DOCSLIB.ORG

Border, Identity and (In) Security: the Kenya- Somalia Border 1963-2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Border, Identity and (In) Security: the Kenya- Somalia Border 1963-2016 BORDER, IDENTITY AND (IN) SECURITY: THE KENYA- SOMALIA BORDER 1963-2016 BY AGNES WANJIRU BEHR 641148 Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA SUMMER 2018 i DEDICATION To Jim, Briana and Bradley, for all the hours you had to do without me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is an outcome of numerous peoples’ effort. I want to thank Professor Macharia Munene of United States International University-Africa (USIU-A), whose supervision helped to shape the study. Professor Agade Mkutu (USIU-A) for constant support and encouragement. Dr. Fatuma Ali (USIU-A) for IR departmental open-door policy. My gratitude also goes to all who helped in the field research. Dr. Joseph Mwaura of KALRO for a smooth transition in Garissa County. Dr. Fatuma Daudi of Eldoret University for links in Mandera County. Dr. Abdiwab Abdisamad for translating some of the Somali words into English. Honorable Johara Abdi, Mandera County-Cabinet Secretary for Agriculture for unwavering support in Mandera. Mr. Mohammed Khalif, Chairman of Civil Society Garissa for the links to both the County and national government’s officials in Garissa. Henry Waitindi of AVIS for the logistical support in Dadaab and Hagadera areas. Chief Mohammed in Mandera for the links in Mandera. Yusuf Abdille and Abdinassir Billow for research assistance. Further gratitude goes to the County Commissioners and their deputies’ offices, in Garissa and Mandera. The Officers in Charge of the police departments in Garissa, Balambala, Dadaab, and Mandera for security support and advise in the field. I wish to thank family and friends for their unwavering help. My mother, Monica Muthoni Sutton of Eldoret University for endless support. Gwendolyn Quaye-Obongo for reading the initial drafts and emotional support. Mulki Aden for the numerous discussions into the night on the Somali culture and detailed narratives about the Republic of Somalia. Finally, the author takes responsibility for the ideas and the contents of the research and any shortcomings. iii Table of Contents DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................................xi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................xi 1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Objective of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................................... 16 1.7 Scope of Study ................................................................................................................................ 18 1.8 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................. 18 1.8.1 Complex Interdependence Theory ......................................................................................... 19 1.8.2 The Konrad Nicol Model for North America .......................................................................... 19 1.8.3 Realism .................................................................................................................................... 20 1.8.4 Securitization Theory .............................................................................................................. 21 1.8.5 Michel Foucault’s Discourse Analysis ..................................................................................... 21 1.8.6 Constructivism Theory ............................................................................................................ 23 1.8.7 Cognitive Psychological Approach .......................................................................................... 25 1.9 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 26 1.9.1 Methods of Data Collection .................................................................................................... 28 1.9.2 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 41 1.9.3 Ethical Issues ........................................................................................................................... 43 1.10 Contributions to the Study Area .................................................................................................. 45 1.11 Organization of Dissertation Chapters ........................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL DEBATES ON THE CONCEPTS OF BORDERS, INSECURITY, AND IDENTITY. 48 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 48 2.1 What is so Complex about the Understanding of Borders? ......................................................... 50 2.1.1 What Borders? How do they emerge? ................................................................................... 53 iv 2.1.2 Permanency or Arbitrariness of Borders ................................................................................ 55 2.1.3 Emergence and multiplication of Borders .............................................................................. 56 2.1.4 Imagining Borders ................................................................................................................... 59 2.2 Categories of Borders ..................................................................................................................... 61 2.2.1 Physical Borders ...................................................................................................................... 63 2.2.2 Post-Modernism Conceptualization of Borders: Social-Cultural and Political Borders ........ 65 2.3 Why Bother to Border? .................................................................................................................. 71 2.4 Identity ........................................................................................................................................... 72 2.4.1 Construction of Identities ....................................................................................................... 75 2.4.2 Ideology in Identity Formations ............................................................................................. 77 2.5 The Concept of Security ................................................................................................................. 78 2.5.1 State’s, Individual’s or Groups’ Security?............................................................................... 81 2.5.2 State security ....................................................................................................................... 83 2.5.3 Human Security ................................................................................................................... 85 2.5.4 Intra-State Wars .................................................................................................................. 86 2.5.5 Security as Emancipation .................................................................................................... 88 2.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 3: THE CHALLENGES OF BORDERS, INSECURITY, AND IDENTITY IN AFRICA....................... 91 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 91 3.1 Africa in Context: Territorial Integrity Vis A Vis Self-Determination. .......................................... 95 3.2 Creation of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Civil War 1968-1970
