get governments to budget for peace remains a challenge and, from a programming perspective, warrants a change in the way that donors and Change in resources practitioners negotiate partnerships with the Change in roles government. PEACE III has had limit success over the year in achieving true co-financing ne of PEACE III’s core objectives is to support to local peacebuilding efforts and on activities and recognizes that it is difficult “The government of Uganda and Kenya establish stronger, more capacitated structures, THEN the local cross-border to do this on an ad-hoc, activity basis. New did not have budget to address issues which Onetworks of local peace actors that conflict management system will be more programs should negotiate these arrangements are cross-cutting, but with Peace III the can continue to manage and prevent conflicts effective and sustainable. with the government up front and be clear and that engage in CVE efforts across the administrators, the security bodies, the In support of this, the program focused heavily on what value the program brings and the borders, as articulated in RA 1.4: Capacity of in this fifth year on CD for our local partners, expectations of the governments contribution. intelligence are now able to meet and discuss Horn of Africa NGOs to support local cross- with a concentration on sustainability, issues affecting security along the border.” border conflict management increased. Work The issue of the national and local government from three perspectives: organizational to support this aligns with the RA’s TOC: IF collaboration on peace and security comes Hon, Francis Kiyong’a Lc5-Amudat, Interviewed during the sustainability, sustaining program impact, and regional peacebuilding NGOs’ operational, up time and time again, in work with the substantiation process for Outcome 32 sustaining program learning and approaches. relational and technical peacebuilding PEACE III provided CD to local partners in capacities are strengthened to provide a range of different ways: mentoring and

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partnership, specific trainings, one-on-one NUMBER OF NUMBER OF technical support, and, new to this year, CD EVENTS/ PARTNERS incorporating USD 5,000 into the partners PROCESSES SUPPORTED core grants to fund specific CD actions against RUN THIS (INCLUDING MC AND identified gaps. YEAR FOR IPs LOCAL PARTNERS) Organizational 7 18 Sustainability process, and how to use the strategic plan to This year’s reflection meeting, held in May mobilize resources. Participants at the MERL and Comms training in Wajir 2018, took the theme of sustainability. All At the end of the workshop, participants perspectives were covered with an emphasis mobilize resources and depending wholly moving forward to ensure they develop and identified key action points within three on organizational sustainability. During on consultants to develop their strategic share their organization’s MERL plans and categories: the workshop, partners had the chance to plans. Partners also indicated they will communications strategies by 30 November discuss with USAID about their expectations 1. Actions they have been doing but which start to do resource mobilization through a 2018. of local partner growth. They also heard are not promoting strategy development/ committee, share the strategic plan with the from other organizations, such as the Kenya implementation and/or resource wider staff team so everyone understands the Community Development Foundation, a mobilization that they will stop doing organization’s strategic direction, develop a Sustaining Impact member of the Yetu consortium, on different 2. Actions they have been doing well around resource mobilization plan in line with the ways of mobilizing resources to broaden strategy development/implementation and strategy, map their donors and hold regular This year, PEACE III invested significant their donor base. From this workshop, each resource mobilization that they will keep strategic plan review meetings. Pact will time mentoring IPs on developing grant implementing partner (IP) prioritized 3–5 doing continue to undertake regular check-ins proposals to ensure that they meet donor with the various partner organizations to see standards. Working closely with USAID on areas of organizational development that they 3. Actions that are important for strategy progress in implementing these action points. the proposal review process, PEACE III staff wanted to address to enhance sustainability. development/implementation and resource helped IPs develop comprehensive work An analysis of these priorities indicated that mobilization that they have not been doing plans and budgets, ensuring that they were strategic planning, resource mobilization, and will plan to start doing MERL/Communications Workshop demonstrating good strategic analysis and monitoring and evaluation and branding and Ensuring that local partners understand the Among the actions partners said they will stop planning and were presenting cost-effective communication were top priorities for most value of monitoring, evaluation, reporting, doing is operating with either no strategic budgets. This process took close to nine partners; as such, the Pact team provided CD and learning (MERL) and communications is plan of an outdated one, tolerating inactive months and resulted in major delays in partner in these areas to the partners through group an ongoing challenge. If not well understood, board members, depending on others to implementation. However, it was also an workshops held in the Karamoja and Somali these areas can appear cumbersome and important opportunity to build the capacity clusters. Status of Key Organizational Sustainability time-consuming and are often deprioritized of the partners and ensure that their work Elements Among Peace III Implementing Partners by partner staff. In addition to the aspects of (Prior to the Sustainability Workshop) plans demonstrate their thinking around Strategic Planning and Resource Mobilization MERL that are associated with reporting, this sustainability of their impact. Despite not Workshop training sought to help partners see the value having received funding from the program for From the sustainability workshop, it was clear 80 of capturing, analyzing, and communicating nine months, most IPs remained engaged in that while many IPs have been successful in 70 the impacts and lessons from their work. This peace processes and invested time in building fundraising, resource mobilization efforts training was designed to enhance partner staff 60 relationships with other stakeholders. This is a were not always guided by a structured plan capacities to effectively monitor, evaluate, good indication of their standing, networks in or an organizational strategy, but by the calls 50 report, learn, and communicate their work. their locations, and their own sustainability as for proposals put out by donors. This means 40 As part of the post-training action plan, all peace actors. that for most local partners, the main source of 30 partner staff committed to work with Pact funding remains international organizations, 20 with little effort made to explore other “I would say I have learnt when I am able to put 10 that knowledge I have acquired into practice. I possible sources locally. Through this training, wish this training came earlier, we needed support partners gained a better understanding of the 0 on these type of things.” RM Plan Strategy M&E Gender Strategy importance of having a strategic plan, how to Strategic Plan Lucy Akello, Program Coordinator, MADEFO undertake a comprehensive strategic planning Don’t Have Needs updating Up to date

