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Grammatical Sketes from the Field Edited by Yasuhiro Yamakoshi Resear Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Published by the Resear Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Fuu-shi Asahi-o 3-11-1, Tokyo, 183-8534, JAPAN E-mail: [email protected] URL: hp://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/ Phone: +81-(0)42-330-5600 Fax: +81-(0)42-330-5610 © Individual Contributors, 2010 Printed by Word On Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-4-86337-073-9 Contents Preface iii Contributors and Anowledgements v List of abbreviations and symbols ix Cusco eua Daisuke E 1 Amdo Tibetan Shiho E 41 Irabu Ryukyuan Miinori S 79 Shinekhen Buryat Yasuhiro Y 137 Sakha (Yakut) Fuyuki E 179 Kolyma Yukaghir Iku N 213 Alutor Yukari N 257 Index 303 i Preface is book presents ‘grammatical sketes’ created by young Japanese de- scriptive linguists. Ea contributor describes the phonological and gram- matical outline of the language whi they have been working on, mainly by using the primary data researed by them. is book aims to not only provide a general outline, but also present the typological or cross-linguistic aracteristics of the studied languages. For this purpose, we considered two principles with regard to the man- ner of description, namely, (1) to use general linguistic terms instead of traditional, specific terms of ea language and area, and (2) to share a table of contents for reference. However, these principles led to some problems. If we use general terms instead of specific terms, the descrip- tion of the grammar may be incomplete. is is because many linguists have wrien the grammar that is adapted to the grammatical/functional structures of ea language by using specific terms. If we share the table of contents, we might include an ‘unnecessary’ point, e.g. suffixation of isolative languages. On the other hand, if ea of us uses specific terms based on the tra- ditional descriptions, it would be very difficult to emphasize the contrast among the structures of different languages. Furthermore, the use of ‘un- necessary’ description points enables us to visually capture the relative aracteristics of ea language. erefore, we decided to follow these principles and discussed how to dra the table of contents. We, along with young descriptive linguists based in Japan have at- tempted to describe the grammars of various languages worldwide on the basis of these principles since 2005. We published two volumes of gram- matical sketes in Japanese on 2006 (including the sketes of Bende, Sakha (Yakut), Upper Sorbian, Irabu Ryukyuan, nDrapa, Kolyma Yuk- aghir, Alutor, Jino, and Shinekhen Buryat) and 2007 (including the sketes of Tutuba, Kadorih (Dohoi), Cusco eua, Amdo Tibetan, Sibe (collo- quial Manu), Siberian Yupik, Nootka, Khamnigan Mongol, and Parauk Wa). Most of the contributors in those volumes were graduate sool stu- dents. is was a very helpful opportunity for su young researers to acquire training in writing ‘holistic’ grammar, because we aimed to fo- cus on hitherto narrowly defined topics for our dissertations in graduate iii iv PREFACE sool. However, by overviewing the languages studied in this project, we could find extremely significant aracteristics or problems of ea language in our analyses. is project also motivated us to conduct in- depth resear on the languages aer the two related volumes. By con- ducting further fieldwork in the three years that passed since 2007, we sensed that we should re-write our sketes to make them more com- prehensive. Fortunately, we were supported by the Linguistics Dynamics Science Resear Project (ILCAA, TUFS), and we finally decided to re-write in English. Lastly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all of our language consultants for their expertise on the studied languages. As the editor of this book, I am also indebted to the contributors, all of whom are prominent descriptive linguists on languages. My thanks are also due to the co-editors Fuyuki Ebata, Daisuke Ebina and Iku Nagasaki, who supported the editing tasks. Yasuhiro Y Contributors and Anowledgements is work is supported by the Collaborative Resear Development Pro- gram of the Linguistic Dynamics Science Project (LingDy), Resear Insti- tute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. We are grateful to the staff for their support. e list of contributors is as follows. e contributors would like to express their gratitude to the speakers (consultants) of ea language. Daisuke E (Cusco eua), Kobe Shukugawagakuin University Consultants: e late Mr Cecilio Atapaucar Miranda and Mr Geron- imo ispe Shiho E (Amdo Tibetan), Seisen University Consultants: Mr bLo gros rGya mtsho and Mr A lag rGya ye Miinori S (Irabu Ryukyuan), Gunma Prefectural Women’s Uni- versity ‘I am immensely grateful to the people of Irabu Island. e fol- lowing people taught me their language with utmost patience, ea- gerness, and generosity: Kimiko Namihira, Setsuko Sugama, Kani Aguni, Koii Taketomi, Hatsue Ameku, Hiroyasu Sawada, Chiko Shiokawa, Yukio Okuhama, Takeshi Tokuyama, Asako Shimoji, Miyo Karimata, and Yoshiko Kawamitsu. My fieldwork was also sup- ported by many other people whose names I do not mention here.’ Yasuhiro Y (Shinekhen Buryat), Sapporo Gakuin University Consultants: Mr Dondog (Shinekhen village, born in the 1960s), Mr Sedenjab (Bayantoxoi ward, born in the 1960s), and Mr Bayasgolang (Shinekhen village, born in the 1970s) Fuyuki E (Sakha (Yakut)), Resear Institute for Languages and Cul- tures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Consultants: Mr Chexordun Petr, Ms Neustroeva Natalia and Ms Popova Nadezhda Iku N (Kolyma Yukaghir), Resear Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies v vi CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Consultants: e late Ms Shadrina Agaf’ja (Kolymskoe village, born in the 1920s), Ms Borisova Dar’ja (Seyman, born in the 1940s), Ms Sleptsova Akulina (Nelemnoe village, born in the 1930s), Ms Shad- rina Akulina (Nelemnoe village, born in the 1930s) Yukari N (Alutor), Hokkaido University ‘I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my language con- sultants: Mr Vladimir Nutayulgin, Mr Egor Cheulin, Mrs Natalia Voronova, Mrs Lidia Cheulina, Mrs Matrena Ivnako, Mrs Maria Cheulina, Mr and Mrs Tatiana Golikova, Mrs Tatiana Kosova, and their families for arranging accommodation during my stay in Kam- atka.’ Other grants for our field research In addition to the support of the Collaborative Resear Development Program of LingDy (ILCAA, TUFS), we have been supported by various grants for our fieldwork as below. Daisuke E • Academic resear grant program (International), e University of Tokyo (2005), etc. Shiho E • Grant-in-aid for young scientists (C) “Searing for the old layer of Tibetan: through the resear of dialects in Amdo (northwest part of Tibet)” (#20529006, 2008-, headed by Shiho Ebihara) from JSPS, etc. Yasuhiro Y • Grant-in-aid for scientific resear (start-up) “General description of the endangered Mongolic languages in northern China” (#19820019, 2005-2007, headed by Yasuhiro Yamakoshi) from JSPS, etc. Fuyuki E • Grant-in-Aid for scientific resear (A) ““Native” and “Loan” in Tur- kic Languages” (#18251007, 2006-2008, headed by Tomoyuki Kubo) from JSPS, etc. vii Iku N • Grant-in-aid for scientific resear on priority resear (A) “Endan- gered Languages of the North Pacific Rim [ELPR]” (#11171101, 1999- 2003, headed by Osahito Miyaoka) from MEXT. • Grant-in-aid for scientific resear (C) “Descriptive study of Kolyma Yukaghir” (#19520329, 2007-2010, headed by Iku Nagasaki) from JSPS, etc. Yukari N • Grant-in-aid for scientific resear on priority resear (A) “Endan- gered Languages of the North Pacific Rim [ELPR]” (#11171101, 1999- 2003, headed by Osahito Miyaoka) from MEXT. • Grant-in-aid for scientific resear for JSPS Fellows (DC2) “Descrip- tive and typological study of Alutor and other Chukui-Kamatkan languages” (2003-2005, headed by Yukari Nagayama) from JSPS, etc. Workshops for publishing For the publication of this book, we conducted workshops on the follow- ing four dates: 1st: 01-02-2009 Sunday at ILCAA, TUFS. 2nd: 14-06-2009 Sunday at ILCAA, TUFS. 3rd: 03-10-2009 Saturday at ILCAA, TUFS. 4th: 19-12-2009 Saturday at ILCAA, TUFS. Abbreviations and symbols 1 First person Auxiliary 2 Second person Benefactive 3 ird person C Consonant - Affix boundary Causative = Clitic boundary Classifier # Word boundary Climactic + Compound boundary, Comparative (case) Reduplication bound- Confirmative ary Collective / / Underlying phonemic Comitatve representation Complementizer // // Surface phonemic Conditional representation Conjunction Agent-like argument Contrastive of canonical transitive Cooperative verb Copula Abessive Circumstantive Ablative Causal Absolutive Converb Accusative Dative/Dative- Adjective locative Adverb(ial) Demonstrative Adverbializer Desiderative Affirmative Detransitivizer Agentive Different event Anterior Diminutive Antipassive Distributive Approximant Desubstantivized Associative compound Aspectual Dual Aributive Dummy root Augmentative Durative Epenthesis ix x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Emphatic Limitative/Limitative Ergative case Essive Locative Exclusive Logophoric pronoun Existence . Lower agentive Extender Malefactive F Falling tone Medial verb Filler Modality Finite Multiplicative Formal noun Negative Focus Nominalizer/Nominal- Frequentative ization Future Nominative Genitive Non-past
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