    Copyright by Roy Samuel Doron 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Roy Samuel Doron Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 Committee: Toyin Falola, Supervisor Okpeh Okpeh Catherine Boone Juliet Walker H.W. Brands Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 by Roy Samuel Doron B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2011 Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 Roy Samuel Doron, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Toyin Falola This project looks at the ways the Biafran Government maintained their war machine in spite of the hopeless situation that emerged in the summer of 1968. Ojukwu’s government looked certain to topple at the beginning of the summer of 1968, yet Biafra held on and did not capitulate until nearly two years later, on 15 January 1970. The Ojukwu regime found itself in a serious predicament; how to maintain support for a war that was increasingly costly to the Igbo people, both in military terms and in the menacing face of the starvation of the civilian population. Further, the Biafran government had to not only mobilize a global public opinion campaign against the “genocidal” campaign waged against them, but also convince the world that the only option for Igbo survival was an independent Biafra.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°85 Nairobi/Brussels, 25 January 2012 Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation tant government positions. The coalition government has I. OVERVIEW created a ministry to spearhead development in the region. A modest affirmative action policy is opening opportuni- Somalia’s growing Islamist radicalism is spilling over in- ties in higher education and state employment. To most to Kenya. The militant Al-Shabaab movement has built a Somalis this is improvement, if halting, over past neglect. cross-border presence and a clandestine support network But the deployment of troops to Somalia may jeopardise among Muslim populations in the north east and Nairobi much of this modest progress. Al-Shabaab or sympathisers and on the coast, and is trying to radicalise and recruit have launched small but deadly attacks against government youth from these communities, often capitalising on long- and civilian targets in the province; there is credible fear a standing grievances against the central state. This prob- larger terror attack may be tried elsewhere to undermine lem could grow more severe with the October 2011 deci- Kenyan resolve and trigger a security crackdown that could sion by the Kenyan government to intervene directly in drive more Somalis, and perhaps other Muslims, into the Somalia. Radicalisation is a grave threat to Kenya’s securi- movement’s arms. Accordingly, the government should: ty and stability. Formulating and executing sound counter- radicalisation and de-radicalisation policies before it is too recognise that a blanket or draconian crackdown on late must be a priority. It would be a profound mistake, Kenyan Somalis, or Kenyan Muslims in general, would however, to view the challenge solely through a counter- radicalise more individuals and add to the threat of terrorism lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°85 Nairobi/Brussels, 25 January 2012 Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation tant government positions. The coalition government has I. OVERVIEW created a ministry to spearhead development in the region. A modest affirmative action policy is opening opportuni- Somalia’s growing Islamist radicalism is spilling over in- ties in higher education and state employment. To most to Kenya. The militant Al-Shabaab movement has built a Somalis this is improvement, if halting, over past neglect. cross-border presence and a clandestine support network But the deployment of troops to Somalia may jeopardise among Muslim populations in the north east and Nairobi much of this modest progress. Al-Shabaab or sympathisers and on the coast, and is trying to radicalise and recruit have launched small but deadly attacks against government youth from these communities, often capitalising on long- and civilian targets in the province; there is credible fear a standing grievances against the central state. This prob- larger terror attack may be tried elsewhere to undermine lem could grow more severe with the October 2011 deci- Kenyan resolve and trigger a security crackdown that could sion by the Kenyan government to intervene directly in drive more Somalis, and perhaps other Muslims, into the Somalia. Radicalisation is a grave threat to Kenya’s securi- movement’s arms. Accordingly, the government should: ty and stability. Formulating and executing sound counter- radicalisation and de-radicalisation policies before it is too recognise that a blanket or draconian crackdown on late must be a priority. It would be a profound mistake, Kenyan Somalis, or Kenyan Muslims in general, would however, to view the challenge solely through a counter- radicalise more individuals and add to the threat of terrorism lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings 2016.Indd
