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Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 286 382 FL 016 932 AUTHOR Joseph, Brian D., Ed. TITLE Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Linguistics. PUB DATE Dec 86 NOTE 171p. PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) -- Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Arabic; Diachronic Linguistics; Dialects; *Diglossia; English; Estonian; *Etymology; Finnish; Foreign Countries; Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; *Linguistic Theory; *Morphemes; *Morphology (Languages); Old English; Sanskrit; Sociolinguistics; Syntax; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Word Frequency IDENTIFIERS Saame ABSTRACT A collection of papers relevant to historical linguistics and description and explanation of language change includes: "Decliticization and Deaffixation in Saame: Abessive 'taga'" (Joel A. Nevis); "Decliticization in Old Estonian" (Joel A. Nevis); "On Automatic and Simultaneous Syntactic Changes" (Brian D. Joseph); "Loss of Nominal Case Endings in the Modern Arabic Sedentary Dialects" (Ann M. Miller); "One Rule or Many? Sanskrit Reduplication as Fragmented Affixation" (Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph); "Fragmentation of Strong Verb Ablaut in Old English" (Keith Johnson); "The Etymology of 'bum': Mere Child's Play" (Mary E. Clark, Brian D. Joseph); "Small Group Lexical Innovation: Some Examples" (Christopher Kupec); "Word Frequency and Dialect Borrowing" (Debra A. Stollenwerk); "Introspection into a Stable Case of Variation in Finnish" (Riitta Valimaa-Blum); -
Introduction to Sumerian Grammar
INTRODUCTION TO SUMERIAN GRAMMAR DANIEL A FOXVOG LECTURER IN ASSYRIOLOGY (RETIRED) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY Revised September 2008 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 THE SUMERIAN WRITING SYSTEM 4 TABLE OF SYLLABIC SIGN VALUES 16 PHONOLOGY 18 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 23 THE NOMINAL CHAIN 28 PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVES 31 SUMMARY OF PERSONAL PRONOUN FORMS 38 THE ADNOMINAL CASES: GENITIVE AND EQUATIVE 39 THE COPULA 46 ADVERBS AND NUMERALS 51 THE ADVERBAL CASES 54 INTRODUCTION TO THE VERB 61 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 1: INTRODUCTION 69 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 2: DATIVE 73 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 3: COMITATIVE, ABLATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL, TERMINATIVE 78 CORE PREFIXES: ERGATIVE, LOCATIVE-TERMINATIVE, LOCATIVE 83 THE VENTIVE ELEMENT 90 RELATIVE CLAUSES: THE NOMINALIZING SUFFIX -a 95 PREFORMATIVES (MODAL PREFIXES) 102 THE IMPERATIVE 109 IMPERFECTIVE FINITE VERBS 117 PARTICIPLES AND THE INFINITIVE 127 APPENDIX: CHART OF VERBAL PREFIX CHAIN ELEMENTS 150 INDEX 151 EXERCISES 152 2 INTRODUCTION Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem William of Ockham This grammar is intended primarily for use in the first year of university study under the guidance of a teacher who can describe the classic problems in greater detail, add current alternative explanations for phenomena, help the student parse and understand the many textual illustrations found throughout, and provide supplementary information about the history of the language and the culture of early Mesopotamia. A few exercises have been provided to accompany study of the lessons, some artificial, others drawn from actual texts. Both require vocabulary lookup from the companion Elementary Sumerian Glossary or its equivalent. Upon completing this introduction, the student will be well prepared to progress to sign learning and reading of texts. -
Berkeley Linguistics Society
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BERKELEY LINGUISTICS SOCIETY February 7-8, 2015 General Session Special Session Fieldwork Methodology Editors Anna E. Jurgensen Hannah Sande Spencer Lamoureux Kenny Baclawski Alison Zerbe Berkeley Linguistics Society Berkeley, CA, USA Berkeley Linguistics Society University of California, Berkeley Department of Linguistics 1203 Dwinelle Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-2650 USA All papers copyright c 2015 by the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN: 0363-2946 LCCN: 76-640143 Contents Acknowledgments . v Foreword . vii The No Blur Principle Effects as an Emergent Property of Language Systems Farrell Ackerman, Robert Malouf . 