74 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 75 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PEACE III PARTNERS AS STRONG, WELL-RECOGNIZED, NETWORKED LOCAL PEACE ACTORS

introduced the methodology and ran it on The OPI measures annual changes in An example of the impact of program delays on the Sustaining Program the program’s IPs, asking the question: “What three areas of an institution: technical domains of the OPI for SND Learning and has been the most significant change in the capacities, relational capacities, and capacity of their local organization to work operational capacities. This is the 3rd Approaches on cross-border peacebuilding programming OPI that the program has run for the IPs since the PEACE III program started?” during their partnership with PEACE III, In FY18, PEACE III spent significant time and many scores actually reduced this exploring the use of methodologies for The videos generated are available here117 year. There are several explanations for capturing program learning and impacts and and cover changes identified by IPs such as this, one being the significant delays in communicating it to others (see Performance enhanced networking and relationships, better implementation which affect domains Monitoring section for more information on field presence, and technical and institutional in the OPI such as delivery and reach. It methodologies). The program carried out growth. Selected local partners then worked is also important to note that the OPI is these exercises with local partners to build with Insightshare in February 2018 to run a self-assessment, and as organizations their capacities in the methodologies and to the PV/MSC methodology with the KPAs and understand better the standards under encourage them to think more about their own their communities. Local partners were taken each domain, they become more self- learning from the approaches they are using in through the entire methodology from design critical. This has particularly been seen their work. through to community screening, learning in the areas of resource mobilization, the approach, but also benefitting from the Firstly, the program contracted Insightshare6 strategic planning, and MERL, which analysis and learning generated through the to build the team’s capacity to use the PV/ partners downgraded their scores on exercise. MSC methodology to better understand and across the board as they became more communicate change from the beneficiaries’ All PEACE III partners also took part in the aware of what they did not yet have. perspectives. This is a unique methodology OH exercise, which ran from January to July (See ANNEX for full OPI scores and offered by Insighshare that combines MSC 2018. Through this process, partners again explanations) with video technology thereby assisting learnt the methodology and from it gained program’s like PEACE III to communicate the a better understanding of what a significant OPIs measure the voice and views of local people to external outcome is for a program such as PEACE III density of partner networks. Over the audiences, whilst educating the program on and how to document and validate it. Some year, local partners the impacts of its work. An initial workshop outcomes generated also spoke specifically to collaboration with improvements in the knowledge and skills of others, both within 6 www.insightshare.org local partners themselves. PEACE III and outside, continued All this work continues to result in visible to expand as their growth amongst PEACE III’s local partners in reputations grew terms of their technical capacities, networks and their own appreciation of the and relationships, and the strengths and sizes value of partnership of their organizations and programs. Pact ran increased. its Organizational Performance Index (OPI) and Organizational Network Analysis (ONA) ONAs measure the toward the end of this year to highlight growth density of partner networks. Over the areas and to continue to inform the partners’ year, local partners institutional strengthening plans. collaboration with others, both within PEACE III and

11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD_ outside, continued arhjLQlg&list=PLr4Zjc7sz5uW8j1W0jmlZ1IdZ9NpqPJUa to expand as their reputations grew and their own appreciation PEACE III team learning how to of the value capture videos of partnership increased.

