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TUGEN WORD ORDER: a MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE P R I S C a J E R O N O TUGEN WORD ORDER P R I S C a J E R O N O Prisca Jerono TUGEN WORD ORDER: A MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE P r i s c a J e r o n o TUGEN WORD ORDER P r i s c a J e r o n o TUGEN WORD ORDER: A MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE EGALITE (EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE, Publishing) Impressum Bibliographic information published by the National and University Library "St. Kliment Ohridski" in Skopje; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://www.nubsk.edu.mk/; CIP - 811.426.6 COBISS.MK-ID 90313738 Any brand names and product names mentioned in this book are subject to trademark, brand or patent protection and trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. The use of brand names, product names, common names, trade names, product descriptions etc. even without a particular marking in this works is in no way to be construed to mean that such names may be regarded as unrestricted in respect of trademark and brand protection legislation and could thus be used by anyone. Publisher: EGALITE (department : European Scientific Institute), Street: "203", number "1", 2300 Kocani, Republic of Macedonia Email: [email protected] Printed in Republic of Macedonia ISBN: 978-608-4642-01-5 Copyright © 2012 by the author, EGALITE and licensors All rights reserved. Kocani 2012 TUGEN WORD ORDER: A MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE Prisca JERONO August, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE Basic Language Features of Tugen 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................1 1.1 Consonants.........................................................................................................1 1.2 Vowels................................................................................................................3 1.3 Tone....................................................................................................................5 1.4 Nouns and Noun Inflection................................................................................6 1.4.1 Definiteness and Number................................................................................6 1.4.2 Gender.............................................................................................................9 1.4.3 Loan words....................................................................................................10 1.5 Noun Derivation...............................................................................................11 1.5.1 Noun Derivation from Adjectives.................................................................11 1.5.2 Noun Derivation from Nouns........................................................................12 1.5.3 Noun Derivation from Verbs........................................................................13 1.6 Case Marking...................................................................................................16 1.7 Verbs and Verb Inflection................................................................................17 1.7.1 Person/Number..............................................................................................17 1.7.2. Tense/Aspect System...................................................................................20 1.7.2.1 Tense..........................................................................................................20 1.7.2.2 Aspect........................................................................................................21 1.8 Adjectives........................................................................................................22 1.9 Adverbs............................................................................................................24 1.10 Prepositions....................................................................................................25 1.11 Conjunctions..................................................................................................25 1.12 Conclusion.....................................................................................................25 CHAPTER TWO Sentence Structure 2.0 Introduction...................................................................................................26 2.1 Basic Sentence Structure...............................................................................26 2.1.1 Tense and Agreement.................................................................................29 2.1.2 Functional Heads........................................................................................31 2.1.3 Aspect and Negation............................................................ ………….......34 2.1.4 Complementizer Phrase (CP).......................................................................36 2.2 Complex Sentence Structure...........................................................................38 2.2.1 Argument Increasing Devices......................................................................39 2.2.1.1 Applicative................................................................................................39 2.2.1.2 Benefactive...............................................................................................39 2.2.1.3 Instrumental/Locative...............................................................................41 2.2.3 Argument Decreasing Devices.....................................................................43 2.2.3.1 Passive.......................................................................................................43 2.2.3.2 Antipassive................................................................................................45 2.2.3.3 Reflexive/Reciprocal.................................................................................46 2.3 Co-Occurrences of Argument Increasing Devices.........................................48 2.3.1 Benefactive and Instrumental/Locative.......................................................49 2.3.2 Benefactive and Benefactive.......................................................................51 2.3.3 Benefactive-Benefactive - Instrumental/Locative.......................................53 2.3.4 Conclusions on Word Order........................................................................55 2.4 Co-Occurences of Argument Increasing &Argument Decreasing Devices..........................................................................................................55 2.4.1 Benefactive and Reciprocal/Reflexive........................................................55 2.4.2 Benefactive and Passive...............................................................................57 2.4.3 Benefactive and Antipassive........................................................................59 2.4.4 Benefactive and Antipassive-Reflexive/Reciprocal.....................................60 2.4.5 Passive and Instrumental/Locative...............................................................61 2.4.6 Passive-Antipassive......................................................................................63 2.4.7 Passive-Benefactive-Instrumental/Locative.................................................64 2.4.8 Passive- Antipassive-Benefactive-Locative/Instrumental............................65 2.4.9 Passive- Antipassive-Locative/Instrumental................................................66 2.4.10 Locative /Instrumental-Reflexive/Reciprocal.............................................67 2.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................................69 CHAPTER THREE Word Order in Discourse 3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................71 3.1 Word Order Parameters..................................................................................71 3.2 Basic Word Order in Discourse......................................................................73 3.2.1 Subject Arguments.......................................................................................75 3.2.2 Direct Object Arguments.............................................................................84 3.2.3 Pronominal Arguments................................................................................86 3.3 Derivational Arguments in Discourse.............................................................87 3.3.1 Applicative...................................................................................................87 3.3.1.1 Benefactive...............................................................................................88 3.3.1.2 Locative/Instrumental...............................................................................90 3.3.1.3 Reflexive/Reciprocal................................................... ............................93 3.3.1.4 Passive......................................................................................................94 3.3.1.5 Antipassive...............................................................................................96 3.4 Co-Occurences of Verbal Derivations in Discourse......................................98 3.4.1 Antipassive and Locative/Instrumental......................................................98 3.4.2 Passive and Locative/Instrumental.............................................................99 3.4. 3 Locative/Instrumental and Reflexive/Reciprocal..... ...............................100 3.4.4 Passive and Benefactive............................................ ................................101
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