1 Intensification and sociolinguistic variation: a corpus study Andrea Beltrama . 15 Tagalog Sluicing Revisited Lena Borise . 31 Phonological Opacity in Pendau: a Local Constraint Conjunction Analysis Yan Chen . 49 Proximal Demonstratives in Predicate NPs Ryan B . Doran, Gregory Ward . 61 Syntax of generic null objects revisited Vera Dvořák . 71 Non-canonical Noun Incorporation in Bzhedug Adyghe Ksenia Ershova . 99 Perceptual distribution of merging phonemes Valerie Freeman . 121 Second Position and “Floating” Clitics in Wakhi Zuzanna Fuchs . 133 Some causative alternations in K’iche’, and a unified syntactic derivation John Gluckman . 155 The ‘Whole’ Story of Partitive Quantification Kristen A . Greer . 175 A Field Method to Describe Spontaneous Motion Events in Japanese Miyuki Ishibashi . 197 i On the Derivation of Relative Clauses in Teotitlán del Valle Zapotec Nick Kalivoda, Erik Zyman . 219 Gradability and Mimetic Verbs in Japanese: A Frame-Semantic Account Naoki Kiyama, Kimi Akita . 245 Exhaustivity, Predication and the Semantics of Movement Peter Klecha, Martina Martinović . 267 Reevaluating the Diphthong Mergers in Japono-Ryukyuan Tyler Lau . -
OTKA- 73826 Kutatási Zárójelentés
OTKA PD 73826 Final Report Cross-Categorial Case Anne Tamm, PI September 30th, 2010 1 The guide to the final report of OTKA PD 73826 by the PI 1.1 Reasons for submitting the final report ahead of time As Principal Investigator of OTKA PD 73826 "Cross-Categorial Case," I am submitting the final report 8 months ahead of time. This requires some explanation. The final report is submitted in order to close the project for formal reasons. Namely, as of August 1, 2010, I transferred to another job for main funding. I filed a request to the OTKA office in July 2010, with the goal of finding an appropriate funding scheme for the remaining research time, until March 31, 2011. Since there were no appropriate funding schemes, the funding was stopped on July 31, 2010 instead of March 31, 2011 and a final report has to be delivered. Thus, this report documents the activities performed within the OTKA framework between April 1st, 2008 and July 31, 2010, covering 2.3 years instead of the planned 3 years of funding. The lack of a suitable scheme is the main reason for closing the project 8 months ahead of time. I would like to resume my research and publishing as soon as a suitable OTKA funding scheme emerges. 1.2 The original workplan (3 years and 2 years) The original plan encompassed three years instead of the two years that I was actually able to complete. The research goal of 3 years was to prepare a monographic manuscript for publication and two articles. -
Adpositions and Case: Alternative Realisation and Concord*
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Adpositions and Case: Alternative Realisation and Concord* Marcel den Dikken and Éva Dékány This paper presents an outlook on ‘inherent case’ that ties it consistently to the cat- egory P, in either of two ways: the inherent case particle is either an autonomous spell-out of P or, in Emonds’ (1985, 1987) term, an alternative realisation of a silent P (i.e., a case morpheme on P’s nominal complement that licenses the silence of P). The paper also unfolds a perspective on case concord that analyses it as the copying of morphological material rather than the matching of morphological features. These proposals are put to the test in a detailed analysis of the case facts of Estonian, with particular emphasis on the distinction, within its eleven ‘semantic’ cases, between the seven spatial cases (analysed as alternative realisations of a null P) and the last four cases (treated as autonomous realisations of postpositions). This analysis of the Estonian case system has repercussions for the status of genitive case (structural vs inherent), and for the analysis of (the distribution of ) case concord. It also prompts a novel, purely syntactic outlook on case distribution in pseudo-partitives, exploiting a key contrast between Agree and the Spec-Head relation: when agreement involves the Spec-Head relation, it is subject to a condition. Keywords: adposition, alternative realisation, case, concord, exponence, pseudo-partitive 1 Preliminaries 1.1 Semantic cases as autonomous or alternative realisations of P Semantic cases of case-rich languages, such as the inessive or the ablative, translate in case-poor languages such as English with the aid of a designated spatial adposition, such as locative in (for ) or directional om (for ). -