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ManderaLG 2018 MDPC LEARNING AND demonstrates CEWARN CGwatch the growth in 2016 DeptofCohesion Interpeace WAYS FORWARD this networking, MDPC Mandera NEPED NSC Peace DLMC DistrictPC HAWN expanding from CEWARN Actors IAG three connections in Mandera SND Whilst this has been a challenging year AmkeniWakenya 2016 to 29 in 2018. Meditation LPI DAI 2017 HAWN Council for local partners with delays in their DAI Interpeace CDTF Mandera MDPC SupkemMandera implementation, it has also been a year of IslamicRelief TAG NRC Youth major investment in the future of these DistrictPC Network KHRW MWFP IslamicRelief organizations. Pact made the decision at ManderaLG NRC DDgrp the end of 2018, with approval from USAID MDPC GedoPC ManderaLG ManderaCG KHRW CDTF CPU NSC to make changes to the grant mechanism CPU ManderaCG DDgrp for the local partners, splitting it into two. NSC GedoPC DLMC TAG CDTF CGwatch Therefore, partners received a core grant CGwatch CEWARN and activity grants during the year. The DLMC core grants provide timely support for salaries and operational costs, as well as funds for contingency activities and CD, The institutional capacity changes at Strategies for Northern Development (SND) whilst activity grants contained all funds have enabled it to strategically engage with key stakeholders…increasing the associated with activities. Dividing these grants achieved several things. area of operation from 2 counties to 4 and from 3 projects to 12. SND has been successful in enhancing cross-border peace as evidenced by the significant role • It smoothened the provision of operational played in the Dukana-Dillo-Maikona agreement.” and administrative support to the partners, avoiding delays in the provision of salaries Excerpt from Outcome Statement 55 by tying them to activity implementation. • It helped communicate to partners that they are also program beneficiaries, not just implementers, and these core grants are part ACTIVITY GRANT MECHANISM ACTIVITIES BY BUDGET LINE of the project’s approaches used to build BY QUARTER: ACTIVITIES BUDGET NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PEOPLE their institutional presence and capacity. ACTIVITY LINE EVENTS REACHED GRAND TOTAL • The contingency and capacity funds within 28 16 18 43 Climate Change 21 2408 GRANT 105 the core grants give partners the flexibility Conflict Management 61 5525 GRAND TOTAL to respond to the specific needs of the CD FUNDS 1 2 0 4 CVE 12 448 7 context in which they work and of their own Border Management 23 1329 GRAND TOTAL institutions. CONTIGENCY 0 0 3 2 TOTAL 117 9710 5 • Separating the activity grant enabled the partners to engage with one another in more transparent budgeting discussions VALUE OF GRANTS / PARTNER ALLOCATION for shared activities that better reflected the $1, 204,311.35 real costs of interventions. Removing their PARTNER CATEGORY AMOUNT “own costs” from the equation meant that 14 local partners $ 1,204,311.35 VALUE OF GRANTS SIGNED discussions were open and centered around Mercy Corps (Realigned budget) $ 276,363.00 more financial prudent costing. National Steering Committee (NSC) $ 32,960.00 14 SUBAWARDS TOTAL $1,513,634.35 INCLUDING THOSE IN CONSORTIUM ARRANGEMENTS BUT EXCLUDING MERCY CORPS

78 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 79 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PROGRAM SUPPORT TO IGAD-CEWARN