    Proceedings International Interdisciplinary Conference www.uamd.edu.al; http://www.isa-sociology.org/conferences.php http://www.isa-sociology.org/conferences-latest-announcements.php https://twitter.com/isa_sociology/status/748483779812069376; www.instituti-sociologjise.al; www.wilsonschool.edu.mk; Organizers: University Aleksander Moisiu of Durres, Albania Woodrow Wilson Educational Institute of Tetovo, Macedonia & Tirana, Albania AAB College, Kosovo Mother Teresa University of Skopje, Macedonia With Albanian Institute of Sociology, AIS (11th Annual International Conference) -Albanian Sociological Association, ALBSA International Sociological Association, ISA Balkan Sociological Forum, BSF • Central Theme: “Education & Sustainable Development: the Future we are creating” • Other themes: By 16 Thematic Sections Tetovo-Skopje, Macedonia 18-20 November 2016 © Albanian Institute of Sociology (AIS) Edited by: Lekë SOKOLI Elda KUTROLL Design: Orest MUÇA Contacts: Mobile: ++355694067682; ++355672044722 E-mail: [email protected]; & [email protected]; www.instituti-sociologjise.al; ALL ANNUAL CONFERENCES (2006-2017) 12th Annual Conference: Good Society – a multidimensional Approach Durres, Albania: 17-18 November 2017 11th Annual Conference: Education & Sustainable Development: the future we are Creating Skopje-Tetovo, Macedonia: 18-19 November 2016 10th Annual Conference: How Migration is shaping the Contemporary Society? Pristine-Kosovo: 20-21 November 2015 9th Annual International Conference: Law and values
    [Show full text]
  • KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS Kenya Population Situation Analysis
    REPUBLIC OF KENYA KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS Kenya Population Situation Analysis Published by the Government of Kenya supported by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Kenya Country Oce National Council for Population and Development (NCPD) P.O. Box 48994 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-271-1600/01 Fax: +254-20-271-6058 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ncpd-ke.org United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Kenya Country Oce P.O. Box 30218 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-76244023/01/04 Fax: +254-20-7624422 Website: http://kenya.unfpa.org © NCPD July 2013 The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the contributors. Any part of this document may be freely reviewed, quoted, reproduced or translated in full or in part, provided the source is acknowledged. It may not be sold or used inconjunction with commercial purposes or for prot. KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS JULY 2013 KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS i ii KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................iv FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................xi
    [Show full text]
  • Obi Patience Igwara ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM and NATION
    Obi Patience Igwara ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA, 1970-1992 Submitted for examination for the degree of Ph.D. London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 1993 UMI Number: U615538 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615538 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 V - x \ - 1^0 r La 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between ethnicity and nation-building and nationalism in Nigeria. It is argued that ethnicity is not necessarily incompatible with nationalism and nation-building. Ethnicity and nationalism both play a role in nation-state formation. They are each functional to political stability and, therefore, to civil peace and to the ability of individual Nigerians to pursue their non-political goals. Ethnicity is functional to political stability because it provides the basis for political socialization and for popular allegiance to political actors. It provides the framework within which patronage is institutionalized and related to traditional forms of welfare within a state which is itself unable to provide such benefits to its subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • MIND the GAP Commercialization, Livelihoods and Wealth Disparity in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia
    MIND THE GAP Commercialization, Livelihoods and Wealth Disparity in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia Yacob Aklilu and Andy Catley December 2010 Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Structure of the report .......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Livestock exports from pastoral areas of Ethiopia: recent trends and issues ......................................... 6 2.1 The growing trade: economic gains outweigh ethnicity and trust........................................................ 7 2.2 The cross‐border trade from Somali Region and Borana ...................................................................... 8 2.3 Trends in formal exports from Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 12 2.4 A boom in prices and the growth of bush markets ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In the Spirit of Harambee
    THE EQUAL RIGHTS TRUST IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE KENYA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION In the Spirit of Harambee Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Kenya ERT Country Report Series: 1 London, February 2012 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT) is an independent international organisation whose purpose is to combat discrimination and promote equality as a fundamental human right and a basic principle of social justice. Established as an advocacy organisation, resource centre and think tank, ERT focuses on the complex relationship between different types of discrimination, developing strategies for translating the principles of equality into practice. © February 2012 The Equal Rights Trust © Cover February 2012 Dafina Gueorguieva Printed in the UK by Prontaprint Bayswater DesignISBN: and layout: 978-0-9560717-5-0 Dafina Gueorguieva All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by other means without the prior written permission of the publisher, or a licence for restricted copying from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., UK, or the Copyright Clearance Centre, USA. The Equal Rights Trust 126 North End Road London W14 9PP United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0) 207 610 2786 Fax: +44 (0) 203 441 7436 www.equalrightstrust.org The Equal Rights Trust is a company limited by guarantee incorporated in England, and a registered charity. Company number 5559173. Charity number 1113288. “Our motto ‘harambee’* was conceived in the realisation of the challenge of national building that now lies ahead of us. It was conceived in the knowl- edge that to meet this challenge, the government and the people of Kenya must pull together.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia
    Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia Building Opportunities for Resilience in the Horn of Africa Prepared by BORESHA Consortium Partners: Mapping of Key Natural Resources in the Cross-Border Areas of Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia Building Opportunities for Resilience in the Horn of Africa Final Report Submitted to CARE Somalia 21st November 2018 2 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 1 Context .......................................................................................................................................17 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................17 About BORESHA .................................................................................................................................17 Background to Assignment ................................................................................................................17 Structure of this report ........................................................................................................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Igbo Nationalism and the Crisis of Self-Determination In
    CODESRIA 12th General Assembly Governing the African Public Sphere 12e Assemblée générale Administrer l’espace public africain 12a Assembleia Geral Governar o Espaço Público Africano ةيعمجلا ةيمومعلا ةيناثلا رشع ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﺎم اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻰ Contemporary Igbo Nationalism and the Crisis of Self‐ Determination in the Nigerian Public Sphere Godwin Onuoha Graduate School Society and Culture in Motion Martin Luther University, 07-11/12/2008 Yaoundé, Cameroun Introduction One recurrent feature of politics in recent times is the demand of various ethnic nationalities to be politically recognised and affirmed as distinct identities in a plural society. This politics of recognition, which takes the form of ‘nationalism’ or ‘ethno- nationalism’,* has gained momentum with the resurgence of nationalist claims on a global scale. As an outcome of shifting political, social and economic contexts globally, nationalist identities are constantly emerging, re-created and re-defined as groups negotiate their identities and interests in the quest for self-determination. While these tendencies pose grave challenges to the security and sovereignty of the nation-states in which they occur, in some quarters they are positively viewed as legitimate movements for minority rights and self-determination. This is reflected in the manner in which global developments and the crisis of the post-colonial African state opens up the state for interrogation and continues to shape nationalist resurgence and the quest for self- determination. The dominant phenomenon in post-colonial Africa states involves the clash between a homogenizing (Western style) nation-state project characterized by the unresolved crisis of state ownership and contested citizenship on the one hand; and one that advocates a national unity project that upholds the rich multiplicity of plural identities based on negotiation, equity, popular sovereignty, local autonomy, and equal access to power and resources on the other hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Harnischfeger Igbo Nationalism & Biafra Long Paper
    Igbo Nationalism and Biafra Johannes Harnischfeger, Frankfurt Content 0. Foreword .................................................................... 3 1. Introduction 1.1 The War and its Legacy ....................................... 8 1.2 Trapped in Nigeria.............................................. 13 1.2 Nationalism, Religion, and Global Identities....... 17 2. Patterns of Ethnic and Regional Conflicts 2.1 Early Nationalism ............................................... 23 2.2 The Road to Secession ...................................... 31 3. The Defeat of Biafra 3.1 Left Alone ........................................................... 38 3.2 After the War ...................................................... 44 4. Global Identities and Religion 4.1 9/11 in Nigeria .................................................... 52 4.2 Christian Solidarity ............................................. 59 5. Nationalist Organisations 5.1 Igbo Presidency or Secession............................ 64 2 5.2 Internal Divisions ................................................ 70 6. Defining Igboness 6.1 Reaching for the Stars........................................ 74 6.2 Secular and Religious Nationalism..................... 81 7. A Secular, Afrocentric Vision 7.1 A Community of Suffering .................................. 86 7.2 Roots .................................................................. 91 7.3 Modernism.......................................................... 97 8. The Covenant with God 8.1 In Exile.............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Diplomatic Gaffe That Could Sour Relations Between Kenya and Somalia,Why Directive on SGR Cargo Could Kill Kenya's Small T
    Trump, Ukraine, and the Whistleblower: Why Reporting Wrongdoing Remains a Perilous Activity By Rasna Warah “I think we will not understand what is happening in our society until we listen to the tears, the screams, the pain, and horror of those who have crossed a boundary they did not even know exists. To be a whistleblower is to step outside the Great Chain of Being, to join not just another religion, but another world. Sometimes this other world is called the margins of society, but to the whistleblower it feels like outer space.” – C. Fred Alford, Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power (2001). President Donald Trump’s thinly veiled attacks against the anonymous whistleblower who reported his shady dealings with the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, have once again highlighted what a dangerous activity whistleblowing can be. The US president is reported to have stated: “I want to know who’s the person who gave the whistleblower the information because that’s close to a spy. You know what we used to do in the old days when we were smart? Right? With spies and treason, right? We used to handle them a little differently than we do now.” By equating whistleblowing with treason, Trump is doing exactly what many people in power do when confronted with a revelation that shows them in a bad light – they shoot the messenger by accusing him of being disloyal – a traitor – or of having damaged an organisation’s reputation. For this, the whistleblower is either fired, ridiculed or psychologically tortured. (In the case of Trump, he would prefer that the Ukraine scandal whistleblower be hanged.) What most people don’t understand is that no one wakes up one day and decides to blow the whistle on their employer.
    [Show full text]