Chapter 4 Nouns, Pronouns and Noun Phrases
Chapter 4 NounsNouns,, Pronouns and Noun phrases In Menggwa Dla, nouns denote entities (real or imagined), abstract ideas and properties. A noun phrase consists of a head noun on its own, or a head noun plus one or more modifiers, all of which must be contiguous to each other (with exceptions; see §4.3). Three nominal categories are grammaticalised in Menggwa Dla grammar: person, genders (§4.1) and number (§4.2). However, these nominal categories are not marked within the noun phrases. Instead, the person, gender and number categories of a nominal are manifested by cross-reference suffixes (§5.2). Nouns can be modified by various modifiers: adjectives, genitive phrases, proprietive/ abessive phrases, demonstratives, degree qualifiers, quantifiers and relative clauses (§4.3). There are no morphological differences between proper names and common nouns (§4.4). On the noun phrase level there are the numerous case clitics and other nominal clitics like the topic clitic and focus clitics (§4.5). Different sets of pronouns are used in different positions (§4.6). There are the ‘citation pronouns’ which are used in topic/ subject positions or in isolation, and there are only three of them, each marking only a person category: yo first person (‘I’/ ‘We’), si second person (i.e. ‘you’) and ai third person (‘s/he/it/they’). There are also the object pronouns, genitive pronouns and subject resumptive pronouns which have fifteen or sixteen members, each marking different person, number and 186 gender combinations. These pronouns also mark a distinction of inclusive versus exclusive first person; nowhere else in Menggwa Dla (and Dla proper) grammar is the distinction of exclusive versus inclusive first person grammaticalised (see §4.6). -
Grammatical Case in Estonian
Grammatical Case in Estonian Merilin Miljan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh September 2008 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is of my own composition, and that it contains no material previously submitted for the award of any other degree. The work reported in this thesis has been executed by myself, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Merilin Miljan ii Abstract The aim of this thesis is to show that standard approaches to grammatical case fail to provide an explanatory account of such cases in Estonian. In Estonian, grammatical cases form a complex system of semantic contrasts, with the case-marking on nouns alternating with each other in certain constructions, even though the apparent grammatical functions of the noun phrases themselves are not changed. This thesis demonstrates that such alternations, and the differences in interpretation which they induce, are context dependent. This means that the semantic contrasts which the alternating grammatical cases express are available in some linguistic contexts and not in others, being dependent, among other factors, on the semantics of the case- marked noun and the semantics of the verb it occurs with. Hence, traditional approaches which treat grammatical case as markers of syntactic dependencies and account for associated semantic interpretations by matching cases directly to semantics not only fall short in predicting the distribution of cases in Estonian but also result in over-analysis due to the static nature of the theories which the standard approach to case marking comprises. -
Spatial Cases
This is the pre-final version of a paper published in Malchukov, A. & A. Spencer (eds.), 2008, The Oxford Handbook of Case, 609-625, Oxford University Press. Don’t quote without checking the published version before. Spatial Cases Denis Creissels Université Lumière (Lyon 2) [email protected] 1. Introductory remarks 1.1.Definitions In this chapter, the term case is taken in its traditional meaning of inflectional category-system (and the individual categories or values of that system) expressing dependency relations involving NPs.1 A spatial relation involves two percepts, a Figure (or Theme, or Trajector) and a Ground (or Location, or Landmark), the Figure being perceived as located or in motion relative to the Ground.2 A spatial case is an inflected form of nouns or NPs distinct from the absolute form available for the extra-syntactic function