PEACE III’s secondary objectives speaks “instrumental in supporting local peace and to its partnership with the IGAD- security meetings.” In Kenya the program has Program Support to supported the engagement of the CEWERU in the CEWARN mechanism: RA 2.1: CEWARN Boni Enclave Stakeholder forum, the Community strategic framework objectives achieved Safety Bill preparations and validation, and in IGAD-CEWARN and RA 2.2: IGAD CEWARN, CEWERU peace meetings with the expanding networks Management Systems Strengthened. of women leaders. Local dialogue forums with Work here aligns with the RAs’ TOC: IF communities in Moroto and Kaabong involved the Ugandan CEWERU as they formulated the PEACE III and CEWARN collaborate to conditions under which they would accept achieve common strategic objectives, migrations of Turkana pastoralists. THEN cross-border conflict management systems will be strengthened. Supporting Engagement across CEWERUs The main engagement this year has been across Last year, PEACE III signed an MOU with the Kenya-Uganda border, enabling the CEWERU CEWARN detailing the purpose and scope of to engage with the Ugandan government and the partnership, which include strengthening county government of Turkana to develop longer the CEWARN Network, supporting early term solutions to the challenge of cross-border response, partnering on research, supporting security and migration. The Kenya CEWERU was data collection and analysis, working together also facilitated to attend the Nabilatuk Resolution on advocacy initiatives, and CD. Focus validation, which is another mechanism that throughout the year has been at the CEWERU if adopted successfully can create cohesion in level and its links with local governments and peace approaches across the border. peace actors, with a particular emphasis on Kenya due to the geographical limitations of the SGI funding. Strengthening Local EWER and Conflict Management Mechanisms PEACE III and IGAD-CEWARN and CEWERU The Peace and Security Architecture review members from Somalia, Uganda and process is designed to provide the framework Kenya came together in July to review the through which ongoing capacity support can be partnership. CEWERU members highlighted given to local EWER and conflict management the work that has been done with PEACE III Institutions in Kenya. This process should and the value they get from the partnership. lead to a clearer, more streamline institutional Others, such as the Somalia CEWERU, framework for peace and security, that Is requested more partnership and attention relevant to the different border counties, and from the project. which can be sustainably resourced. This work is focused currently on Kenya, but the learning The Peace and Security Architecture from it should be relevant across the region, as review process is designed to provide other IGAD member states attempt to tackle the challenges of securing their borders. the framework through which ongoing capacity support can be In addition to this systemic approach, the work of the program’s local partners in support of peace given to local EWER and conflict monitors through the provision of rapid response management Institutions in Kenya to incidents, is all in line with CEWARN’s objectives of EWER. The program hopes to Enhancing National CEWERUs’ Engagement continue support the region-wide framework in Local Peace Work for conflict management in this manner, whilst During the MOU review meeting the Kenyan ensuring the learning from its approaches is fed CEWERU noted that PEACE III has been into national and regional systems.

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Collaboration In the Karamoja cluster PEACE III engages Program continually with the Strengthening Peace • Challenges in supporting IGAD-Conflict Early and Promoting Prosperity program, being Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN) with Other U.S. implemented by Mercy Corps in Kotido district, were noted across the region with some Member Uganda. This collaboration enables co-financing States exploring complementary systems. of events and processes, as well as the more • Pact has a unique set of skills and approaches proactive engagement of the previously excluded Government- to bring to the resiliency discussion due to its Jie community from Kotido. conflict and governance work. These approaches At the start of 2018, PEACE III and its sister include: creating space and mechanisms for Funded Programs program in Ethiopia, Strengthening Institutions for decision making, peaceful collaboration, Peace and Development (SIPED) II, held a learning negotiation and sharing of resources at a cross event to share experiences of implementing peace border scale. Approaches center on peace building programs, discuss approaches and methodologies and governance but support frameworks and and to generate key learning agendas, and areas of mechanisms within which multiple decisions future cooperation could be agreed. Pact also brings a systems- approach to both conflict and climate resilience. The discussions centered around key strategic This relates to the scale at which it operates, areas: CVE and peace building, climate resilience which are broad ecological, economic and social and conflict, institutional strengthening, early systems. These observations have been validated warning and early response and trauma healing. by the MPR and the OH process, this year. Some of the most significant observations from the meeting were. • Engaging in CVE is challenging, and poses significant safety risks to team members, local • Both projects are using common tools for partners and local stakeholders. This should be measurement but are not necessarily able to well considered before engaging in this work. measure the more difficult aspects we would like to answer. For example, while trauma The group noted that although implementation healing is known to be a powerful intervention, modalities differ between projects, there are many we can’t articulate its overall contribution to similarities across thematic areas and approaches. reconciliation processes. PEACE III’s work on Thus, coming together and sharing on a regular this, this year will be of interest to the SIPED II basis can greatly benefit both teams to improve programming efforts and assist coordination. PEACE III’s women's forum member (Center) interacting with the Ugandan Minister of Karramoja (Left) and the US Ambassador to Uganda Deborah Malac (Right) in Moroto, Uganda

uring the year the program has and the Lamu CVE CAP Stakeholder maintained strong collaborative Consultation. partnerships with a range of US- D PEACE III also continues to engage with funded partners. PEACE III coordinates its DDG, in our work under the SGI. This efforts on CVE with NIWETU, liaising on involves ensuring collaboration and avoiding support to CVE CAPs to ensure consistency duplication in local implementation and of approach and response, and attending CVE working to develop shared messaging to monthly coordination meetings, to share the BMS on issues of border security and learning and experience. Similarly, PEACE community engagement. This partnership III engages with the Act! Strengthening sees the two programs co-financing the El Wak Community Resilience Against Extremism research in the coming months and working (SCORE) program, in CVE work in the coast together to organize a regional conference on of Kenya. This involves co-organizing events cross-border programming in the future. and co-financing support to government initiatives, such as the Boni Enclave meetings