of pure designation, and apt to fulfill one of the following functions without the addition of an adposition:3 – non-verbal predicate, or predicative complement of a copula, specifying the location of an entity, – verb satellite specifying the location of an event, – argument of motion verbs specifying the source, path, or destination of the movement. It may happen that the same case form has some uses corresponding to this definition along with non-spatial uses (see sections 4 and 5). Some authors have advocated that all cases can be viewed as locative expressions (see in particular Hjelmslev 1935, Hjelmslev 1937, Anderson 1971, Cook 1989). Since we are concerned with cases that have concrete spatial meanings (and not with cases having only non-spatial uses derivable from abstract locative meanings) this question will not be further developed here. -
Estonian: Typological Studies V
TARTU ÜLIKOOLI EESTI KEELE ÕPPETOOLI TOIMETISED 18 PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ESTONIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TARTU 18 ESTONIAN: TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES V edited by Mati Erelt TARTU 2001 ESTONIAN: TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES V TARTU ÜLIKOOLI EESTI KEELE ÕPPETOOLI TOIMETISED 18 PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ESTONIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TARTU 18 ESTONIAN: TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES V edited by Mati Erelt TARTU 2001 ESTONIAN: TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES V This work was supported by the Estonian Science Foundation, Grant No. 3259. Raamatukogu © University of Tartu, 2001 ISSN 1406-0183 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastuse trükikoda Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410 Tellimus nr 651 CONTENTS Mati Erelt Some notes on the grammaticalization of the verb pidama in Estonian ......................................................7 Külli Habicht Lexicalization and grammaticalization - opposite phenomena? About some lexicalized verb forms of Old Written Estonian ....26 Reet Kasik Analytic causatives in Estonian..................... ................................77 Ago Kiinnap On some peculiarities of the Estonian language ....................... 123 Liina Lindström Verb-initial clauses in the narrative ............................................ 138 Merilin Mil] an Adjectival modification in Estonian and Estonian sign language ................................... 169 Enn Veldi Estonian and English: a lexicographer’s view. II 189 SOME NOTES ON THE GRAMMATICALIZATION OF THE VERB pidama IN ESTONIAN Mati Erelt University of Tartu 1. Two pidama-\erbs The Explanatory Dictionary of Estonian (EKS) tells us that there are two pidama-verbs in contemporary Estonian. One of them occurs mostly in the meanings ‘keep, hold, regard, etc.’, e.g. (1) Ta suudab veel mõõka käes pidada. ‘He can still hold the sword in his hand’. Kurjategijat peeti üksikkambris. ‘The criminal was kept in solitary confinement’. Ta ei suutnud naeru tagasi pidada. -
Clitics in Modern Georgian
Asian and African Languages and Linguistics, No.2, 2007 Clitics in Modern Georgian KOJIMA, Yasuhiro JSPS Research Fellow, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies The present paper aims at a detailed description of clitics in Modern Georgian, drawing particular attention to their relative order in clitic sequences, the distinction of clitics from suffixes, what a clitic may take as its host, and their semantic scope. Clitics are grouped into six groups basically according to their relative ordering: clitic postpositions and five groups of clitic particles. Generally, clitics are grammatical words that have no phonological independence and, in this point, they show some affinity to affixes. It is demonstrated in the paper that these six groups of clitics show a coherent gradation from those more affix-like to those less so in several aspects. Keywords: Georgian, clitic, particle, postposition, affix 1. Introduction 2. Modern Georgian 3. Clitics 4. Conclusion 1. Introduction* Clitics are generally characterized as a grammatical word which is not an independent phonological word on its own. A clitic attaches to another element and forms a phonological word together with it (cf. Dixon and Aikhenvald 2002: 25). It is often the case in languages that some elements may appear either as a clitic or as a full phonological word. In the present paper, only those grammatical words which never represent an independent phonological word are called clitics. In Modern Georgian, there are then a scant twenty such clitics, all of which are enclitic. The present paper aims at a detailed description of them, drawing particular attention to their relative order in clitic sequences, the distinction of clitics from suffixes, what a clitic may take as its host, and their semantic scope. -