Participants at the PEACE III / SIPED II learning event in Nairobi

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QUARTERLY PERFORMANCE (OUTPUT INDICATORS) AGAINST 2018 ANNAUL TARGETS Project Monitoring, 20 KEY NUMBER OF ANNUAL TARGET Q1 Q2 WOMEN IN 1 5 1 3 10 OCT/DEC 2017 JAN/MAR 2018 ACHIEVED SUBSTANTIVE (CUMULATIVE) ROLE FOR THE YEAR Q3 Q4 Evaluation, APR/JUN 2018 JUL/SEP 2018 168 ANNUAL TARGET NUMBER Reporting, and 117 OF EVENTS 291 18 21 49 ACHIEVED CONDUCTED (CUMULATIVE) FOR THE YEAR

Learning 12,848 ANNUAL TARGET NUMBER OF 9710 PEOPLE 291 18 21 49 ACHIEVED REACHED (CUMULATIVE) FOR THE YEAR

8 ANNUAL TARGET NUMBER OF established to provide not just evidence of Annual performance 1 PEACE 0 0 0 1 change but also to allow learning. ACHIEVED DIVIDENDS (CUMULATIVE) FOR THE YEAR Pact and Mercy Corps took a lead role in many The first methodology selected was of the activities conducted during the year, Participatory Video/Most Significant Change 37 due to the delays in the approval of the partner ANNUAL TARGET NUMBER OF CVE developed and offered by Insightshare. PROJECTS/ activities. Significant process was made in 19 3 0 2 14 This story telling approach puts community ACHIEVED EVENTS the final quarter by partners however with (CUMULATIVE) members at the center of the process, taking FOR THE YEAR 49 activities implemented reaching a total part in the design of the method, prioritizing of 5,055 people (3,826 Male, 1,229 Female). stories of change based on locally-identified 1800 NUMBER OF Over the year the program reached a total ANNUAL TARGET critieria, engaging in video and screening of 802 PEOPLE TRAINED 177 0 140 485 of 9,710 people (7,068 Male, 2,642 Female) ACHIEVED IN CVE these stories to wider community members. (CUMULATIVE) through 117 events. The graph shown above FOR THE YEAR (See ANNEX for PV/MSC process guide). This presents progress on output level indicators extensive methodology serves not only as for the year. The full performance data an evaluation tool, but also to consolidate sheet is attached separately to provide more the changes experienced with a community. PEACE III ran this methodology on the KPA, witnessed in your community since the information including explanation of variance Sharing stories, analyzing what changes are to improve its understand of the role that introduction of the PEACE III program? of results against annual targets . important, and why they happened, can TH places in SR processes. A 12- person The first question was designed to help the cement and affirm impacts. facilitation team from PEACE III consisting program validate its assumptions on the of MERL staff from across the program, transformative role trauma healing plays in Use of the alternative local Mercy Corps team members and local reconciliation processes. The second question “Therefore, the change that I have partners, worked with Insightshare staff and helped the program determine the extent assessment developed the following questions for two seen in my life, is that my heart has to which changes within individuals are felt distinct groups. methodologies embraced everyone even the Turkana, across the wider community. This reporting year, a deliberate decision to MSC question for the reformed warriors: white people, Ugandans that I never Stories were captured from 36 reformed explore innovative assessment methodologies What has been the most significant change in got along with. This has made me warriors, 17 spouses and 19 community was made, that would help to understand your life since you participated in the Trauma members. Six of these were chosen to film and communicate clear change stories as a believe that my life has changed. I have Healing activities implemented through the and later screen to wider community and result of PEACE III intervention. The program PEACE III program? now made all these people my brothers government representatives. The initial sought methodologies that captured complex, and sisters.” MSC question for the community group and screening which involved 70 government less tangible changes in attitudes, behaviors spouses group: What has been the most officials, security personnel and community and allowed an interrogation of the outcomes Achia Peter, Chairman of Kaabong Peace Ambassadors significant change that you have personally members, helped the administration

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analysis of the outcomes as a whole to suggest areas of most significant programmatic Program impact and success and to better understand Administration the mechanisms through which change is achieved During the year the program’s Deputy Chief of Party Mr. David Gatare moved on to head up Through this process the PEACE III team, and another program in Uganda called Securing partners identified 79 significant outcomes, Peace and Promoting Prosperity. PEACE III which were refined down to 69 outcomes continues to maintain strong relations with after completing a substantiation process. him, and the Uganda program. Tis position Interestingly the OH report notes that in terms remained vacant with plans to transition an of impact level results—one hundred and existing staff member into the role, underway. twenty-three (123) “statements of impact” were harvested that could be grouped as During the year the program received Pact team in Kotido, Uganda during the the PV-MSC training follows: modifications 13-14 to the grant award. Modification 13 was received in November • increased trade and improved livelihoods, 2017 and incrementally funded the program understand the importance of the journey • Many of the stories shared during the • improved sharing of security information by USD514,696 and notified the program of a these young men and their families have PV-MSC process are extremely harrowing across borders change of Agreement Officer Representative been through, and the value of approaches and give insights into the level of trauma • reduction in conflict incidences, (AOR). Modification 13 was received in used under PEACE III in bringing about social and stress that many of these community May 2018, and incrementally funded the • joint sharing of natural resources, transformation. members must have felt. It highlighted the program by USD2,000,0000. Modification real need to ensure that volunteer facilitators • compensation enacted, 14 incrementally funded the program by Analysis of all the stories captured during are continually provided with the necessary • increased freedom of movement of people USD175,423, bringing the total funds at year the process helped the program understand support to help them cope with the trauma and end to USD18, 572,611. the impact of TH on people’s lives, and role they experience personally as they conduct it plays in SR. It founds that trauma healing • increased capacity to mediate conflicts. the sessions. made a significant contribution to individual The overall analysis will continue to help PV/MSC is a very valuable assessment and transformation and plays an important role in guide program investment, as well as serve as communication tool for programs that deal reconciliation and reintegration. It positions one tool through which program impact can with intangible changes. It helps cement those individuals to better relate and empathize with assessed others. changes through the reflection and sharing inbuilt into the process. Final products include Through this exercise the team also learnt five change testimonies, a summary video of some lessons regarding the delivery of trauma the change testimonies, a video report of the healing itself: process and a community members’ drama video and a detailed narrative report. (See • During community screenings security ANNEX) personnel were present, and it was evident that up until this moment they had As a complementary process to PV/MSC remained suspicious of the youth, expecting process described above, an outcome them to cause problems in the community harvesting exercise was conducted by a as they did not truly believe the youth had consultant in the second quarter of this year changed. The screening process, seeing the to allow deep analysis and participatory young men speak from their heart, altered reflection on program outcomes. This process their perception of them, and in itself enabled the PEACE III team and IPs to identify contributed to the program’s long-term the changes in behavior, relationships, roles, objective of SR. This showed the team the institutions that PEACE III has influenced real need to engage the wider community across the program. It supports discussions in these transformation journeys, if true on significance and attribution for individual acceptance is to be achieved. outcomes, as well as enabling a program-wide

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Indicator 0.1 Number of local women 0.2 Number of new groups or 0.4 Number of USG-supported 0.5 Number of people participating in USG- Indicator 1.1b Number of peace dividend 1.3b Percentage of USG supported peace 1.1.2-3 # of Countering Violent 1.1.2-6 # of people trained in CVE- participating in a substantive role or initiatives created through USG events, trainings or activities supported events, trainings or activities designed to benefit two or more initiatives that receive tangible local Extremism (CVE) projects directly related activities, tools and techniques position in peace-building process funding, dedicated to resolving designed to build support for designed to build mass support for peace conflicting communities government support related to US Government CVE supported with USG assistance (F the conflict or the drivers of the peace and reconciliation among and reconciliation (F 1.6.2-14) objectives implemented in country by 1.6-6) conflict (F 1.6.1-12) key actors to the conflict. (F civil society and partner governments 1.6.2-13) Indicator definition Number of women serving on a Number of newly registered Number of USG-supported Number of people participating in USG- Indicator definition Number of peace dividend Percentage of USG supported # of CVE activities here will include This include all people reached and disaggregates peace committee (or Women for groups or initiatives established events, trainings or activities supported events, trainings or activities and disaggregates initiatives being enjoyed by two community peace initiatives that coaching at-risk youth in the creative through 1.1.2-3 above. Religious Peace in the case of Somali cluster), with support of PEACE III that designed to build support for designed to build mass support for peace or more conflicting communities receive tangible local government use of media for CVE, as well as in leaders who receive training as well representing a group or organization are dedicated to resolving peace and reconciliation among and reconciliation. This registers number that include a physical structure support. Community peace initiatives leadership and civic awareness skills, as women in women organizations with official consultative status conflict or the drivers of conflict. “key actors” that include religious of men and women identified with a party or other intervention funded include campaigns, programs, peace training influential religious leaders trained in recognition of early signs of to a peace negotiation, serving as New groups may include leaders, youth leaders, peace or parties to the conflict attending events through PEACE III that is jointly agreements, peace dividend projects to implement CVE strategies and radicalization to violence official delegates to a peace process, networks of peace actors in committee members (including or activities, both public and private, managed and/or co-shared by at or similar activities sustained over a tactics, educating women and women’s serving in partner peace building target communities, youth cross-border peace committees), related to building support for peace and least two previously conflicting period of three months or more by organizations to recognize early signs organizations in senior positions, groups, women groups, clubs local administration officials, reconciliation. The events or activities will communities with the aim of the same types of community groups of radicalization to violence in their participating in an exchange visit and or similar entities. Initiatives women, council of elders, key include people attending trainings, trauma enhancing their relationship. / entities. ‘Tangible’ local government families and communities, amplifying facilitating trauma healing sessions. may be campaigns, programs, resource persons, Community healing sessions, dialogues, sporting Disaggregated by Age, support should be active and visible to local voices that undercut Al-Qa’ida’s Disaggregated by Age by: Youth, projects or similar activities Policing Unit (CPU) members, events, cultural events and PLA sessions gender, ethnic group, youth, the public or participants. This may be (AQ) legitimacy, including the voices of Activity, Location, Cluster/corridor sustained over a period of District Livestock Marketing Disaggregated by gender, Age, and location (corridor/ in form of finances, public promotion, victims and survivors of terrorism, and Units: People three months or more by Councils (DLMCs) and local type of event/activity and cluster/community) public facilitation or provision of support former violent extremists, supporting the same types of groups / CBOs. Events to be counted location(corridor/cluster/community) Unit: Initiatives like a venue, offering office space to group formation and service delivery entities, and with a particular may include peace dialogues, Unit: People local peace committees, providing among others emphasis on those within exchange visits, trauma healing, security to intercommunity negotiation/ the CEWARN strategic plan. trainings, sporting events (if mediation forums, attending events in Disaggregated by type of organized by youth key actors) more than a symbolic role and helping group/initiative and location/ and exchange visits involving in the enforcement of peace pacts. corridor/cluster/community key actors. Disaggregated Disaggregated by gender, Age, type of Units: Groups/Initiatives by type of event/activity and institutions, type of event/activity and location(corridor/cluster/ location(corridor/cluster/community) community)Unit: events/ Unit: percent change trainings or activities