Introduction to Sumerian Grammar”
Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints <http://cdli.ucla.edu/?q=cuneiform-digital-library-preprints> Hosted by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (<http://cdli.ucla.edu>) Editor: Bertrand Lafont (CNRS, Nanterre) Number 2 Title: “Introduction to Sumerian Grammar” Author: Daniel A. Foxvog Posted to web: 4 January 2016 INTRODUCTION TO SUMERIAN GRAMMAR DANIEL A FOXVOG LECTURER IN ASSYRIOLOGY (RETIRED) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY Revised January 2016 CONTENTS PREFACE 4 THE SUMERIAN WRITING SYSTEM 5 PHONOLOGY 17 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 22 THE NOMINAL CHAIN 27 PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVES 30 SUMMARY OF PERSONAL PRONOUN FORMS 37 THE ADNOMINAL CASES: GENITIVE AND EQUATIVE 38 THE COPULA 44 ADVERBS AND NUMERALS 49 THE ADVERBAL CASES 53 INTRODUCTION TO THE VERB 60 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 1: INTRODUCTION 68 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 2: DATIVE 73 DIMENSIONAL PREFIXES 3: COMITATIVE, ABLATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL, TERMINATIVE 78 CORE PREFIXES: ERGATIVE, LOCATIVE-TERMINATIVE, LOCATIVE 84 THE VENTIVE ELEMENT 91 RELATIVE CLAUSES: THE NOMINALIZING SUFFIX -a 97 PREFORMATIVES (MODAL PREFIXES) 104 THE IMPERATIVE 111 IMPERFECTIVE FINITE VERBS 119 PARTICIPLES AND THE INFINITIVE 130 APPENDIX 1: CHART OF VERBAL PREFIX CHAIN ELEMENTS 155 TABLE OF SYLLABIC SIGN VALUES 156 APPENDIX 2: THE EMESAL DIALECT 158 INDEX 159 EXERCISES 161 3 PREFACE Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem William of Ockham This grammar is intended primarily for use in the first year of university study under the guidance of a teacher who can describe the classic problems in greater detail, add current alternative explanations for phenomena, help the student parse and understand the many textual illustrations found throughout, and provide supplementary information about the history of the language and the culture of early Mesopotamia. -
Negation in Skolt Saami1
[Pre-final draft, November 2014; final version published in Miestamo & al. eds. 2015. Negation in Uralic Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins.] Negation in Skolt Saami1 Matti Miestamo & Eino Koponen This chapter describes negation in Skolt Saami in a typological perspective. In the standard negation construction, the negative marker is a negative auxiliary verb and the lexical verb appears in a non-finite form. Negative imperatives employ a special form for the negative auxiliary. The copula used with non-verbal predicates is negated with standard negation, but a special contracted form may also appear. In dependent clauses, negation is expressed either by standard negation or using the verbal abessive. With 1 We wish to thank Michael Riessler and Jussi Ylikoski as well as Anne Tamm and Beáta Wagner-Nagy for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Thanks are due to Auli Oksanen and Merja Salo for their work in analysing the texts that serve as data for this study, as well as to Skolt Saami native speakers Hilkka Semenoff and Aune Mettäpuro for their help in transcribing and translating the materials. The work on these materials has been supported by Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth’s Foundation and the Huhtamäki Fund at the Finnish Cultural Foundation, which is gratefully acknowledged. 1 [Pre-final draft, November 2014; final version published in Miestamo & al. eds. 2015. Negation in Uralic Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins.] negative indefinite pronouns, the negative auxiliary is present in the clause. There is an abessive case for nominals to express absence, and a privative suffix can derive adjectives. Other aspects of negation, such as negative replies, the scope of negation, and reinforcing negation are also addressed.