Somali Cluster - This 2 0 21 745 Somali Cluster - This 0 14/21 receive local govnt support 14 485 Quarter (July - Sept, Quarter (July - Sept, 2018) 2018) Karamoja Cluster 1 0 28 4,310 Karamoja Cluster 1 23/28 receive local govnt support 0 0 - This Quarter (July - - This Quarter (July - Sept, 2018) Sept, 2018) This Quarter (July- 3 0 49 5,055 This Quarter (July- 1 37/49 receive local govnt support 14 485 Sept, 2018) Cluster Sept, 2018) Cluster Totals Totals Previous 3 Qs 7 0 68 4,655 Previous 3 Qs 0 52/68 receive local govnt support 5 317 Results for the year Results for the year (Totals) (Totals) Cumulative results 10 0 117 9,710 Cumulative results 1 89/117 receive local govnt support 19 802 for the Year Oct 1st for the Year Oct 1st (66%) 2017 - Sept 30, 2018 2017 - Sept 30, 2018 Planned 2018 Annual 20 0 168 12,848 Planned 2018 Annual 8 20% 37 1,800

Targets Targets CVE INDICATORS NEW USAID PEACE III CUSTOM INDICATORS III CUSTOM PEACE % Variance (Cum. 50% 0% 70% 76% % Variance (Cum. 13% 76% of initiatives implemented received 51% 45% Results against INDICATORS USG FOREIGN ASSISTANCE Results against local govnt support against the expected Annual Targets) Annual Targets) 20% i.e. 56% variance. Breakdown of Karamoja Cluster: 1 Somali Cluster: 0 “Somali Cluster: “Somali Cluster: Breakdown of 0 Somali Cluster N/A Somali Cluster: 14 APD: 2, MDPC: Somali Cluster: results by partner Somali Cluster: 2 Karamoja Cluster: 0 Total: 21 Total: 745 (Male-528, Female-217) results by partner 1 Karamoja Cluster 4, KYBI: 4, MWFP: 2, SND: 1, Pact: Total: 485 (Male-345, Female-140) organization (This MDPC-4, KYBI-4, Pacts-2, WPDA. KYBI: 168 (Male-137, Female-31) MDPC: organization (This 1, Karamoja Cluster: 0 (CVE not APD: 68 (58 Male, 10 Female), MDPC: quarter - July to Sept RDI-3, MWFP-2, SND-3, APD-3 126 (Male-107, Female-19) WPDA.RDI: quarter - July to Sept applicable to Karamoja Cluster) 126 (107 Male, 19 Female), KYBI: 168 2018) Karamoja Cluster: Total: 28 93 (Male-79, Female-14) MWFP: 74 2018) (137 Male: 31 Female), MWFP: 74 (0 Mercy Corps-16, PACT-2, (Male-0, Female-74) SND: 150 (Male- Male: 74 Female), SND: 30 (30 Male, 0 MADEFO-5, DADO-3, SIKOM-1, 95, Female-55), APD: 98 (Male-83, Female), PACT: 19 (13 Male, 6 Female) SAPCONE-1 “ Female 15) Pact: 36 (Male-27, Female-9) Karamoja Cluster: Total: 0 (CVE not Karamoja Cluster: Total: 4,310 (Male-3,298, applicable to Karamoja Cluster) Female-1,012) DADO: 761 (Male-605, Female-156) MADEFO: 531 (Male-423, Female-108) SIKOM: 600 (Male-430, Female-170) Mercy Corp: 2,347 (Male-1,774, Female-573), PACT: 37 (Male- 32, Female-5) SAPCONE:34 (Male-34, Female-0)”

Variance explanation 2018 annual target underachieved: 2018 annual target set as 0: 2018 annual target 2018 annual target underachieved (76%): Variance explanation 2018 annual target 2018 Quarterly and annual target 2018 annual target underachieved: 2018 annual target underachieved: of results against 1 woman recorded to have played a The program did not anticipate underachieved (70%): People counted thus far were engaged of results against underachieved (13%) Kobebe exceeded: This is an outcome level All activities reported here belong to People reported here include those annual targets substantive role this quarter during formation of new groups or Key Actors events conducted through activities such as peace dialogues, annual targets tree planning and cattle crash indicator. The %age number was VE high risk regions of Somali Cluster who attended events such as border International Celebration of Peace in initiatives in year 4 (2018). This here trauma healing sessions, trainings, trauma healing, stakeholder peace dividend was given calculated by taking the total number of Wajir, Lamu Boni Enclave and management consultative forums/ Karamoja cluster whereas the other was to allow strengthening of consultative workshops, forums, youth CVE dialogue/forums, greenlight to proceed. The of events “tangibly” supported by Mandera regions. Annual performance meetings, youth CVE events, community two (2) women in Somali cluster groups or initiatives already cultural events, Participatory consultative workshops, women forums agreement between the local government (89) and dividing todate a bit off the target due to policing units events, etc. Performance played substantive role during formed in previous years to video and MSC workshops, among others. The number of people government and the training by the total # of events (with and delayed reviews/approval of year four todate is abit off the target due to community awareness creation ensure their operations and outcome harvesting workshopd, reached so far is somewhat low due to of peace dividend community without tangible government support) partner grants. However, we expect delayed reviews/approvals of year four on negative cultural practices and sustainability of peace work institutional strenghtening delayed reviews of year four partner grants. working group completed. conducted in the year (117) multiplied to close this variance gap following partner grants. We expect that many High level women forum in Mandera already started. workshops, USAID climate We expect that many more people will be Implementation is on course by 100. The 20% target is exceeded due signing of partners subawards that more people will be reached in the respectively. Target not reached. change assessments, dialogues, reached in the coming year following recent to be completed in the next due to increasing need to involve the has paved way for rapid but impactful coming quarter following recent partner Delays in review and approval of USAID Ambassador’s visit partner grants approval by USAID. quarter. However, PEACE III local government in many of PEACE III implementation of activities. grants approval already effected by year four partner grants led to low among others. Delays in review is re-evaluating the need and activities to ensure sustainability. Also, USAID. reach of number of women taking and approval of year four outcomes that could result from having worked in the community for up substabtive role for peace. We partner grants led to reduced non-physical initiatives that over 4 years, the program has earned however expect that many more number of activities being connect two or more conflicting tremendous buy in from local borderland women will be recorded in the coming implemneted. With the signing communities. This has been governments making them very much year following recent partner grants of the partner agreements, necessitated by the learning willing to substantially support PEACE approval by USAID. PEACE III expects more partner generated from the previous III initiatives. Many of the tangible level events in the new year years completed physical PDs support provided take the form of period. as well as requirements and providing security, meeting space/ objectives of the new SGI grants. room, transportation of participants and technical support.

88 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 89 PEACE III PROGRAM 2018 ANNUAL REPORT PROJECT MONITORING, EVALUATION, REPORTING, AND LEARNING

Turkana men and women performing a traditional dance at the 2018 Tobong'u Lore cultural festival 90 pactworld.org SUSTAINING PEACE: Impacts, Approaches and Institutions 91